Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Energidrycker har blivit en del av dagens konsumtionskultur och har gått från att vara en enkel läskedryck till att innehålla uppiggande ämnen som koffein, taurin, B-vitaminer, guarana och ginseng. Energidryckens popularitet sträcker sig över olika åldersgrupper och sammanhang. Denna dryckeskategori har väckt oro från både forskare och samhället, särskilt med avseende på dess påverkan på hälsan och dess likheter med läkemedel. Energidrycker har utvecklats till en omdiskuterad produktkategori, som förenar hälsoperspektiv, marknadsföringsfrågor och regleringar, vilket har frammanat behov av forskning och debatt inom området. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken utsträckning samt vilka motiv det finns bakom att ungdomar i åk 9 dricker energidryck.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med en webbenkät via Forms med elever i åk 9. Data bearbetades i Excel och redovisades deskriptivt. Resultat: Deltagarna i studien var 229 ungdomar i åk 9. Av dessa uppgav 82% (n=188) att de smakat energidryck. Medelåldern för första gången ungdomar smakade energidryck var 12,0 (±2,2) år. 45% (n=83) drack energidryck färre än en dag i veckan och 38% (n=71) drack energidryck 1 – 4 dagar/vecka. Gällande mängden ungdomarna drack var det 70% (n=129) som drack en burk/tillfälle. De främsta motiven för konsumtion av energidryck var smak, för att bli pigg och för att få extra energi. Ungdomarna drack energidryck mestadels i hemmet eller hos kompisar. Märket och priset var de vanligaste anledningarna till inköp av energidryck. 82% (n=151) av ungdomarnas föräldrar visste om deras konsumtion av energidryck varav 29% (n=51) inte tyckte om konsumtionen. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att en betydande majoritet av ungdomarna har provat energidrycker vid en medelålder på 12 år, trots att finns en rekommenderad åldersgräns på 15 år vid inköp av energidryck. De flesta ungdomarna konsumerade energidryck mer sällan och i mindre mängder, men det fanns även en betydande andel som konsumerade dem regelbundet och i större kvantiteter. Den omfattande digitala marknadsföringen av energidrycker riktad mot ungdomar kan vara en viktig påverkansfaktor som behöver regleras. Studien identifierar även könsskillnader i konsumtionen (ej statistiskt testat) där pojkar tenderade att dricka energidrycker något oftare och i större mängder än flickor. Föräldrars medvetenhet och acceptans av ungdomars konsumtion indikerar behovet av ökad förståelse hos vuxna om energidryckers påverkan på ungdomars välmående. / Abstract Background: Energy drinks have become a part of today's consumer culture and have gone from being a simple soft drink to containing stimulants such as caffeine, taurine, B vitamins, guarana, and ginseng. The popularity of energy drinks spans different age groups and contexts. This beverage category has raised concerns from both scientists and society, especially with regard to its impact on health and its similarities to pharmaceuticals. Energy drinks have developed into a controversial product category, combining health perspectives, marketing issues and regulations, which has prompted the need for research and debate in the field.  Aim: To investigate the extent and motives behind young people in grade 9 drinking energy drinks. Method: The study was conducted with a web survey via Forms with students in grade 9. The data was processed in Excel and reported descriptively.  Results: The participants in the study were 229 adolescents in grade 9. Of these, 82% (n=188) stated that they had tasted energy drinks. The average age at which young people first tasted energy drinks was 12.0 (±2.2) years. 45% (n=83) drank less energy drinks than one day a week and 38% (n=71) drank energy drinks 1-4 days/week. Regarding the amount the adolescents drank, 70% (n=129) drank one can/occasion. The main motives for the consumption of energy drinks were taste, to get alert and to get extra energy. The adolescents drank energy drinks mostly at home or at friends' houses. The brand and price were the most common reasons for purchasing energy drinks. 82% (n=151) of the adolescents' parents knew about their consumption of energy drinks, although 29% (n=51) did not like it.  Conclusion: This study shows that a significant majority of adolescents have tried energy drinks at an average age of 12 years, despite the fact that there is a recommended age limit of 15 years when purchasing energy drinks. Most of the adolescents consumed energy drinks less often and in smaller amounts, but there was also a significant proportion who consumed them regularly and in larger quantities. The extensive digital marketing of energy drinks aimed at young people may be an important influencing factor that needs to be regulated. The study also identifies gender differences in consumption (not statistically tested) where boys tended to drink energy drinks slightly more often and in larger amounts than girls. Parents' awareness and acceptance of adolescent consumption indicates the need for increased understanding among adults about the impact of energy drinks on adolescent well-being.

Den här studien har undersökt hur föräldrar till barn 0-2 år i Karlstad kommun konsumerar till sina barn inom tre produktkategorier; kläder, mat och leksaker. Syftet har varit att se om att få barn kan vara en drivande faktor för att bli en mer medveten konsument. Har personernas konsumtionsbeteende förändrats efter att de har fått barn? Enkäter och fokusgrupper har använts på fyra öppna förskolor i Karlstads kommun för att samla in data. Som teoretiskt ramverk har ekologisk modernisering, politisk konsumtion samt svag och stark hållbar konsumtion använts. Inom de tre produktkategorierna går det att se vissa skillnader. Enkätsvaren säger att respondenterna handlar kläder efter behov, men fokusgrupperna talar om att de handlar för att det är roligt, ett fritidsintresse. Inom mat har många blivit noggrannare med att handla ekologiskt, främst till barnet. Det är dock inte en stark ståndpunkt eftersom de flesta väljer oekologiskt om varan inte finns som ekologisk. Kategorin leksaker hade de flesta deltagarna inte hunnit handla så mycket från än, då deras barn fortfarande är små. De uttrycker dock att det är en svår kategori att veta så mycket om och de går oftast efter vad barnet visar intresse för. Överlag går det att se ett visst förändrat beteende, men deltagarna saknar en helhetssyn över konsumtionskedjan. Resultatet visar också att föräldrarna är starkt styrda av sociala normer som bestämmer vad som anses vara ett behov. Deltagarna reflekterar inte över konsumtionsnivån utan håller sig inom svag hållbar konsumtion där de istället väljer att byta ut vissa saker mot mer hållbara alternativ. Avsaknaden av helhetssynen märks också genom att de inte praktiserar politisk konsumtion i så stor utsträckning, de räknar helt enkelt inte med sig själva i konsumtionskedjan. Detta är kvalitativ studie som möjligen skulle fått andra resultat i andra sammanhang. / This study has examined how parents of children, age 0-2, in Karlstad consumes for their children within three product categories; clothing, food and toys. The aim was to see if having children could be a driving factor to become a more aware consumer. Have the participants consumption behaviour changed after they have had children? Surveys and focus groups have been completed in four open preschools in Karlstad municipality to collect data. As a theoretical framework has ecological modernization, political consumption and weak and strong sustainable consumption been used. Within the three product categories it is possible to see some differences. The survey result say that respondents shop for clothes according to need, but the focus groups talk about that they shop because it is fun, a hobby. It has become more important for the parents to buy organic food, mostly to the child. However, it is not a strong position because most respondents choose to buy conventional produced products if they don’t have an ecological alternative in the store. Because most of the respondents children where still small they hadn’t purchased that many toys yet. They express, however, that it is a difficult category to know that much about and they usually goes on what the child shows interest for. Overall, it is possible to see some changes in behaviour, but participants lack a comprehensive view of the consumption chain. They don’t reflect on the level of consumption and so they pursue on the path of weak sustainable consumption where they consumes the same amount but change to more sustainable materials. The lack of overall vision is also evident in that they don’t practice political consumption to any wider extent, they simply don’t see their own impact on the consumption chain. The result also shows that the parents are strongly guided by social norms that sets the rules for what they consider to be their needs. This is a qualitative study and could therefore have gotten a different result in another context.

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This thesis examines the historical introduction and spatial expansion of modern water supply infrastructure in Amhara region across the three successive regimes: imperial, military, and EPRDF. It attempts to explore the institutional setup of the three governments together with their policies and strategies. The study also aims at giving an idea about the socio-economic changes registered because of improved access to safe water. Furthermore, it assesses the water consumption and conservation pattern of the society and the environmental impact of the water infrastructure development. Modern infrastructure development in Ethiopia traced its beginning back to the late 19th century. Safe drinking water supply had been one of those modern infrastructures introduced in Addis Ababa. Not long afterwards, it proliferated to the provinces. In Amhara region, drinking water supply infrastructure construction began in the early 20th century. However, this thesis inquired whether there was a programmed water supply infrastructure development before the mid-1950s or not. The water supply work started gaining momentum and became a state program in the late imperial period. However, it was affected by financial, technological and trained human resource constraints, lack of appropriate institution, defective management systems, and improper implementation methods. The military government had strengthened water supply institutions and improved workers' expertise. These developments helped the water supply infrastructure work to be executed in a programmed manner. Yet, financial restraints, the incessant political chaos of the time and the accompanied disruptive working environment had greatly impacted the temporal and spatial coverage of the water supply infrastructure development. The promising start of the Derg period did not continue with similar pace during the early years of the EPRDF rule. Despite the efforts made to set up water institutions at Regional, Zonal and Woreda (district) levels, no significant achievement was recorded in the field. The aftermath of the civil war together with internal and external challenges epitomized the transition period had impinged on the water supply work. This thesis testifies to the emergence of some socio-economic changes in the region. Yet, the slow progress of the water supply infrastructure work had stalled the socio-economic change that should have been registered through improved access to safe water supply. Despite the observable environmental degradation, the thesis argues that the retarded water supply work had nothing to do with the dearth of fresh water. While the trend shows steady growth of water consumption level across the three regimes, the conservation habit of the population remained low. / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)