O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa é a investigação das estratégias interacionais e cognitivas adotadas por crianças nas suas conversações, em situação lúdica, a fim de que a negociação interpessoal seja estabelecida. Pretendemos, dessa forma, observar como as crianças procederam para desfazer as eventuais complicações que surgiram no curso da negociação, até o restabelecimento de uma troca conversacional equilibrada. Nesse sentido, o estudo em questão nos permitiu compreender melhor a transição entre os momentos de acordo e de desacordo/conflito instaurados nas interações sociais entre as crianças, nos processos de diferenciação \"eu-outro\" (Wallon, 1987). A partir da análise de amostras de interações conversacionais de crianças de 5, 8 e 10 anos, no contexto do evento lúdico (jogo de construção), identificamos as ocorrências de implicaturas conversacionais (Grice, 1982), conflitos, equívocos, regulações discursivas (Caron, 1983) e mecanismos de ameaça e preservação das faces (Goffman, 1967) durante o processo discursivo, que estimularam a criança a argumentar em favor de suas próprias crenças a respeito dos fatos, culminando, muitas vezes, no surgimento da negociação interpessoal com a outra criança e/ou com o adulto. Foi igualmente possível verificar, nesse contexto, a percepção que as crianças têm dos estados mentais (desejos, crenças, intenções, etc.) dos outros que, por sua vez, diferem de seus próprios estados mentais (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Foram realizadas gravações em áudio de seis pares de crianças, de ambos os sexos, na presença da pesquisadora. Cada sessão foi constituída da gravação de um evento lúdico completo, isto é, pela abertura, desenvolvimento e finalização do jogo. Tais gravações foram transcritas posteriormente, de acordo com as Normas para Transcrição, comumente utilizadas pelos pesquisadores do Projeto NURC/SP Projeto de Estudo da Norma Linguística Urbana Culta de São Paulo. Posteriormente à transcrição dos dados coletados, empreendemos uma análise de cunho qualitativo de amostras de conversação entre as crianças e/ou entre as crianças e a pesquisadora. Considerando-se todos os exemplos analisados, foi possível concluir que há traços interacionais que se sobressaem no contexto conversacional de cada idade observada, o que se reflete na mobilização de diferentes estratégias de negociação interpessoal. / The main objective of this research is to investigate interactional and cognitive strategies adopted by children in their conversations, on a playing situation, in order to establish an interpersonal negotiation. We intend, therefore, to observe how children proceeded to undo eventual complications that arise in the course of negotiation until a balanced conversation is restored. Accordingly, the present study allowed us to better understand the transition between moments of agreement and disagreement/conflict which happens at social interactions among children, described by Wallon in 1987 as the process of differentiating \"self-other\". Analyzing samples from conversational interactions among children aged 5, 8 and 10 years, in a context of a playing event (building game), we have identified instances of conversational implications (Grice, 1982), conflicts, misunderstandings, discursive regulations (Caron , 1983) and mechanisms of threat and face-saving (Goffman, 1967) during the discursive process, which encouraged children to argue for their own beliefs about facts, resulting often in the emergence of interpersonal negotiation with another child and/or with adults. In this context, it was also possible to verify the perception that children have about mental conditions of others (desires, beliefs, intentions, etc.), which differ from their own mental conditions (Perner & Wimmer, 1985). Audio recordings were made of six pairs of children from both sexes, in the presence of the researcher. Each session consisted on a recording of a complete playing event, which encompasses the opening, development and completion of the game. These recordings were transcribed later, according to the Standards for transcription, commonly used by researchers from the NURC / SP - Project for the Study of the Cult Urban Language Standard of São Paulo. After the transcription of data collected, we undertook a qualitative analysis of samples from conversation between children and/or between children and researcher. Considering all samples analyzed, it was possible to conclude that there are interactional traces which stand out in conversational context on each observed age, which is reflected in the utilization of different interpersonal negotiation strategies.

Na atualidade, tanto a língua falada quanto a escrita têm sido analisadas de forma conjunta e não mais dicotomicamente como outrora se fazia. Por meio de estudos atuais, referentes à oralidade e a escrituralidade, é possível inferir que muitas características destes dois meios de manifestação da língua são partilhadas. A ocorrência de tal fenômeno dependerá do nível de formalidade exigido, do gênero em que o discurso está inserido, entre muitos outros fatores. Tendo como base este ponto de vista, a presente dissertação investigará de que maneira as marcas da oralidade apresentam-se no gênero carta, mais precisamente, na correspondência amorosa do poeta Fernando Pessoa remetida à Ofélia Queiroz, e quais são os motivos que justificam este uso. Esta pesquisa, agregada à linha de pesquisa da Análise da Conversação, apoia-se nos postulados de Schegloff e Sacks (1973), Stubbs (1983), Marcuschi (1987, 1993, 1999), Preti (1997, 2003), Urbano et al (2002), Silva (2006, 2009), Andrade e Aquino (2006), Risso (2006), Gómez (2008) entre outros importantes estudiosos. De modo geral, a obra pessoana é bastante analisada do ponto de vista literário, deste modo, tê-la como corpus em uma investigação sobre marcas de oralidade torna-se algo novo e bem atraente aos interessados nessas duas áreas do conhecimento. Todas as cartas amorosas de Fernando Pessoa serão devidamente analisadas pelo ponto de vista acima proposto, a fim de se verificar a existência de marcas de oralidade no texto destacado, principalmente, aquelas relacionadas aos pares conversacionais, marcadores conversacionais e escolhas lexicais típicas da oralidade. / Currently, both the spoken language and the written language have been analyzed jointly (together) rather than dichotomously they once were. Through current studies about the orality and the scripturalism, it is possible to infer that many features of these two ways of language manifestation are shared. The occurrence of this phenomenon will depend on the level of formality required, the genre in which the speech is inserted, among other factors. From this perspective, the present dissertation will investigate how the orality marks are presented in the letter genre, more specifically, in the love letters of the poet Fernando Pessoa sent to Ophélia Queiroz, and what are the reasons for this use. This dissertation, aggregated to the research line of Conversation Analysis, is based on the postulates of Schegloff e Sacks (1973), Stubbs (1983), Marcuschi (1987, 1993, 1999), Preti (1997, 2003), Urbano et al (2002), Silva (2006, 2009), Andrade e Aquino (2006), Risso (2006), Gómez (2008) among other important researchers. Generally, Pessoas work is analyzed mainly from a literary perspective, thus having it as a research corpus about the orality marks is something new and very attractive to stakeholders in these two areas of knowledge. All letters of Fernando Pessoa will be duly analyzed by the perspective proposed above, in order to check the existence of the orality marks in the selected text, mainly, those related to conversational pairs, conversational markers and lexical choices common to orality.

Na atualidade, tanto a língua falada quanto a escrita têm sido analisadas de forma conjunta e não mais dicotomicamente como outrora se fazia. Por meio de estudos atuais, referentes à oralidade e a escrituralidade, é possível inferir que muitas características destes dois meios de manifestação da língua são partilhadas. A ocorrência de tal fenômeno dependerá do nível de formalidade exigido, do gênero em que o discurso está inserido, entre muitos outros fatores. Tendo como base este ponto de vista, a presente dissertação investigará de que maneira as marcas da oralidade apresentam-se no gênero carta, mais precisamente, na correspondência amorosa do poeta Fernando Pessoa remetida à Ofélia Queiroz, e quais são os motivos que justificam este uso. Esta pesquisa, agregada à linha de pesquisa da Análise da Conversação, apoia-se nos postulados de Schegloff e Sacks (1973), Stubbs (1983), Marcuschi (1987, 1993, 1999), Preti (1997, 2003), Urbano et al (2002), Silva (2006, 2009), Andrade e Aquino (2006), Risso (2006), Gómez (2008) entre outros importantes estudiosos. De modo geral, a obra pessoana é bastante analisada do ponto de vista literário, deste modo, tê-la como corpus em uma investigação sobre marcas de oralidade torna-se algo novo e bem atraente aos interessados nessas duas áreas do conhecimento. Todas as cartas amorosas de Fernando Pessoa serão devidamente analisadas pelo ponto de vista acima proposto, a fim de se verificar a existência de marcas de oralidade no texto destacado, principalmente, aquelas relacionadas aos pares conversacionais, marcadores conversacionais e escolhas lexicais típicas da oralidade. / Currently, both the spoken language and the written language have been analyzed jointly (together) rather than dichotomously they once were. Through current studies about the orality and the scripturalism, it is possible to infer that many features of these two ways of language manifestation are shared. The occurrence of this phenomenon will depend on the level of formality required, the genre in which the speech is inserted, among other factors. From this perspective, the present dissertation will investigate how the orality marks are presented in the letter genre, more specifically, in the love letters of the poet Fernando Pessoa sent to Ophélia Queiroz, and what are the reasons for this use. This dissertation, aggregated to the research line of Conversation Analysis, is based on the postulates of Schegloff e Sacks (1973), Stubbs (1983), Marcuschi (1987, 1993, 1999), Preti (1997, 2003), Urbano et al (2002), Silva (2006, 2009), Andrade e Aquino (2006), Risso (2006), Gómez (2008) among other important researchers. Generally, Pessoas work is analyzed mainly from a literary perspective, thus having it as a research corpus about the orality marks is something new and very attractive to stakeholders in these two areas of knowledge. All letters of Fernando Pessoa will be duly analyzed by the perspective proposed above, in order to check the existence of the orality marks in the selected text, mainly, those related to conversational pairs, conversational markers and lexical choices common to orality.

Les environnements virtuels permettent de représenter des personnes par des humains virtuels ou avatars. Le sentiment de présence virtuelle entre utilisateurs est renforcé lorsque l’avatar ressemble à la personne qu’il représente. L’avatar est alors classiquement un clone de l’utilisateur qui reproduit son apparence et sa voix. Toutefois, la possibilité de cloner l’expressivité des gestes d’une personne a reçu peu d’attention jusqu’ici. Expressivité gestuelle combine le style et l’humeur d’une personne. Des paramètres décrivant l’expressivité ont été proposés dans des travaux antérieurs pour animer les agents conversationnels. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l’expressivité des mouvements du poignet. Tout d’abord, nous proposons des algorithmes pour estimer trois paramètres d’expressivité à partir des trajectoires dans l’espace du poignet : la répétition, l’étendue spatiale et l’étendue temporelle. Puis, nous avons mené une étude perceptive sur la pertinence de l’expressivité des gestes pour reconnaître des personnes. Nous avons animé un agent virtuel en utilisant l’expressivité estimée de personnes réelles, et évalué si des utilisateurs peuvent reconnaître ces personnes à partir des animations. Nous avons constaté que des gestes répétitifs dans l’animation constituent une caractéristique discriminante pour reconnaître les personnes, tandis que l’absence de répétition est associée à des personnes qui répètent des gestes ou non. Plus important, nous avons trouvé que 75% ou plus des utilisateurs peuvent reconnaître une personne (parmi deux proposée) à partir d’animations virtuelles qui ne diffèrent que par leurs étendues spatiales et temporelles. L’expressivité gestuelle apparaît donc comme un nouvel indice pertinent pour le clonage d’une personne / Virtual environments allow human beings to be represented by virtual humans or avatars. Users can share a sense of virtual presence is the avatar looks like the real human it represents. This classically involves turning the avatar into a clone with the real human’s appearance and voice. However, the possibility of cloning the gesture expressivity of a real person has received little attention so far. Gesture expressivity combines the style and mood of a person. Expressivity parameters have been defined in earlier works for animating embodied conversational agents.In this work, we focus on expressivity in wrist motion. First, we propose algorithms to estimate three expressivity parameters from captured wrist 3D trajectories: repetition, spatial extent and temporal extent. Then, we conducted perceptual study through a user survey the relevance of expressivity for recognizing individual human. We have animated a virtual agent using the expressivity estimated from individual humans, and users have been asked whether they can recognize the individual human behind each animation. We found that, in case gestures are repeated in the animation, this is perceived by users as a discriminative feature to recognize humans, while the absence of repetition would be matched with any human, regardless whether they repeat gesture or not. More importantly, we found that 75 % or more of users could recognize the real human (out of two proposed) from an animated virtual avatar based only on the spatial and temporal extents. Consequently, gesture expressivity is a relevant clue for cloning. It can be used as another element in the development of a virtual clone that represents a person

Entende-se por gramaticalização a passagem de um item lexical para um item gramatical, ou de um menos gramatical para um mais gramatical. Vinculando este trabalho ao arcabouço teórico da Gramaticalização numa abordagem funcionalista, discutimos a mudança lingüística empreendida pelo verbo esperar até alcançar seu padrão funcional de marcador conversacional sob forma da expressão espera aí. Como ponto de partida, elegemos uma amostra do falar culto paulista a partir de materiais provenientes do acervo CAPH (Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa em História FFLCH-USP), da midiateca do IEA (Instituto de Estudos Avançados-USP) e de entrevistas já organizadas pela equipe do Projeto NURC/SP (Projeto Norma Urbana Culta de São Paulo). Evidenciamos o papel discursivo do interlocutor como gatilho para a emergência do padrão funcional mais inovador. Esta dissertação vincula-se ao Grupo de Pesquisa Mudança Gramatical do Português Gramaticalização (CNPq-USP). / It is assumed that grammaticalization is the passage from a lexical to a grammatical item or from a less grammatical to a more grammatical one. We link this research to a theoretical framework of the Grammaticalization in a functionalist approach, we also argue about the linguistic change undertaken by the verb esperar (wait) until it reaches its functional standard of a conversational marker that is formed by the expression espera aí. A starting point, we elect a sample of the Paulistas (from São Paulo) standard spoken language material proceeding from the CAPH (Center of Support to the Research in History - FFLCH-USP), from the midia-library of the IEA (Institute of Advanced Studies) and the Project NURC/SP (Project Cultured Urban Norm of São Paulo) organized interviews. We evidence the discursive role of the interlocutor as the trigger for the rising of the more innovative functional standard. This dissertation is linked to the Group to Research Portuguese Grammatical Change - Grammaticalization (CNPq-USP).

No description available.

Now-a-days the chatbot development has been moving from the field of Artificial-Intelligence labs to the desktops and mobile domain experts. In the fastest growing technology world, most smartphone users spend major time in the messaging apps such as Facebook messenger. A chatbot is a computer program that uses messaging channels to interact with users using natural Languages. Chatbot uses appropriate mapping techniques to transform user inputs into a relational database and fetch the data by calling an existing API and then sends an appropriate response to the user to drive its chats. Drawbacks include the need to learn and use chatbot specific languages such as AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language), high botmaster interference, and the use of non-matured technology. In this project, Facebook messenger based chatbot is proposed to provide domain independent, an easy to use, smart, scalable, dynamic and conversational agent in order to get information about CSUSB. It has the unique functionalities which identify user interactions made by their natural language, and the flawless support of various application domains. This provides an ample of unique scalabilities and abilities that will be evaluated in the future phases of this project.

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulty in initiating and maintaining social dialogue in multiple settings. This study examined the effects of training multiple social scripts, used in sequence, on the number of conversational exchanges within a social dialogue in four male participants with ASD. A multiple baseline design was used across participants to determine if there was an increase in the number of conversational exchanges within a social dialogue after training. In training sessions, participants learned the scripted conversations and used them to engage in social dialogue. During training sessions, scripts were completely faded for three of four participants. However, none of the participants demonstrated an increase in the number of conversational exchanges during the generalization condition in naturalistic settings. This failure to increase in the number of conversational exchanges in generalization settings could possibly be attributed to one or more of the following: a lack of a discriminative stimulus to cue the use of the script, too many words in the scripts, lack of training on more simple scripts first, and a lack of adequate time to facilitate generalization.

TED(Technology、Entertainment、Design)十八分鐘的小演講，其創新的內容與巨大的影響享譽全球。TED透過十八分鐘的演說，傳遞有價值的想法，歷經近三十年的演化與成長，不僅成為創意交流的重要平台，也透過語言翻譯和開放品牌授權等計畫擴散全球。在這股TED浪潮之中，台灣並沒有缺席，自2009年TED開放全球授權，台北是亞洲第三個拿到授權的城市，TEDxTaipei至今已舉辦三次大會，另有TEDxMonga(艋舺)與TEDxTainan(台南)等組織也取得授權、並各自舉辦活動。 TED經營多年的「會話資本」已經席捲全球各地且快速散佈，世界各地的人們持續談論、分享甚至參與TED。但是如同其他資本一樣，會話資本需要妥善地經營與管理，而TED究竟如何做到？藉由智慧資本的觀點，本研究提出三個研究問題：(1)組織的人力資本與結構資本對於會話資本經營有何影響？(2)組織的關係資本對於會話資本經營有何影響？(3)經營會話資本如何影響組織的智慧資本？ 對於TED與TEDxTaipei兩個案研究，本研究得到結論：(1)組織投入人力資本、採用結構資本以經營會話資本，經營過程促進人力資本與結構資本互動，而經營成果則會累積人力資本並建構結構資本。(2)組織必須採取適度的共創方式才得以將關係資本運用於會話資本經營，經營過程則須藉由適度授權以增加關係資本內涵。(3)組織經營會話資本的過程可促使智慧資本三要素互動，而互動過程與成果則可累積增加三要素的內涵。(4)組織經營會話資本可提升其智慧資本之內涵，智慧資本提升之價值可透過價值共創的途徑與適度採取創用授權機制而快速放大並得到積累。 / TED(Technology、Entertainment、Design) organization is a creative platform. It is knowned for its eighteen-minutes-only speeches of innovative contents. After nearly three decades of evolution and growth, nowadays, TED has become an important platform for exchanging ideas, and has been spreaded around the world by translation project, brand licensing and other programs. Meanwhile, Taiwan has not been absent in this “TED wave”. Since TED started licening its brand from 2009, Taipei is the third Asian city to get authorization, which held the name of TEDxTaipei, and held three conferences after establishing. Other organizations in Taiwan, such as TEDxMonga and TEDxTainan, also got authorization from TED and organized some activities. TED managed “Conversatonal Capital” for decades, which led the brand quickly spread around the world. People around the world continue to talk, share and participate in TED. Similar with other capital, Conversational Capital needs to be properly operated and managed. From the perspective of Intellectual Capital, this research explores three questions: (1) How do the Human Capital and Structural Capital influence on Conversational Capital? (2) How does the Relationship Capital influence on conversational capital? (3) How can managing Conversational Capital affect organization Intellectual Capital? Form the TED and TEDxTaipei two case studies, the conclusion of this research are as following: (1) In the organization, the input of Human Capital and the adaption of Structural Capital will influence on the interaction between the two capitals, enhancing the accumulation of Human Capital and the construction of Structural Capital. (2) Organizations require a certain level of co-creation to utilize Relationship Capital in the management of Conversational Captital, with methods of authorization to enrich Relationship Capital.(3) The process of managing Converstional Capital in organizations can encourage interaction among the Human Capital, Structural Capital and Relationship Capital, which outcome could develop the depth of three capitals. (4) The organization managing Conversational Capital improves Intellectual Capital which value could be accumulated by co-creation and authorizion.

<p>The aim of this study was to increase our knowledge about how the “Conversational-contact with the social services” is experienced by the parents who attend it. The research was based on a qualitative method consisting of four individual interviews.</p><p>Main issues of the study:</p><p>• The parents experience of the content of the meetings with the social workers</p><p>• Do the parents experience that the conversational-contact has contributed to some changes in their lives?</p><p>Results indicated that all parents were positiv to the conversational-contact. Afterwards they felt more secure and stable both as persons and in their role as parents. The parents experienced a change in both thoughts and how to handle troublesome situations in life. The social workers knowledge about family relations and their promotive professional approach towards the parents, was recognized as contributing to these changes. In general results agree with earlier research, except from one distinction which indicates that the social workers knowledge about the family dynamics is just as important as their approach. The interviews and the interpretation of the interviews were framed by a cognitive- and conversational perspective.</p>