CONTEXTO: El entrenamiento aplicando elementos de inestabilidad está siendo ampliamente utilizado en el campo del entrenamiento como una herramienta novedosa y eficaz. No obstante, recientes hallazgos aportan datos contrarios a esta creencia y sugieren que la ejecución de ejercicios tradicionales sobre superficies inestables o ejercicios calisténicos específicos para el fortalecimiento estabilizador pueden no resultar estímulo suficiente para personas con un nivel de entrenamiento elevado llegando incluso a interferencia en el rendimiento final por la reducción de la capacidad de fuerza y la carencia de especificidad del entrenamiento. OBJETIVO: Cuantificar y comparar la actividad muscular paraespinal y la capacidad de generar fuerza máxima isométrica durante ejercicios globales que requieres de estabilidad frente a los ejercicios específicos calisténicos para el fortalecimiento estabilizador y los ejercicios que combinan inestabilidad externa. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 31 sujetos altamente entrenados, con experiencia en el entrenamiento con elementos inestables y sin patologías de espalda fueron reclutados voluntariamente para la realización del estudio descriptivo. Tras un calentamiento estandarizado fueron colocados los electrodos para el registro muscular del multifidus (lumbar, torácico), erector espinae (lumbar, torácico). Con esta instrumentación los sujetos realizaron de forma aleatoria y dejando siempre un mínimo de 3 minutos de descanso los siguientes ejercicios: i) extensión lumbar; ii) extensión lumbar T-Bow; iii) lunge; iv) sentadilla con inestabilidad [Bosu, T-Bow]; v) peso muerto; vi) peso muerto con inestabilidad [Bosu, T-Bow]. Para todos los ejercicios se realizaron dos condiciones de evaluación, fuerza máxima contracción isométrica voluntaria (MCIV) y 10 repeticiones al 70% (MCIV). Los datos fueron registrados y almacenados para su posterior tratamiento estadístico con el SPSS 17.0. RESULTADOS: Durante las mediciones estáticas y dinámicas de siempre existió una mayor activación muscular y registros de fuerza máxima isométrica (MCIV) (p<0.05) para las condiciones de estabilidad frente a las de inestabilidad. Los registros más elevados los obtuvo el ejercicio de peso muerto donde la fuerza máxima isométrica voluntaria media fue de 107.85 (5.15) Kg. Mientras que la respuesta muscular global paraespinal en condiciones de estabilidad realizado al 70% (MCIV) fueron [máximo registro dinámico 117.38 (5.49) % y media dinámica 88.53 (2.97) %)]. CONCLUSIÓN: Añadir elementos de inestabilidad reduce la capacidad de generar fuerza máxima isométrica. La realización de los ejercicios globales al 70 % (MCIV) en condiciones de estabilidad generan la misma (lunge) o mayor (peso muerto) actividad muscular que los mismos ejercicios realizados con elementos de inestabilidad o con ejercicios específicos calisténicos. Por último, los datos parecen indicar que las respuestas musculares y la reducción en la capacidad de generar fuerza dependerán de los grados de inestabilidad que genere el dispositivo sobre el que se realice el ejercicio. / CONTEXT: It’s unclear whether unstable conditions during traditional resistance exercises performed at moderate loads can provoke higher levels of paraespinal muscular activation in healthy/athletic populations than the stable exercises performed at high loads. By other hand it has suggested that use unstable devices can reduce de strength performance output. PURPOSE: To quantify and to compare paraespinal muscular activity and maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) while carrying out different exercises polyarticular and calisthenic specific lumbar strengthening exercises in both stable and unstable conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 31 subjects highly trained, experienced in training with instability and without pathologies were voluntarily recruited back to the descriptive study. Following a standardized warming the electrodes were placed to record the multifidus and erector espinae both in lumbar and thoracic portion. Subjects performed at random and always leaving a minimum of 3 minutes of rest for the following exercises: i) lumbar extension; ii) T-Bow lumbar extension; iii) lunge; iv) unstable squat [Bosu, T- Bow]; v) deadlift; vi) unstable deadlift [Bosu, T-Bow].This exercises were performed two testing conditions, (MIVC) and 10 repetitions at 70% (MIVC). Data were recorded and stored for later statistical analysis with SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: Data shows that there was a greater muscle activation and maximal isometric force records (MCIV) (p <0.05) for the conditions of stability against instability. Records obtained higher the deadlift exercise where the maximum voluntary isometric force average was 107.85 (5.15) kg. While global paraspinal muscle response in a stable made of 70% (MCIV) were [maximum dynamic registration 117.38 (5.49)% and 88.53 running average (2.97 )%)]. CONCLUSION: Add elements of instability reduces the ability to generate maximal isometric force. The overall exercise performance 70% (MCIV) in stable conditions generate the same (lunge) or higher (deadlift) muscle activity that these exercises with elements of instability or specific exercises calisthenics.

<p>Abstract </p><p>The core is the center of gravity in our body. Injuries and overload in the joints, is the most common reason for not be able to work in Sweden today. A god strength capacity in the core is important for secure and effective movements, as well for active athletes, as for non athletes. The increased number of employees, who report in sick today, has been correlated with psychological bad health. New methods to deal with mental and physical health problems among people can indicate to the fact that Yoga in the western world has increased its members, due its spiritual and physical recognition in favor of well being. The purpose with this study was to examine the effect of yoga practice on isometrics muscular strength endurance in the core, and if the mental and physical general health has been effected after 8 weeks of yoga classes twice a week. The method has a quantitative and qualitative approach. Fourteen health female subjects, ranging in age from 32 to 60 years old, were studied. The subjects were evaluated before and after the training program in three test positions for core isometric endurance. There was improvement for all the subjects, in all three tests positions together. The subject’s isometric endurance average improved with 29 %. All subjects reported improvement in physical and mental function after the yogic practices. These findings indicate that regular yoga practice can elicit improvements in isometric endurance in the core, and facilitate mental and physical well being for the subjects.</p>

Abstract The core is the center of gravity in our body. Injuries and overload in the joints, is the most common reason for not be able to work in Sweden today. A god strength capacity in the core is important for secure and effective movements, as well for active athletes, as for non athletes. The increased number of employees, who report in sick today, has been correlated with psychological bad health. New methods to deal with mental and physical health problems among people can indicate to the fact that Yoga in the western world has increased its members, due its spiritual and physical recognition in favor of well being. The purpose with this study was to examine the effect of yoga practice on isometrics muscular strength endurance in the core, and if the mental and physical general health has been effected after 8 weeks of yoga classes twice a week. The method has a quantitative and qualitative approach. Fourteen health female subjects, ranging in age from 32 to 60 years old, were studied. The subjects were evaluated before and after the training program in three test positions for core isometric endurance. There was improvement for all the subjects, in all three tests positions together. The subject’s isometric endurance average improved with 29 %. All subjects reported improvement in physical and mental function after the yogic practices. These findings indicate that regular yoga practice can elicit improvements in isometric endurance in the core, and facilitate mental and physical well being for the subjects.

Proximal stability, or the ability to stabilize and actively control the spine, pelvis and trunk, has been reported to influence sport performance. Traditional training practices for the proximal segments have had little success improving sport performance. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the effects a sport specific proximal stability training program can have on throwing velocity and measures of muscular endurance and power which target the proximal segments of the pelvis, spine and trunk. A stratified randomized clinical trial was implemented with a pre- to post-intervention design. Forty-six healthy, Division III collegiate female softball (n=17) and male baseball (n=29) players were randomly assigned to one of two training groups for 7 weeks; a traditional endurance training group (ET) (n=21) or a power stability training group (PS) (n=25). The primary outcome measures were the change in peak throwing velocity/Kg of body weight in mph. Mean throwing velocity, power outputs from a one-repetition maximum chop test and lift test (watts/Kg body weight), and muscular endurance plank tests. Student’s independent t-tests were used to compare differences between change scores of all dependent variables. Peak throwing velocity change scores were significantly faster (ET= .21 ±.55 mph, PS= 3.4 ±1.1 mph, p< .001) in the PS at post-intervention when compared to the ET group. Change scores were significantly greater in the PS group for mean throwing velocity, (ET= 1.1 ±1.6 mph vs. PS= 3.7 ±1.8 mph, p< .001), chop (watts), (ET= 20 ±78 watts vs. PS= 105 ±68 watts, p< .001), and lift, (ET= 49 ±62 watts vs. PS= 114 ±73 watts, p= .003). There were no change score differences for the side and prone plank endurance measures in seconds (p≥ .60). The PS group increased primary outcome measures over the ET program, indicating a more sport specific training regimen targeting the proximal segments is beneficial to both the power measures and throwing performance.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate Core Stability Exercise (CSE) induced changes in trunk sagittal acceleration as a measure of performance in participants following an acute onset of non-specific low back pain (LBP). Methodology: A Lumbar Motion Monitor (LMM) was used to measure trunk sagittal acceleration. The LMM was demonstrated to be reliable [Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) for average sagittal acceleration (0.96, 95% CI 0.90-0.98) and peak sagittal acceleration (0.89, 95% CI 0.75-0.96) with a 95% limit of agreement for the repeated measure of between -100.64 and +59.84 Deg/s2 ]. Pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and disability was measured with the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). Results: Differences in mean trunk sagittal acceleration between control and experimental groups at time points were assessed using a regression analysis (ratio of geometric means [95%CI]) and demonstrated to be not statistically significant (3 weeks (20%) 1.2 [0.9 to 1.6], p=0.2; 6 weeks (10%) 1.1 [0.8 to 1.5], p=0.7; 3 months (20%) 1.2 [0.8 to 1.9], p=0.9). Similarly, differences in mean pain score (3 weeks (30%) 1.3 [0.8-2.2], p= 0.3); 6 weeks (20%) 1.2 [0.7-2.0], p=0.6; 3 months (0%) 1.0 [0.5-1.9], p=1.0) and difference in mean disability score (6 weeks (0%) 1.0 [0.7-1.5], p= 1.0, 3 months (30%) 1.3 [0.8-1.9], p= 0.3) between groups were also not statistically significant. Conclusions: This work does not infer that CSE are definitively effective in reducing pain, improving subjective disability and improving trunk performance after an onset acute of non-specific LBP. However, there is a suggestion of clinical importance and a possible mechanism by which they may work. Further investigation into this mechanism may provide future effective management strategies for intervention of acute non-specific low back pain with optimistic cost implications for healthcare delivery in general and Physiotherapy in particular.

Title: Influence of Pilates method on the function of the deep stabilization system with professional instructors Objectives: The main aim of the thesis was to prepare a test battery to evaluate HSSP activation of instructors of Pilates method. Subsequently, to evaluate the data obtained in testing phase and then conclude whether the statement that Pilates method positively affects the HSSP is true. As sub-goals, I aimed to find out the reason why they decided to become Pilates instructors, and to map the locations of training centers that provide courses of this method. Methods: In the thesis, practical testing according to test battery prepared for the specific purposes of this study was used. Questionnaire was used as well. In order to verify the truthfulness of the research hypotheses, the software Microsoft Excel version 2010 was used. In processing the data from the questionnaire survey, software Google Forms was used in addition to Microsoft Excel version 2010. The results were then processed into tables and charts. The thesis contains elements of experimental studies. Results: Data obtained from the test battery showed that the Pilates method has a positive influence on the HSSP of Pilates instructors. The data from the questionnaire survey showed that teachers completed the course...

Bakalauro darbe analizuojamas sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių studentų stuburo stabilumas. Tyrime dalyvavo Šiaulių universiteto I – IV kurso 44 studentai. Tyrimas atliktas 2010 m vasario – kovo mėn. Interviu metodu studentai buvo trumpai apklausti apie savo amžių, lytį, fakultetą, nugaros skausmus, fizinį aktyvumą. Po apklausos buvo ištirtas studentų stuburo stabilumas, taikant 5 testus (žr. prieduose). Atliktais tyrimo duomenimis buvo išanalizuota fizinio aktyvumo įtaka stuburo stabilumui. Atliktus mokslinę ir medicininę literatūros apžvalgą paaiškėjo, kad fizinis aktyvumas turi pakankamai didelę reikšmę žmogaus gyvenime, tai padeda išvengti daugybės ligų. Nustatyta, kad šių laikų studentai yra nepakankamai fiziškai aktyvūs, dauguma baigę mokyklą visai nebeužsiima sportine veikla. Šiuo tyrimu atskleista, kad vaikinai yra fiziškai aktyvesni negu merginos, o pagrindinės priežastys dėl kurių studentai sportuoja yra gera išvaizda ir hobis. Remiantis studentų stuburo stabilumo įvertinimu, paaiškėjo, kad beveik trečdalio studentų stuburo paslankumas nėra geras, bet didžioji dalis studentų nesunkiai atliko kitus testus. Gauti rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad studentai yra pakankamai stiprūs fiziškai, stuburo stabilumas yra pakankamai geras. Nesportuojantys studentai nedaug atsiliko nuo sportuojančių, o sportuojantiems visus testus atlikti pavyko pakankamai gerai. / The spinal stability of students who participate in sport activities and of those who do not is analyzed in this paper. Šiauliai University students from all four courses participated in the research conducted from February to March in 2010. Using the method of questionnaire, information about the students’ age, sex, faculty, physical activity and backaches, was obtained. After the questionnaire, 5 tests (see Appendix) were used to investigate the students’ spinal stability. By analyzing the data collected, the influence of physical activity on spinal stability was investigated. A review of scientific and medical literature revealed, that physical activity has a significant influence on human’s life and helps to prevent many illnesses. It was estimated that nowadays students lack physical activity, many of them do not participate in sport activities after they graduate from high schools. This research also revealed that males are more physically active than females and the main reason why students do sports is either the concern about their appearance or it is just a hobby. The evaluation of students’ spinal stability revealed that almost one third of all students have poor spinal mobility, on the other hand most students easily performed other tests. The results allow us to claim that students are strong enough physically and their spinal stability is sufficient. The students who do not participate in sport activities did only slightly worse than those who do go in for... [to full text]

Traditional core stability training was developed as a method of treating and preventing back pain. It was however, seamlessly applied to healthy and athletic populations without scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. Traditional core stability focussed on isolating and training the anatomical region between the pelvis and diaphragm, using isometric or low load exercises to enhance spinal stability. Scientific research challenged this approach for healthy function and athletic performance, resulting in a more functional anatomical definition, which included pelvic and shoulder girdles. Hence, a revised definition of dynamic trunk stability; the efficient coordination, transfer and resistance by the trunk, of force and power generated by upper and lower appendicular skeletal extremities during all human movement. This led to an integrated exercise training approach to dynamic trunk stability. Although early evidence suggested loaded compound exercises preformed upright, in particular back squat, were effective in activating and developing trunk muscles, evidence was inconclusive. Accordingly, the aims of this PhD were to investigate neuromuscular trunk function in loaded, free barbell back squat to understand training implications for trunk stability in dynamic athletic activity. Five research studies were conducted; 4 are published and 1 is being prepared for re-submission. The literature review revealed evidence that back squat was an effective method of activating trunk stabilzers and showed that these muscles were load sensitive (study 1). A survey of practitioners reported an understanding and appreciation of the challenge against core stability training for athletic populations. Furthermore, perceptions were aligned with growing evidence for dynamic and functional trunk stability training (study 2). A test-retest neuromuscular study established interday reliability and sensitivity of electromyographical measurement of trunk muscle activity in squats (study 3). Trunk muscle activation in back squat was higher than hack squat at the same relative, but lower absolute loads (study 4). Trunk muscle activation was lower in squats and bodyweight jumps in the strong compared to weak group (study 5). Furthermore, activation of the trunk muscles increased in each 30o segment of squat descent and was highest in first 30o segment of ascent for all loads (study 5). In conclusion, this series of studies confirmed acute effect of squats on trunk stabilizers and demonstrated that external load increases activation in these muscles. Parallel squat depth is important in optimizing trunk muscle activation. Finally, high levels of squat strength result in lower trunk muscle activation in loaded squats and explosive jumps.

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Title: The effect of selected exercise trends activating core stability system in dialysed patients - overview of the literature. Objective: Objective of this diploma thesis was to obtain and compare available studies dealing with exercise trends such as yoga, pilates, tai chi and balance training devices and to evaluate their effect on core stability system of dialysed patients. Methods: This diploma thesis has descriptively-analytical character and is structured in a form of literary review. Results: Issue of dialysis in connection with core stability system has not been sufficiently explored yet in literary sources. In conclusion, there were no studies found dealing with effects of particular exercise trends on core stability system of dialysed patients. In order to comprehend this issue an overview was written to define the effect of such trends on dialysed patients. Also, complications arising from renal failure and dialysis were mentioned such as hypertension, diabetes melitus and obesity. The effect of these trends on core stability system of healthy population as well as patients suffering from chronic back pain was described too. Conclusion: Some extent of coherence was found between strengthening core stability system and its effect on dialysed patients however further in- depth research...