No / Decisions on settlement location in the face of climate change and coastal inundation may have resulted in success, survival or even catastrophic failure for early settlers in many parts of the world. In this study, we investigate various questions related to how individuals respond to a palaeoenvironmental simulation, on an interactive tabletop device where participants have the opportunity to build a settlement on a coastal landscape, balancing safety, and access to resources, including sea and terrestrial foodstuffs, while taking into consideration the threat of rising sea levels. The results of the study were analyzed to consider whether decisions on settlement were predicated to be near to locations where previous structures were located, stigmergically, and whether later settler choice would fare better, and score higher, as time progressed. The proximity of settlements was investigated and the reasons for clustering were considered. The interactive simulation was exhibited to thousands of visitors at the 2012 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition at the “Europe's Lost World” exhibit. 347 participants contributed to the simulation, providing a sufficiently large sample of data for analysis.

L'existence, dans de nombreuses espèces, de comportements coopératifs entre individus non-apparentés constitue un paradoxe apparent pour la théorie de l'évolution. L'explication la plus acceptée est que les comportements coopératifs peuvent être « incités » par un mécanisme qui récompense les coopérateurs et punit les tricheurs. On parle alors de « coopération conditionnelle ». La majorité des travaux en théorie des jeux évolutionnaires cherchent seulement à expliquer comment des comportements coopératifs en général peuvent exister à un équilibre évolutionnaire. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons au contraire à montrer que la théorie des jeux évolutionnaires peut aussi permettre de comprendre certaines des propriétés fines des comportements coopératifs qu'on observe dans le vivant, en particulier dans le cas de l'espèce humaine. Tout d'abord, nous posons la question de l'origine de la coopération conditionnelle. Comment la coopération conditionnelle peut-elle évoluer à partir d'une situation initiale dans laquelle personne ne coopère ? A l'aide de méthodes empruntées à l'apprentissage automatique, nous montrons que la coopération conditionnelle peut évoluer en tant que sous-produit d'une adaptation à des interactions dans lesquelles les intérêts des participants sont alignés. Nous montrons également que ce processus évolutif ne peut aboutir qu'à deux résultats opposés. Soit toutes les opportunités de coopération sont « trouvées » par l'évolution, ce qui correspond à la prévalence des comportements coopératifs chez l'Homme, soit un nombre très réduit d'opportunités de coopération sont « trouvées », ce qui correspond aux comportements coopératifs non humains. Nous proposons également une variante de ce modèle qui permet d'expliquer pourquoi de nombreux mutualismes sont des formes exagérées de cas d'interactions basées sur des intérêts communs. Dans un second temps, nous nous concentrons sur un mécanisme particulier de coopération conditionnelle : le choix du partenaire. Nous utilisons des simulations individu-centrées, et nous montrons que si l'on peut choisir librement ses partenaires dans la coopération, alors le seul niveau d'effort investi dans la coopération qui est évolutivement stable est celui qui maximise l'efficacité sociale de la coopération. Puis, nous développons des modèles analytiques, importés de la théorie économique des appariements. Nous montrons que la seule distribution des bénéfices générés par la coopération qui est évolutivement stable ne dépend pas des rapports de force et est proportionnelle à la contribution de chacun des participants. Ainsi, la théorie du choix du partenaire explique deux propriétés fines des comportements coopératifs chez l'Homme : nos préférences pour les formes de coopération les plus socialement efficaces et notre sens de l'équité. Enfin, nous montrons que la théorie des signaux coûteux, appliquée à la coopération, peut expliquer plusieurs propriétés de la réputation morale, puis nous concluons en discutant de futures directions de recherche. / The existence of cooperation among non-kin in many species constitutes an apparent paradox for evolutionary biologists. The most commonly accepted explanation is that cooperation can be enforced by mechanisms that reward cooperators or punish cheaters. Most of the theoretical works in evolutionary game theory, however, aim only at explaining how some cooperation can exist at an evolutionary equilibrium, thanks to these enforcement mechanisms. Here, we aim at showing, instead, that evolutionary game theory can also explain the fine-grained properties of the cooperation that takes place in the living world, especially in the case of the human species. First, we address the question of the origin of enforced cooperation: How can enforced cooperation evolve from an initially non-cooperative state? Using tools from the field of machine learning, we show that enforced cooperation can evolve as a by-product of adaptation to interactions with shared interests. We also show that this process has only two possible evolutionary outcomes. Either all cooperative opportunities are enforced, which corresponds to the human cooperative syndrome, or only a very few number are, which corresponds to non-human cooperation. We also propose a variation of this model to explain why many mutualisms are exaggerated forms of cooperation with shared interests. In a second approach, we focus on one specific enforcement mechanism called partner choice. Using agent-based simulations, we show that, when individuals can freely choose their cooperative partners, the only level of effort invested into cooperation that is evolutionarily stable is the one that maximizes the social efficiency of cooperation. We then build analytical models of partner choice imported from economic matching theory. We show that the only evolutionarily stable distribution of the benefits of cooperation is both independent of bargaining power and proportional to each participant's relative contribution. Thus, partner choice explains two fine-grained properties of human cooperation, namely our preferences for the most socially efficient forms of cooperation and our concerns for fair distributions. Finally, we show that costly signalling models of cooperation can explain several properties of moral reputation, and we conclude by discussing directions for future research.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad sjuksköterskor som arbetar med demenssjuka personer uppfattar som viktigt för att den demenssjuke ska få ett gott välbefinnande i det dagliga livet. För att undersöka detta genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med en deskriptiv  design, tio legitimerade sjuksköterskor på demensboenden i en medelstor svensk stad intervjuades. Studien genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Av huvudresultatet framkom att sjuksköterskorna ansåg att vården alltid ska utgå från den demenssjukes dagsform, sjukdomsbild, dess tidigare liv och se till den demenssjukes friska sidor. Att miljön är lugn och tydligt utformad beskrevs som viktigt för att öka den boendes välbefinnande och självständighet. Olika faktorer som påverkar välbefinnandet beskrevs och kunde delas in som kognitiv stimulering, sinnesstimulering, fysisk aktivitet och sysselsättning. En lugn och enkel kommunikation beskrevs vara viktig, även sång beskrevs som en väl fungerande kommunikationsväg. Den demenssjuke bör alltid bemötas lugnt, med respekt och med kärlek. Även avledning, det multiprofessionella teamet och handledning över yrkeskunskapsgränserna beskrevs som viktiga delar i demensvården. Det finns gott om kunskap om hur demensvården bör bedrivas både i tidigare forskning och bland de intervjuade sjuksköterskorna. Sjuksköterskan inom verksamheten måste därför se till att den befintliga kunskapen kommer ut till övriga medarbetare och används i den dagliga vården på demensboendet. / The aim of this study was to investigate what nurses, working with dementia patients, consider being important to give their patients a good well-being in their daily life. A qualitative study with descriptive design was used. Ten registered nurses in nursing homes for people with dementia in a medium sized Swedish city were interviewed with semi-structured questions. The main result showed that a good care should begin with the patient’s current status, health condition, former life and abilities. A calm and clearly structured environment in order to increase the patient’s well-being and independence was also described. Different factors that affect the well-being were described to be used. They can be categorised as: cognitive stimulation, sense stimulation, physical activity and pursuit of different occupations. A calm and simple communication was described to be important, even singing was described to be a good way to communicate. The person with dementia should always be met in a calm manner, with respect and love. Even derivation, the multi-professional team and the continuous exchange of information/experience between members of different professional background were described to be important parts in the care. There exists a large amount of knowledge of how dementia care should be organized both in earlier studies and among the interviewed nurses. The nurse in the nursing home should therefore inform other staff and incorporate the current knowledge into the daily work at the nursing home.

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Interprofessional collaboration is a cogent strategy to promote retention and safe, quality nursing care among new graduate nurses. This sandwich thesis describes a research project undertaken to understand how new graduate nurses engage in interprofessional collaboration.</p> <p><strong>Objective. </strong>The aim was to comprehensively understand the individual, team, and organizational factors that influence new graduate nurse engagement in interprofessional collaboration.</p> <p><strong>Methods. </strong>An integrative review of the new graduate nurse literature was conducted within the context of interprofessional collaboration. Applying the Structuration Model of Interprofessional Collaboration as a framework, a mixed methods study examined the team and organizational predictors of new graduate nurse engagement in interprofessional collaboration, and explored factors that influenced confidence among new graduate nurses toward interprofessional collaboration. Quantitative data were collected via mailed surveys. Follow-up interviews were conducted to explain the quantitative findings.</p> <p><strong>Results. </strong>The integrative review revealed individual, team, and organizational factors that were reported to influence new graduate nurse engagement in interprofessional collaboration. The review concluded a gap in the current knowledge of the issue, and literature that was weak to moderate in quality. The team and organizational predictors of new graduate nurse engagement in interprofessional collaboration were: satisfaction with the team, number of team strategies, participation in a mentorship or preceptorship experience, accessibility of manager, and accessibility and proximity of educator or professional practice leader. The interviews revealed respect, team support, and face-to-face interprofessional interactions as team facilitators. Supportive leadership and preceptorship or mentorships were organizational facilitators. Several variables had a relationship with new graduate nurse confidence in interprofessional collaboration. A model that explains this confidence was developed from the qualitative findings.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The Structuration Model of Interprofessional Collaboration was a valuable</p> <p>framework for understanding the structural elements of new graduate nurse engagement in interprofessional collaboration. This thesis identifies implications for education, practice and research.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In 2001 the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) was created by some of the world’s leading natural gas producing and exporting countries in order to promote their mutual interests through cooperation, in particular with regard to extracting the maximum value from their natural gas exports. My core research question is: Does cooperation among GECF member countries explain those exporters’ market power in highly import-dependent natural gas consuming countries? To determine the influence of the GECF’s cooperative actions and policies, I study the GECF’s cooperative behaviour and measure the role of (collusive) producer conduct in terms of its contribution to achieving the main GECF objective: attaining gas prices that are measurably above the cost of production and hence help producers earn significant economic rents. I employ a variety of methods from the international relations literature on cooperation and cartelisation, collective action theory and an economic measurement model in three case studies. I find that cooperation among GECF members partly explains their market power in a number of import-dependent gas markets. This is so despite the GECF’s weak degree of institutionalisation. The reasons for the GECF’s influence on effective cooperative results are: first, conducive structural conditions in many gas importing markets favouring cartelisation; second, GECF members use methods such as artificial market entry barriers (e.g. long-term term contracts negotiated in a non-transparent way) to secure their market power and third, the GECF faces less severe internal procedural challenges that plague other cartels such as collective action problems, especially cheating. Cooperation among GECF exporters hence contributes to high(er) prices of natural gas. This causes economic inefficiencies and a transfer of wealth—and political power—from gas consumers to producers. It also hinders climate change mitigation as cleanerburning gas remains too expensive to replace ‘dirty’ coal in power generation.

This study critiques the extravagant behaviour associated with burial practises of modern Xhosa people, with special focus on the Eastern Cape of South Africa. It uses human altruism, cultural conformism, and cooperative behaviour as the theories to explain why people do things they consider to be the norm or do things in a prescribed way, in order to be accepted by a cultural group or class. The artworks which form part of this study are informed through interviews with key informants who are members of the community, as well as the writer’s observations during modern burial events. These artworks portray the obsessive behaviour associated with extravagant funerals, illustrated through repetition, layering, and the multiplicity of cultural objects, such as coffins, candles, pots and other items. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. A. (Visual Arts)

Occupational Health Service (OHS) has an important role in society. It is designed to prevent illness and strengthen the health of workers. OHS operations and development are currently being studied at the School of Technology and Health at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden. One of the industries studied is the home maker service. During the 2010s were such employees one of the most ill groups in Sweden. This master's thesis in occupational environment development and change management focus on examining the special knowledge an OHS and its clients in one home maker service need to strengthen the workers of the industry and find out how the interaction between OHS and home maker service works and how it could be evolved. A qualitative study was conducted in a Swedish city on the basis of an organizational perspective. Six persons between 30 and 65 years of age were interviewed. The interviewed people’s occupations were ergonomist, safety engineer, home health aides and managers from both companies. To gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon the interviews were transcribed. Key themes for the interviewees were collaboration, economy and engagement, important health and safety issues, prevention, the home help service needs of OHS and what support OHS need in their work with the home maker services. The studied parties agreed that they had no developed cooperation and that there was a gap between them. All interviewees consisted on the work environment problems in the industry. These were stress, time pressure, heavy physical work, patients’ homes were not always suited for the home health aides, lack of colleagues, intimidation and violence and smoking patients. There was found a barrier between the preventive work that could be undertaken and what was ordered from the home maker service. / Företagshälsovården (FHV) har en betydelsefull roll i samhället. Den finns till för att förebygga ohälsa och stärka hälsan hos arbetstagare. Företagshälsovårdens verksamhet och utveckling studeras just nu på skolan för teknik och hälsa på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan. En av de branscher som åskådliggörs är hemtjänsten. Under 00-talet var arbetstagarna i hemtjänsten en av de mest sjukskrivna grupperna i Sverige. Det här magister-examensarbetet inom arbetsmiljöutveckling och förändringsledning fokuserar på att undersöka vilken specialkunskap FHV behöver för att stärka hemtjänstbranschens arbetstagare samt ta reda på hur samverkan mellan FHV och hemtjänsten fungerar och hur den kan utvecklas. En kvalitativ intervjustudie utfördes i en svensk storstad med utgångspunkt i ett organisationsperspektiv. Sex personer mellan 30 och 65 år intervjuades. Intervjuobjektens yrken var ergonom, arbetsmiljöingenjör, undersköterska i hemtjänsten och chefer från båda parter. För att få en djupare förståelse för fenomenet transkriberades intervjuerna. Betydelsefulla gemensamma teman för intervjupersonerna var samverkan, ekonomi och engagemang, viktiga arbetsmiljöfrågor, förebyggande arbete i dag, hemtjänstens tjänstebehov av FHV och vilket stöd FHV behöver i sitt arbete med hemtjänsten.   De studerade parterna var överens om att de inte hade något utvecklat samarbete och att det bestod ett glapp mellan dem. Alla intervjupersoner var eniga om arbetsmiljöproblemen i branschen. Dessa var stress, tidspress, tungt fysisk arbete, att brukarnas hem inte alltid var anpassade för hemtjänstpersonalen, avsaknad av kollegor, hot och våld samt rökande brukare. Det fanns idag en barriär mellan det förebyggande arbete som skulle kunna bedrivas och vad som beställdes av hemtjänsten. / "Nyttiggörande av branschkunskap – implementering av nätverk” med projektledare Annika Vänje

The diploma thesis presents a differentiation and description of various forms of interpersonal interaction with emphasis on cooperation and cooperative behaviour from the perspective of sociology, social psychology and psychology of personality. As the research is focused on preschool children, the characteristic traits of this age are specified, specific methods and forms suitable for the development of cooperative behaviour are described as well as the role of the teacher in this process. Moreover, the aim of fostering cooperative behaviour is linked to the educa?tional purpose outlined in FEP PE and Learning: The Treasure Within (four pillars of education). Furthermore, variables related to individual dispositions in respect to cooperative behaviour are briefly analysed. In the research section of the thesis, activities aiming at fostering cooperative behavior in preschool children are presented and evaluated based on their testing in a pre-school: whether/how they really worked in respect to eliciting cooperative behaviour in children.