Este trabalho sustenta que o processo de cooperação para manutenção das faces é condição principal numa interação não polêmica. Esse processo aparece marcado na materialidade linguística, e, quando um ato que ameaça à face é produzido por um dos participantes da interação, em regra, segue acompanhado por procedimentos atenuadores que visam a minorar a ameaça e minimizar os danos causados à imagem dos participantes. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar o uso dos procedimentos de atenuação como parte do processo de cooperação para preservação da face em interações não polêmicas. Foram gravadas três entrevistas, no total de cinco horas e cinquenta e um minutos e vinte e sete segundos. Tais entrevistas foram separadas em três modalidades: modalidade 1 subdividida em 1A e 1B; modalidade 2 e modalidade 3 subdividida em 3A, 3B e 3C. Para as análises do corpus, utilizamos a noção de face constantes em Goffman (1980), em Brown e Levinson (1987), bem como os estudos sobre cortesia de Bravo (2005), e as definições de atenuação de Briz Goméz (2004, 2005, 2012) e Albelda Marco (2014). Os resultados mostraram que os procedimentos linguísticos empregados serviram em algumas falas para proteger ou reparar algum dano à imagem do falante e em outras para preservar ou reparar a imagem do ouvinte e também preservar ou reparar a imagem de ambos. Os interlocutores procuraram evitar o conflito e colaborar para que as imagens fossem resguardadas. Concluímos que os procedimentos de atenuação possibilitaram aos falantes afastarem-se do conteúdo dos enunciados, quando esses representaram um ameaça e, ao mesmo tempo, aproximarem-se dos ouvintes, cooperando para a preservação das faces, evitando o conflito na interação. / This study argues that the cooperation process for the maintenance of faces is the main requirement in a non-polemic interaction. This process is marked in linguistic materiality and when an act that threatens the face is produced by one of the participants of the interaction, as a rule, occur a procedure of attenuation that aim to mitigate a threat and minimize the damage caused to the image of the participants. The general objective of this research is to investigate attenuation´s procedure as part of the cooperation process for the preservation of the face in non-controversial interactions. Three interviews were recorded with total amount of time being five hours and fifty-one minutes and twenty-seven seconds. These interviews were divided into three types: category 1 subdivided into 1A and 1B; Category 2 and category 3 subdivided in 3A, 3B and 3C. For the analysis of the corpus we use the Goffman\'s notion of face (1980) Brown and Levinson (1987), as well as the studies on politeness of Bravo (2005), and the definitions of attenuation of Briz Goméz (2004, 2005, 2012) and Albelda Marco (2014). The results showed that linguistic procedures can be used to protect or repair some damage of the speaker´s image, the listener´s image or the image of both. The interlocutors tried to avoid conflict and to collaborate so the images would remain the same. We concluded that attenuation procedure might allow speakers to keep some distance from the discussed topic when it may represent a threat and at the same time approach to listeners, cooperating with them for the preservation of faces, avoiding conflict when interacting.

Este trabalho sustenta que o processo de cooperação para manutenção das faces é condição principal numa interação não polêmica. Esse processo aparece marcado na materialidade linguística, e, quando um ato que ameaça à face é produzido por um dos participantes da interação, em regra, segue acompanhado por procedimentos atenuadores que visam a minorar a ameaça e minimizar os danos causados à imagem dos participantes. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar o uso dos procedimentos de atenuação como parte do processo de cooperação para preservação da face em interações não polêmicas. Foram gravadas três entrevistas, no total de cinco horas e cinquenta e um minutos e vinte e sete segundos. Tais entrevistas foram separadas em três modalidades: modalidade 1 subdividida em 1A e 1B; modalidade 2 e modalidade 3 subdividida em 3A, 3B e 3C. Para as análises do corpus, utilizamos a noção de face constantes em Goffman (1980), em Brown e Levinson (1987), bem como os estudos sobre cortesia de Bravo (2005), e as definições de atenuação de Briz Goméz (2004, 2005, 2012) e Albelda Marco (2014). Os resultados mostraram que os procedimentos linguísticos empregados serviram em algumas falas para proteger ou reparar algum dano à imagem do falante e em outras para preservar ou reparar a imagem do ouvinte e também preservar ou reparar a imagem de ambos. Os interlocutores procuraram evitar o conflito e colaborar para que as imagens fossem resguardadas. Concluímos que os procedimentos de atenuação possibilitaram aos falantes afastarem-se do conteúdo dos enunciados, quando esses representaram um ameaça e, ao mesmo tempo, aproximarem-se dos ouvintes, cooperando para a preservação das faces, evitando o conflito na interação. / This study argues that the cooperation process for the maintenance of faces is the main requirement in a non-polemic interaction. This process is marked in linguistic materiality and when an act that threatens the face is produced by one of the participants of the interaction, as a rule, occur a procedure of attenuation that aim to mitigate a threat and minimize the damage caused to the image of the participants. The general objective of this research is to investigate attenuation´s procedure as part of the cooperation process for the preservation of the face in non-controversial interactions. Three interviews were recorded with total amount of time being five hours and fifty-one minutes and twenty-seven seconds. These interviews were divided into three types: category 1 subdivided into 1A and 1B; Category 2 and category 3 subdivided in 3A, 3B and 3C. For the analysis of the corpus we use the Goffman\'s notion of face (1980) Brown and Levinson (1987), as well as the studies on politeness of Bravo (2005), and the definitions of attenuation of Briz Goméz (2004, 2005, 2012) and Albelda Marco (2014). The results showed that linguistic procedures can be used to protect or repair some damage of the speaker´s image, the listener´s image or the image of both. The interlocutors tried to avoid conflict and to collaborate so the images would remain the same. We concluded that attenuation procedure might allow speakers to keep some distance from the discussed topic when it may represent a threat and at the same time approach to listeners, cooperating with them for the preservation of faces, avoiding conflict when interacting.

“Análise do processo de cooperação tecnológica universidade-empresa: um estudo exploratório" é um trabalho em que se demonstra como vem acontecendo a cooperação universidade - empresa no Brasil no campo da Ciência e Tecnologia, principalmente, do ponto de vista acadêmico. Para tal, foi efetuada uma pesquisa exploratória junto a três universidades que se destacam nesta área e três empresas que têm atuado em pesquisas conjuntas com estas instituições. Para o desenvolvimento da análise, foi elaborado um modelo conceitual básico em que foi adotada uma divisão do processo de cooperação em quatro partes constituintes: motivações, barreiras e/ou facilitadores, processo de cooperação em si e satisfação resultante. Através do estudo realizado, foi possível visualizar como o processo, em seu todo ou em função das partes constituintes, está se estabelecendo. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram detectar como motivadores centrais, para as universidades, a realização de sua função social, a obtenção de conhecimentos práticos e a incorporação de novas informações aos processos de ensino e pesquisa; para as empresas, o acesso a recursos humanos com elevada qualificação e a resolução de problemas técnicos. Constatou-se também a existência de organizações e agentes intermediadores no processo de cooperação, sendo que este apresenta como principais instrumentos operacionais as relações pessoais informais e formais e os acordos com alvo definido. A pesquisa ainda evidencia os fundos governamentais de apoio à pesquisa como o principal facilitador existente no processo de cooperação universidade-empresa e as diferenças de nível de conhecimento entre as pessoas envolvidas, a burocracia destas instituições e a duração muito longa do projeto como sendo as mais marcantes barreiras. Indicando, por fim, que o processo tem gerado satisfação entre os participantes, o que é refletido no desejo de continuidade com pesquisas cooperativas pelas instituições. De posse dos resultados da pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um modelo para entendimento da cooperação entre universidades e empresas em universidades brasileiras, em que se observam os fatores ligados a motivações, barreiras, facilitadores, processo em si e satisfação resultante. O estudo se encerra com a indicação de algumas medidas de melhoria para o processo; como, por exemplo, redução da burocracia universitária, divulgação da imagem e potencial das universidades, ampliação das relações entre o setor empresarial e o universitário e a simplificação do processo de obtenção de fundos governamentais de apoio à pesquisa. / “Analysis of the university-enterprise technological cooperation peocess: an Exploratory study" is a study showing that there has been a university-enterprise cooperation in Brazil, especially in science and technology, from an academic point of view. In order to show this, exploratory research has been carried out involving three major universities in this area as well as three enterprises that have done some joint research together with them. To develop the analysis, a basic conceptual model has been designed which adopts a division of the cooperation process in four parts: motivation, constraints and/or facilitators, the cooperation process itself and the resulting satisfaction. By carrying out such a study it was possible to visualize how the process, as a whole or depending on its parts, has been established. The results of this study have allowed to detect, as central motivators to the universities, the performance of their social role, the acquisition of practical knowledge and the addition of new information to the teaching and researching processes; to the enterprises, such motivators have been detected as the access to highly qualified human resources and the solution to technical problems. It has also been found the existence of intermediate agents and organizations in the cooperation process, which has got formal and informal personal relationships as well as agreements with a definite target as its main operational tools. Furthermore, this study highligths government research funds as the main existing facilitator in the university-enterprise cooperation process and the university geographical location, the bureaucracy of such institutions as well as the lengthiness of the project as the most remarkable constraints. Finally, it points out that the process has generated satisfaction among participants, which is reflected by the desire of the institutions to continue carrying out cooperative research. Based on the results of this study, a model to understand the cooperation between universities and enterprises at Brazilian universities has been developed, in which one can notice the factors linked to motivation, constraints, facilitators, the process itself and the resulting satisfaction. To conclude, the study indicates some measures to improve the process such as reduction of university bureaucracy, promulgation of university image and potential, an improvement on the relations between universities and enterprises, and a simpler process to get government research funds.

Alla elever i grundskolan, ska sedan januari 2006, ha en individuell utvecklingsplan vars syfte främst är att stödja elevers måluppfyllelse, enligt de nationella styrdokumen-ten. I Skolverkets allmänna råd (2005) anges att elever såväl som föräldrar ska ges del-aktighet och inflytande över arbetet med IUP. Vi har en uppfattning om att en samver-kansprocess, mellan lärare, elev och föräldrar, kring arbetet med IUP är av vikt för att eleven ska nå ökad måluppfyllelse. Därför var syftet med studien att belysa hur elever och föräldrar uppfattar sin delaktighet i samverkansprocessen kring IUP samt hur lära-ren gör för att involvera elever och föräldrar i det arbetet. För att få en bild av hur sam-verkansprocessen kring den individuella utvecklingsplanen uppfattas av lärare, elever och föräldrar har såväl kvalitativa som kvantitativa metoder använts. Dessa har bestått av lärar- och föräldraenkäter samt av elevintervjuer. Resultatet visar att elever och för-äldrar upplever stor delaktighet kring arbetet med IUP. Studiens resultat visar även att eleverna genom IUP fått en större medvetenhet över sitt lärande. Beträffande lärarper-spektivet visar vårt resultat att lärarna anser det viktigt att involvera elever såväl som föräldrar. Lärarnas motiv för att involvera eleven i arbetet med IUP är att skapa delak-tighet, motivation och ansvarstagande hos eleven för en ökad måluppfyllelse. Samman-taget visar vår studie att en god samverkansprocess kan leda till ökad måluppfyllelse för eleven. / Since January 2006, an individual development plan (IUP) should be prepared for every pupil in comprehensive school. The aim of development plan is to support pupils’ pos-sibilities to fulfil the goals of the National curriculum. General counsels of the National Board of Education (2005) states that both pupils and parents should be given the pos-sibility to influence on and participate in the work with IUP. We articulate that the co-operation process between teacher, pupil and parents concerning IUP, is of importance for pupils’ goal fulfilment. Therefore, the aim of the study was to elucidate how stu-dents and parents consider their participation in the cooperation process with IUP, and how the teacher involves students and parents in the process. In order to find out how the cooperation process concerning the individual development plan is considered by teachers, students, and parents, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. These consist of teachers’- and parents’ inquiries, and by pupils’ interviews. The result shows that both pupils and parents experience a great deal of participation con-cerning the work with IUP. The result also shows that the students through IUP have improved their awareness of the learning process. Regarding the teachers’ perspective, our study illuminates that teachers consider it important to involve both pupils and par-ents. Teacher’s reason for involving pupils in the work with IUP is to create participa-tion, motivation, and responsibility among pupils for an increased goal fulfilment. All in all, our study shows that a good cooperation process increases pupils’ goal fulfil-ment.

<p>Alla elever i grundskolan, ska sedan januari 2006, ha en individuell utvecklingsplan vars syfte främst är att stödja elevers måluppfyllelse, enligt de nationella styrdokumen-ten. I Skolverkets allmänna råd (2005) anges att elever såväl som föräldrar ska ges del-aktighet och inflytande över arbetet med IUP. Vi har en uppfattning om att en samver-kansprocess, mellan lärare, elev och föräldrar, kring arbetet med IUP är av vikt för att eleven ska nå ökad måluppfyllelse. Därför var syftet med studien att belysa hur elever och föräldrar uppfattar sin delaktighet i samverkansprocessen kring IUP samt hur lära-ren gör för att involvera elever och föräldrar i det arbetet. För att få en bild av hur sam-verkansprocessen kring den individuella utvecklingsplanen uppfattas av lärare, elever och föräldrar har såväl kvalitativa som kvantitativa metoder använts. Dessa har bestått av lärar- och föräldraenkäter samt av elevintervjuer. Resultatet visar att elever och för-äldrar upplever stor delaktighet kring arbetet med IUP. Studiens resultat visar även att eleverna genom IUP fått en större medvetenhet över sitt lärande. Beträffande lärarper-spektivet visar vårt resultat att lärarna anser det viktigt att involvera elever såväl som föräldrar. Lärarnas motiv för att involvera eleven i arbetet med IUP är att skapa delak-tighet, motivation och ansvarstagande hos eleven för en ökad måluppfyllelse. Samman-taget visar vår studie att en god samverkansprocess kan leda till ökad måluppfyllelse för eleven.</p> / <p>Since January 2006, an individual development plan (IUP) should be prepared for every pupil in comprehensive school. The aim of development plan is to support pupils’ pos-sibilities to fulfil the goals of the National curriculum. General counsels of the National Board of Education (2005) states that both pupils and parents should be given the pos-sibility to influence on and participate in the work with IUP. We articulate that the co-operation process between teacher, pupil and parents concerning IUP, is of importance for pupils’ goal fulfilment. Therefore, the aim of the study was to elucidate how stu-dents and parents consider their participation in the cooperation process with IUP, and how the teacher involves students and parents in the process. In order to find out how the cooperation process concerning the individual development plan is considered by teachers, students, and parents, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. These consist of teachers’- and parents’ inquiries, and by pupils’ interviews. The result shows that both pupils and parents experience a great deal of participation con-cerning the work with IUP. The result also shows that the students through IUP have improved their awareness of the learning process. Regarding the teachers’ perspective, our study illuminates that teachers consider it important to involve both pupils and par-ents. Teacher’s reason for involving pupils in the work with IUP is to create participa-tion, motivation, and responsibility among pupils for an increased goal fulfilment. All in all, our study shows that a good cooperation process increases pupils’ goal fulfil-ment.</p>

“Análise do processo de cooperação tecnológica universidade-empresa: um estudo exploratório” é um trabalho em que se demonstra como vem acontecendo a cooperação universidade - empresa no Brasil no campo da Ciência e Tecnologia, principalmente, do ponto de vista acadêmico. Para tal, foi efetuada uma pesquisa exploratória junto a três universidades que se destacam nesta área e três empresas que têm atuado em pesquisas conjuntas com estas instituições. Para o desenvolvimento da análise, foi elaborado um modelo conceitual básico em que foi adotada uma divisão do processo de cooperação em quatro partes constituintes: motivações, barreiras e/ou facilitadores, processo de cooperação em si e satisfação resultante. Através do estudo realizado, foi possível visualizar como o processo, em seu todo ou em função das partes constituintes, está se estabelecendo. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram detectar como motivadores centrais, para as universidades, a realização de sua função social, a obtenção de conhecimentos práticos e a incorporação de novas informações aos processos de ensino e pesquisa; para as empresas, o acesso a recursos humanos com elevada qualificação e a resolução de problemas técnicos. Constatou-se também a existência de organizações e agentes intermediadores no processo de cooperação, sendo que este apresenta como principais instrumentos operacionais as relações pessoais informais e formais e os acordos com alvo definido. A pesquisa ainda evidencia os fundos governamentais de apoio à pesquisa como o principal facilitador existente no processo de cooperação universidade-empresa e as diferenças de nível de conhecimento entre as pessoas envolvidas, a burocracia destas instituições e a duração muito longa do projeto como sendo as mais marcantes barreiras. Indicando, por fim, que o processo tem gerado satisfação entre os participantes, o que é refletido no desejo de continuidade com pesquisas cooperativas pelas instituições. De posse dos resultados da pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um modelo para entendimento da cooperação entre universidades e empresas em universidades brasileiras, em que se observam os fatores ligados a motivações, barreiras, facilitadores, processo em si e satisfação resultante. O estudo se encerra com a indicação de algumas medidas de melhoria para o processo; como, por exemplo, redução da burocracia universitária, divulgação da imagem e potencial das universidades, ampliação das relações entre o setor empresarial e o universitário e a simplificação do processo de obtenção de fundos governamentais de apoio à pesquisa. / “Analysis of the university-enterprise technological cooperation peocess: an Exploratory study” is a study showing that there has been a university-enterprise cooperation in Brazil, especially in science and technology, from an academic point of view. In order to show this, exploratory research has been carried out involving three major universities in this area as well as three enterprises that have done some joint research together with them. To develop the analysis, a basic conceptual model has been designed which adopts a division of the cooperation process in four parts: motivation, constraints and/or facilitators, the cooperation process itself and the resulting satisfaction. By carrying out such a study it was possible to visualize how the process, as a whole or depending on its parts, has been established. The results of this study have allowed to detect, as central motivators to the universities, the performance of their social role, the acquisition of practical knowledge and the addition of new information to the teaching and researching processes; to the enterprises, such motivators have been detected as the access to highly qualified human resources and the solution to technical problems. It has also been found the existence of intermediate agents and organizations in the cooperation process, which has got formal and informal personal relationships as well as agreements with a definite target as its main operational tools. Furthermore, this study highligths government research funds as the main existing facilitator in the university-enterprise cooperation process and the university geographical location, the bureaucracy of such institutions as well as the lengthiness of the project as the most remarkable constraints. Finally, it points out that the process has generated satisfaction among participants, which is reflected by the desire of the institutions to continue carrying out cooperative research. Based on the results of this study, a model to understand the cooperation between universities and enterprises at Brazilian universities has been developed, in which one can notice the factors linked to motivation, constraints, facilitators, the process itself and the resulting satisfaction. To conclude, the study indicates some measures to improve the process such as reduction of university bureaucracy, promulgation of university image and potential, an improvement on the relations between universities and enterprises, and a simpler process to get government research funds.

Den 1 juli 1994 trädde lagen (1994:137) om mottagandet av asylsökande barn i kraft och i den lagen regleras Migrationsverkets huvudansvar i denna fråga. Men den 1 juli 2006 trädde en reform av lagen i kraft gällande mottagandet, i syfte att förbättra processen. Lagändringen innebar att kommunerna istället skulle tillhandahålla boendet för de ensamkommande barn som kommer till Sverige på grund av att den kompetens, erfarenhet och stöd som krävs för att möta barn i sådana här situationer finns hos socialtjänsten inom kommunerna. Tidigare forskning har kartlagt och identifierat möjligheter och utmaningar gällande att arbeta i denna samverkansprocess. En av möjligheterna är den samlade kunskapen och en av utmaningarna är den brist på kompetens som finns i olika delar av processen.Denna uppsats tar avstamp i de resultat som tidigare nämnd forskning har resulterat i. Vi kan dock inte anta och utgå ifrån att samma utmaningar och möjligheter som identifierades i tidigare forskning förekommer i det studieobjekt som vi ska undersöka. Därför ämnar denna uppsats att beskriva den samverkansprocess som sker mellan aktörerna, Migrationsverket, Länsstyrelsen, Socialstyrelsen, Malmö Stad, transitboende, Region Skåne samt Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting vid mottagandet av de ensamkommande flyktingbarnen. Detta för att ta reda på om samma eller eventuellt andra utmaningar och möjligheter upplevs och hur de hanteras. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med 7 aktörer, 9 respondenter. Intervjumaterialet har kodats och teman har identifierats ur detta material som sedan analyserats och diskuterats. Uppsatsens resultat visar att liknande möjligheter och utmaningar som tidigare identifierats råder även i denna samverkansprocess. Kunskap och brist på kompetens är ett genomgående tema som kan grunda sig i flertalet orsaker. En tydligare gemensam målformulering, strukturerad uppföljning och större fokus på de kommuner som tar emot ensamkommande barn är några av de saker som skulle kunna underlätta och förbättra mottagandet. / A study on how seven participants are experiencing challenges and opportunities in the cooperation process at the reception of unaccompanied refugee children and how these are handledOn 1 of July 1994 the law (1994:137) of reception of asylum-seeking children was instituted. The law regulated the Migration Board's primary responsibility in this matter. But the 1 of July 2006 an amended law in force regarding the reception of unaccompanied refugee children was instituted, in order to improve the process. The change in the law meant that municipalities should instead provide accommodation for unaccompanied refugee children who come to Sweden because of the skills, experience and support necessary to meet the children in these situations is situated at the social services within municipalities. Previous research has identified opportunities and challenges of working in such a cooperation process. One of the possibilities is the collective knowledge and one of the challenges is the lack of competence that exists in some organizations.This paper builds on the results previously mentioned research has resulted in. However, we cannot assume that the same challenges and opportunities identified in previous research appear in the study, which we will investigate. Therefore, this paper intends to describe the cooperation process that takes place between the participants, when unaccompanied refugee children arrives to Sweden, to find out whether the same or any other challenges and opportunities are perceived and how they are handled. Qualitative interviews were conducted with seven participants, nine respondents. The interviews were coded and themes were identified from this material which is then analyzed and discussed. The results of the paper show that similar opportunities and challenges identified earlier also exist in this cooperation process. Knowledge and lack of competence are a recurring theme that can be carried out in several causes. A distinct collective goal setting, more structured follow- up and more focus on the municipalities, which already receive unaccompanied refugee children, are some of the things that could facilitate and improve the reception.

The presented thesis is analyzing the regional cooperation in the Western Balkans (WB) focusing on interactions of local actors. Theoretical background is based on the new regionalism, a theoretical approach to regional interactions. Contemporary studies on New Regionalism (NR) actually do not consider the Western Balkans to be part of this process and as a result we lack sufficient information about the basic characteristics of this region. The author proves that the WB is engaged in the process of the new regionalism and in fact by focusing on the institutional structure he demonstrates that several parallel processes are ongoing in the region as for example regional cooperation, integration or cooperation with another region. For the purpose of this research two projects of regional cooperation were chosen, South Eastern European Cooperation Process (SEECP) and the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) which are regarded as the main pillars of the political cooperation in the WB. By examining their structure we may understand the relevance of the region as an independent actor and the general aims of the regional cooperation.