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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Estudo das alterações na microestrutura de partículas de amido de milho em processos de granulação / Study of variations in the microstructure of corn starch particles in granulation processes

Gabriela Feltre 20 February 2015 (has links)
O amido de milho é uma importante fonte de energia para os seres humanos e é muito utilizado em preparos de diversos pratos. Os grânulos de amido possuem estrutura semicristalina que sofre degradação em elevadas temperaturas e com presença de água. Com o objetivo de alterar a microestrutura dos grânulos de amido de milho, principalmente quanto à sua temperatura de gelatinização, foram realizados processos de aglomeração de três diferentes métodos e avaliadas as modificações ocorridas. Todas as partículas produzidas passaram por análises de DSC, FT-IR, DRX e MEV. O trabalho foi divido em três diferentes estudos. No Estudo I, foi realizada a aglomeração do amido de milho com solução de alginato de sódio por \"high shear\" com posterior secagem em leito fluidizado. A partícula depois de seca teve 99,5% de amido em sua composição. Os resultados mostraram que houve aglomeração nos grânulos de amido de milho; porém, devido à baixa fração de alginato de sódio nas partículas, elas não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à sua temperatura de gelatinização, sua estrutura e suas ligações, quando comparadas ao amido nativo. No Estudo II, em que foi realizada a aglomeração dos grânulos de amido de milho com solução de alginato de sódio e cloreto de cálcio, por \"dripping\", foram obtidas partículas com frações de (0, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90)% de amido. As modificações aconteceram à medida em que se aumentou a quantidade de alginato de sódio da partícula. As partículas com maiores frações de amido não apresentaram alterações significativas em sua microestrutura e temperatura de gelatinização, quando comparadas ao amido de milho nativo. As partículas com menores frações de amido, ou seja, maiores teores de alginato de sódio, apresentaram alterações em sua microestrutura e cristalinidade, além de maiores temperaturas de gelatinização. No Estudo III, foi realizada a aglomeração do amido de milho com quitosana por \"dripping\" em soluções de diferentes molaridades de de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Dentre as principais modificações observadas, destaca-se o aumento da temperatura de gelatinização, em partículas que foram precipitadas em soluções alcalinas de NaOH com molaridade de (0,10 e 0,12) M. Para as concentrações molares de (0,14, 0,16, 0,18 e 0,20) M, de NaOH, observou-se que parte dos grânulos de amido de milho foram solubilizados pela solução alcalina, e que as frações sólidas remanescentes apresentaram-se na forma de partículas precipitadas de amido-quitosana, com aparência transparente e amarelada. Os processos de aglomeração do amido de milho nativo pelos métodos \"high shear\" e \"dripping\", utilizando-se soluções de alginato de sódio e quitosana, podem resultar em partículas resistentes à gelatinização, devido à atribuição de uma barreira física por estes ligantes, após as etapas de secagem. O aumento da concentração de alginato resultou em um aumento da temperatura de gelatinização, produzindo partículas de amido resistentes à degradação térmica. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o uso de soluções alcalinas diluídas de NaOH, também permitiu a produção de partículas resistentes à degradação térmica, por meio da precipitação da quitosana. O método \"dripping\" permitiu a produção de partículas com elevadas concentração de alginato ou quitosana, e foi o método mais indicado para a produção de partículas de amido resistentes à degradação térmica. As partículas aglomeradas pelo método \"high shear\" tiveram concentração de ligante (alginato de sódio) limitada a 0,5%, e não resultaram em partículas resistentes à degradação térmica. / Corn Starch is an important source of energy for humans and is widely used in food preparations. Starch granules exhibit a semicrystalline structure which undergoes degradation at high temperatures and the presence of water. In order to change the microstructure in corn starch granules, especially regarding its gelatinization temperature, three diferente methods of agglomeration processes were performed and changes of starch particles were studied. Every produced particle were analysed by DSC, FT-IR, XRD and SEM. The work was divided into three different studies. In Study I, agglomeration of corn starch was carried out with sodium alginate solution by \"high shear\" with subsequent fluidized bed drying. The dry contained was 99,5% starch in its composition. The results showed that the cornstarch granules agglomerated; however, due to the low fraction of sodium alginate in the particles, they showed no significant differences in gelatinization temperature, its structure and interactions when compared to native starch. In Study II, was performed the agglomeration of corn starch granules with sodium alginate solution and calcium chloride by dripping method and particles obtained contained (0, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90)% (w/w) of starch. Modifications occurred with increasing the amount of sodium alginate in the particle. Particles with higher starch fractions showed no significant changes in its microstructure and gelatinization temperature, compared to the native corn starch. Particles with lower starch fraction, and higher concentrations of sodium alginate, showed changes in their microstructure and crystallinity, and higher gelatinization temperatures. In Study III, the agglomeration of cornstarch with chitosan by dripping in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions of different molarities was evaluated. Among the main changes increases on the gelatinization temperature of particles precipitated in alkaline NaOH solutions with molarity (0,10 and 0,12) M was observed. For the molar concentrations (0,14, 0,16, 0,18 and 0,20) M NaOH, it was observed that some of granules corn starch were solubilised by the alkaline solution and the remaining solid fraction presented the form of precipitated particles of starch-chitosan with transparent and yellowish appearance. The native corn starch agglomeration processes by the methods \"high shear\" and \"dripping\", using solutions of sodium alginate and chitosan, can result in particles resistant to gelatinization due to the formation of a physical barrier of these ligands, after drying steps. Increasing the alginate concentration resulted in increase in the gelatinization temperature of starch, resulting in particles resistant to thermal degradation. Additionally, it was observed that the use of dilute alkaline solutions of NaOH allowed the production of thermal degradation resistant particles through precipitation of chitosan. The \"dripping\" method enabled the production of particles with higher concentrations of alginate or chitosan, and was the most suitable method for the production of starch particles resistant to thermal degradation. The particles agglomerated by \"high shear\" had binder concentration (sodium alginate) limited to 0,5%, and didi not result in particles resistant to thermal degradation.
12

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de cerâmicas biocompatíveis a base de zirconia e itria visando aplicações em próteses / Development and characterization of biocompatible zirconia and yttrium based ceramics to prostheses applications

Ésoly Madeleine Bento dos Santos 25 January 2008 (has links)
Nos últimos anos as cerâmicas à base de zircônia, além de outras aplicações, têm sido empregadas em próteses. Isso se deve as suas características como, biocompatibilidade, boa resistência à corrosão e ao desgaste, e tenacidade á fratura. Suas propriedades ópticas permitem reproduzir as características estéticas dos dentes naturais. A resistência da zircônia está relacionada à sua microestrutura, que por sua vez esta relacionada com as características dos pós iniciais. Nesse trabalho foi obtido pó de zircônia estabilizada com ítria pelo processo sol-gel. O tamanho de partículas obtidas foi aproximadamente 2,5 ?m, com zircônia predominantemente na fase tetragonal. O pó foi compactado e sinterizado a 1550°C por 120 minutos. Nestas condições as amostras apresentaram densidade relativa 98%, tamanho médio de grão 0,56 ?m, e predominantemente na fase tetragonal. Foram realizados ensaios em amostras sinterizadas e sinterizadas e tratadas em líquido corpóreo simulado. O módulo de ruptura obtido foi aproximadamente 482 e 560 MPa, a dureza 8,4 e 9,8 GPa e tenacidade á fratura 9,7 e 8,5 MPa.m1/2, para as amostras sinterizadas e sinterizadas e tratadas respectivamente. Também, foi estudado o comportamento à molhabilidade da zircônia sintetizada e sinterizada com água e com fluido corpóreo, mostrando-se excelentes resultados para aplicações biomédicas. Com os resultados obtidos pode-se supor que a zircônia sintetizada é um material promissor para produção de cerâmicas para aplicações biomédicas. / Zirconia based ceramic has been used, besides other applications, in implants due to good strength, good fracture toughness, high wear and corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatility. Its properties permit to reproduce the esthetic characteristics of natural teeth. The zirconia resistance is related with microstructure, that in turn this related with the characteristics of the initials powders. In this work was obtained powder of yttria-stabilized zirconia by sol-gel process. The particles average size 2,5 ?m, in the tetragonal phases. The powders were compacted and sintered at 1550° for 120 minutes. Considering this condition, relative density 98% was reached, the samples presented average grain size 0,56 ?m, and predominantly in the tetragonal phases. Sintered samples and sintered and treated in the simulated body fluid were tested. The flexural strength obtained were 482 and 560 MPa, the hardness 8,4 and 9,8 GPa and fracture toughness 9,7 e 8,5 MPa.m1/2, for sintered samples and sintered and treated respectively. Also, was studied the wetability behavior of the sintered zirconia with water and simulated fluid, showing excellent results for biocompatibility application. With obtained results can be supposed the sintetized zirconia is promissory material to biomedical applications.
13

EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS ON CARBOHYDRATE MATRICES TOWARDS HEALTHY GLUTEN FREE FOODS APPLICATION

Durá de Miguel, Ángela 06 April 2017 (has links)
Starch is the major energy reserve in plants, extensively present in many food and non-food applications, and is one of the most abundant carbohydrates in human diet. In addition to starch native form currently used as a raw material for industrial applications, modified starches have become very attractive to develop numerous products that have greatly expanded starch use and utility. Enzymatic modifications are carried out to enhance starch functionality with the aim of overcoming technological constraints and to improve final product quality. Above all starches, corn starch is widely produced and consumed, and used as main ingredient to produce gluten-free products. This Thesis focuses to the study of the individual effect of three different enzymes, fungal alpha-amylase, amyloglucosidase and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, on the above sub-gelatinization temperature of corn starch, in order to modify its properties and extend its applications. Different analyses have been performed to improve the understanding of functional and structural changes promoted by the enzyme action. Moreover, corn starch modified with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase was selected to investigate the glycemic response in mice. The presence/absence of hydrolysis products released from the enzyme catalytic activity and gelatinization properties were related to glycemic index. Enzymatically modified corn starch resulted in a diversity of functional starch granules that may be used in food applications for many purposes. / El almidón es la principal fuente de reserva de energía en las plantas, está ampliamente presente en diversas aplicaciones alimentarias y no alimentarias, y constituye uno de los hidratos de carbono más abundantes en la dieta humana. Además del uso frecuente y clásico del almidón nativo como materia prima en la producción de alimentos, los almidones modificados han experimentado gran expansión en el desarrollo de numerosos productos debido a su carácter versátil. Las modificaciones enzimáticas se llevan a cabo para realzar la funcionalidad del almidón con objeto de soslayar las restricciones tecnológicas y mejorar la calidad del producto final. En concreto, el almidón de maíz ampliamente producido y consumido, es apropiado como ingrediente principal en la producción de alimentos libres de gluten. Esta Tesis aborda el estudio del efecto individual de tres diferentes enzimas, alfa-amylasa fúngica, amiloglucosidasa y ciclodextrina glucosiltransferasa, sobre la temperatura de sub-gelatinización del almidón de maíz. Se realizaron diferentes análisis para ampliar el conocimiento de los cambios estructurales y funcionales asociados a la acción de la enzima. Así mismo, se seleccionó el almidón de maíz modificado con ciclodextrina glucosiltransferasa para investigar la respuesta glicémica en ratones. El índice glicémico se relacionó con la ausencia/presencia de productos de hidrólisis liberados por la acción catalítica de la enzima y las propiedades de gelatinización. Los almidones de maíz enzimáticamente modificados presentaron alteraciones funcionales en los gránulos de almidón, lo que les confiere características de interés para diversos usos alimentarios. / El midó és la principal font de reserva d'energia en les plantes, està àmpliament present en diverses aplicacions alimentàries i no alimentàries, i constitueix un dels hidrats de carboni més abundants en la dieta humana. A més de l'ús freqüent i clàssic del midó natiu com a matèria primera en la producció d'aliments, els midons modificats han experimentat gran expansió en el desenvolupament de nombrosos productes a causa del seu caràcter versàtil. Les modificacions enzimàtiques es duen a terme per a realçar la funcionalitat del midó a fi d'esbiaixar les restriccions tecnològiques i millorar la qualitat del producte final. En concret, el midó de dacsa àmpliament produït i consumit, és apropiat com a ingredient principal en la producció d'aliments lliures de gluten. Aquesta Tesi aborda l'estudi de l'efecte individual de tres diferents enzims, alfa-amylasa fúngica, amiloglucosidasa i ciclodextrina glucosiltransferasa, sobre la temperatura de sub-gelatinizació del midó de dacsa. Es van realitzar diferents anàlisi per a ampliar el coneixement dels canvis estructurals i funcionals associats a l'acció de l'enzim. Així mateix, es va seleccionar el midó de dacsa modificat amb ciclodextrina glucosiltransferasa per a investigar la resposta glicémica en ratolins. L'índex glicémic es va relacionar amb l'absència/presencia de productes d'hidròlisis alliberats per l'acció catalítica de l'enzim i les propietats de gelatinización. Els midons de dacsa enzimàticament modificats van presentar alteracions funcionals en els grànuls de midó, la qual cosa els confereix característiques d'interès per a diversos usos alimentaris. / Durá De Miguel, Á. (2017). EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS ON CARBOHYDRATE MATRICES TOWARDS HEALTHY GLUTEN FREE FOODS APPLICATION [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79509 / TESIS
14

Maize porridge starch digestibility

Van der Merwe, Belinda 17 March 2008 (has links)
Please read the abstract in the section, 00front of theis document / Dissertation (MSc (Agric) Food Science and Technology)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Food Science / MSc / Unrestricted
15

A Response Surface Study of Extruded Corn Starch/Skim Milk Powder Blends

Singh, Sachin 01 May 1994 (has links)
Skim milk was ultrafiltered to three lactose/protein ratios and spray dried. The skim milk powder was extruded with pearled corn starch at different moisture contents, protein contents, lactose/protein ratios, and feed rates (control variables). Response surface methodology and a central composite in cube experimental design were used. This design required 30 experimental runs with 16 factorial points, 8 axial points, and 6 center points for replication. The physical and functional properties evaluated were expansion ratio, product temperature, bulk density, color, shear stress, viscosity, and water absorption index (response variables). Scanning electron microscopy was done to evaluate the microstructural attributes of the extrudates. A quadratic model was used to express the response variables in terms of the control variables. Response surfaces were generated by assigning center point values to 2 of the 4 control variables and then solving the fitted equations as a quadratic in the remaining 2 control variables. An increase in moisture content decreased expansion ratio, product temperature, color, and water absorption index, and increased bulk density, shear stress, and viscosity. An increase in protein content decreased product temperature, shear stress, viscosity, and water absorption index, increased color, and had no effect on expansion ratio and bulk density. An increase in lactose/protein ratio decreased product temperature, viscosity, and water absorption index, and had no effect on expansion ratio, bulk density, color, and shear stress. Feed rate did not have significant individual effect on any response variable. Expansion ratio had a negative correlation with bulk density (r = -0.61) and shear stress (r = -0.62) and a positive correlation with product temperature (r = 0.52). Bulk density and shear stress were positively correlated (r = 0.69), and product temperature and water absorption index were positively correlated too (r = 0.81). Expansion ratio, bulk density, color, and shear stress were chosen to determine a combined set of extrusion conditions most likely to produce an extrudate with properties suitable for a snack-type product.
16

ESTABLISHMENT OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING STARCH FUNCTIONALITIES

Miguel A Alvarez Gonzales (7040813) 12 August 2019 (has links)
<p>Maize is one of the top sources of food starch. Industrial use of starch is mostly in its native form and used due to their functional and structural properties. Native starch properties and functionalities have been altered using chemical. An alternative for the development of native starch substituents with desirable starch properties is the use of mutagenesis techniques to increase genetic variation in maize kernels. With this approach, a highly diverse library of native starches with different properties are produced. Traditional analysis of the functional and structural properties requires generous amounts of material as well as a time-consuming and costly breeding process to obtain enough kernels. To address this difficulty, high-throughput techniques are proposed for studying starch properties and functions which includes a 1) single kernel sampling method for the isolation of milligrams of starch, and techniques for studying starch based on functional properties, 2) retrogradation and 3) shear resistance, using low-volume low-concentration starch pastes.</p><p>First, three mechanical approaches were evaluated for the collection of endosperm samples from individual kernels: razor blade, 1.5 mm drill bit, and trephine bur. Furthermore, two methods for the isolation of crude starch from endosperm samples (steeping method and combination of proteases and sonication) were compared. In this study, the mechanical approaches were evaluated using the recovery rate, throughput, and germination rate of sampled kernels. Moreover, yield determination, particle size distribution, and morphological evaluation using a light microscope were performed on crude starch isolated from the endosperm samples. The use of trephine bur to collect endosperm samples and isolation of crude starch using protease digestion and sonication showed the best combination for a high-throughput setting. </p><p>Second, a high-throughput technique using milligram sample for the screening of retrogradation-resistant starch was evaluated by comparing two spectrophotometric techniques: turbidity method and molecular rotor (MR). MRs are fluorescent probes with high sensitivity to the viscosity of their environment, polarity of the media, molecular crowding, and free volume. After excitation, MRs relax through rotational movement and reduces the emission of fluorescence. In this study, hydroxypropylated waxy corn starch (WCS) and hydroxypropylated normal corn starch (NCS) were used and their retrogradation kinetics was compared with retrogradation kinetics of native WCS and NCS. </p><p>It was found that the molecular rotor 9-(2-carboxy-2-cyaovinyl)-julolidine (CCVJ) was effective to sense changes during slow retrogradation of amylose-containing starch pastes. Development of elastic modulus of retrograded NCS pastes obtained from dynamical rheology showed high correlation with the development of fluorescence intensity of the CCVJ. Furthermore, rate of retrogradation using fluorescence intensity was affected by the introduction of a retrogradation inhibitor, hydroxypropyl groups. Accelerated retrogradation of low-concentration WCS pastes was measured using the turbidity method and fluorescence intensity of CCVJ in a microplate. Accelerated retrogradation was performed by subjecting the low-concentration WCS pastes to six freeze-thaw cycles of -20 ºC for 1 hour and 30 ºC for 1 hour. Overall, development of turbidity resulted in the more sensitive technique to detect rate of retrogradation of amylopectin-containing starch. </p><p>The last part of this research studied the use of CCVJ as a technique to identify shear-resistant starch in starch slurries using milligram sample. For this purpose, WCS was cross-linked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and phosphoryl chloride (POCl<sub>3</sub>). Low-volume starch slurries having CCVJ were prepared ranging from 0.5% to 1% starch concentration in a 96-well PCR plates and subjected to heat and shear treatments. It was found that fluorescence intensity measured in native WCS pastes were the lowest. Furthermore, fluorescence intensity of the CCVJ in the gelatinized starch increased as the amount of cross-linker increased in the cross-linked WCS. After shear treatments, the same trend in fluorescence intensity increase was recorded in all the crosslinked WCS. Results obtained using fluorescence intensity were compared with rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) and images from microscope. Results obtained from both techniques corroborated the findings using fluorescence intensity.</p><p>In general, the findings of this research provide new insights into the possibilities of developing a high-throughput screening platform of milligram starch sample based on their physical properties. </p>
17

UtilizaÃÃo dos amidos de milho e de batata na elaboraÃÃo de tapioca / Use of corn starch and potato in the elaboration of tapioca

Cristiane Duarte Alexandrino 30 August 2006 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FormulaÃÃes de tapiocas elaboradas com amido de batata e de milho com e sem adiÃÃo de Estearoil-2-lactil-2-lactato de SÃdio (SSL), foram submetidas à anÃlise de perfil de textura, grau de gelatinizaÃÃo, teor de amido resistente e analisada sensorialmente tendo como padrÃo uma formulaÃÃo de uma tapioca de mandioca comercial. Foi verificado que a tapioca de mandioca apresentou o maior grau de gelatinizaÃÃo (61,63%) dentre as tapiocas formuladas com os outros amidos mencionados, bem como o maior teor de amido resistente (42,23%). Os perfis de textura (dureza, elasticidade, coesividade, mastigabilidade, forÃa mÃxima de corte e gomosidade) das tapiocas com e sem SSL num tempo de armazenamento de 48 horas nÃo apresentaram diferenÃas significativas(intervalo de confianÃa 95%) ao serem comparados. Para as tapiocas sem adiÃÃo de SSL, os parÃmetros do perfil de textura apresentaram as seguintes variaÃÃes de valores: dureza (20,0-140,0 N), elasticidade (0,75-0, 90), (Coesividade) (0,5-0,80) mastigabilidade (10-60N), ForÃa mÃxima de corte (50-300N) e gomosidade (15-35N) e para as tapiocas com adiÃÃo de SSL: dureza (10-140N), elasticidade, (0,75-0,95) Coesividade (0,40-0,90) mastigabilidade (5-55), ForÃa mÃxima de corte (50-250N) e gomosidade ((15-35N)). Os resultados da anÃlise sensorial indicaram os seguintes resultados para os atributos analisados: aroma, a tapioca de milho =7, 03, aparÃncia-tapioca de mandioca =6, 70, cor-tapioca de mandioca=6,90; sabor-tapioca de milho=6,63; textura-tapioca de mandioca=5,98 e impressÃo global-tapioca de milho=6,0. Dos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que à possÃvel elaborar tapiocas com outros amidos com as mesmas caracterÃsticas da tapioca tradicional formulada a partir do amido de mandioca. / The tapiocas were maked wiht potato starch and corn starch with and without Sodium Stearoyl-2Lactylate (SSL). Were evaluated the texture profile, degree of gelatinization, resistant starch and sensory analyzed. The tapioca with cassava showed the biggest degree of gelatinization(61,63%) and resistant starch(42,23%). The texture profile (hardeness, springness, cohesiveness, chewiness, force and gumminess).with and without SSL, didnÂt show with storage of 48 hours significant deference. without SSL, hardeness (20,0-140,0 N), springness (0,75-0, 90), cohesiveness (0,5-0,80) chewiness (10-60N), force (50-300N) e gumminess, (15-35N) and the sample with SSL: hardeness (10-140N), springness (0,75-0,95) (cohesiveness (0,40-0,90 chewiness (5-55), force (50-250N) e gomosidade ((15-35N)). The results of sensory showed for attributes: flavor, the tapioca of corn =7, 03, aspect,-tapioca of cassava =6, 70, color-tapioca of cassava=6,90; savor,r-tapioca of corn=6,63; texture-tapioca of cassava=5,98 e print global-tapioca of corn=6,0. According to the outcomes obtained we can accomplish with the others starches with the same characteristics, of cassava
18

Espumas de amido termoplástico com recobrimentos de quitosana e poliácido láctico

Bergel, Bruno Felipe January 2017 (has links)
Embalagens de plástico expandido são utilizados como embalagens de alimentos, entre eles o poliestireno expandido (EPS). Suas principais características são a leveza e sua não biodegradabilidade. Estas embalagens geralmente são descartadas logo após o uso e geram grandes quantidades de resíduos. Espumas feitas a base de amido termoplástico (TPS) podem substituir o EPS nestes casos, pois são feitas a partir de fontes renováveis e são materiais biodegradáveis. Entretanto, embalagens de espuma TPS possuem grande afinidade pela água e isso consequentemente afeta seu uso. Uma forma de resolver este problema é recobrir estas espumas TPS com um material mais hidrofóbico, dificultando o contato da água com o amido. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver espumas de TPS de diferentes amidos e revesti-las com quitosana e poliácido láctico (PLA), pois também são materiais biodegradáveis e são menos hidrofílicos do que o amido. Três fontes de amido (batata, mandioca e milho) foram analisadas conjuntamente para produzir espumas TPS com propriedades mais desejáveis para embalagens. As espumas foram produzidas a partir de amido, glicerol e água nas proporções mássicas de 62/5/33, respectivamente. Dentre os tipos de amido escolhidos, a espuma TPS de milho mostrou ser mais densa e rígida, apresentando maior densidade e maior módulo elástico (0,20 g/cm3 e 106 MPa, respectivamente) em comparação com espumas TPS de batata (0,11 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) e mandioca (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa). A espuma TPS de batata apresentou maior flexibilidade e resistência ao impacto, e devido a estas vantagens é a mais adequada ao uso em embalagens. Os recobrimentos de quitosana e PLA diminuíram a absorção de água da espuma TPS. Enquanto que a espuma sem recobrimento absorveu aproximadamente 280% do seu peso em água, espumas TPS com 6% m/v de quitosana absorveram 100% e espumas TPS com 6% m/v de PLA absorveram 50% em média. O PLA mostrou ser a melhor opção de recobrimento para as espumas pois apresentou os menores valores de absorção de água e aumentou as propriedades mecânicas da espuma. / The expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in a variety of food packaging, mainly in packages whose characteristics is the single use. These packages are usually discarded soon and generate large amounts of waste. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) foams can replace the EPS in these cases, because it comes from renewable and biodegradable sources. However, starch packaging has great affinity for water and it affects its use. One way to solve this problem is to cover the TPS foam with a more hydrophobic material, hindering the contact of water with starch. In this work, chitosan and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as coatings, as they are also biodegradable materials and are more hydrophobic than starch. Three sources of starch (potato, cassava and corn) were analyzed conjointly to produce TPS foams with more desirable properties for packaging. The foams were made from starch, glycerol and water in the proportion of 62/5/33 (% m/m) respectively. Among the starch types used, corn TPS foam presented higher density and higher stiffness (0,20 g/cm3 and 106 MPa, respectively) compared to potato (0,11 g/cm3 and 39 MPa) and cassava (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) TPS foams. The potato TPS foam showed greater flexibility and impact resistance, and due to these advantages is the most suitable for use in packaging. The chitosan and PLA coatings decreased the water absorption of the TPS foam. While the uncoated TPS foam absorbed approximately 280% of its weight in water, TPS foams with 6% w/v chitosan absorbed 100% and TPS foams with 6% m / v PLA absorbed 50% on average. The PLA was found to be the best option for coating the TPS foams because presented the lowest water absorption values and increased the mechanical properties of the foams.
19

Síntese de hidrotalcitas com amido de milho acidificado por ozônio como precursores de catalisadores para produção de biodiesel etílico. / Synthesis of hydrotalcites with ozone-acidified maize starch as precursors of catalysts for the production of ethyl biodiesel.

Santos, Cibele Favoreto 23 May 2018 (has links)
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No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cf_me_sjrp.pdf: 2242337 bytes, checksum: fa2ed2aede3ab1105b17fe2fc10b76c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / RESUMO Pesquisa destinada a melhorar e gerar rotas de produção de biocombustíveis como fonte alternativa a combustíveis derivados do petróleo está se tornando mais frequente. Nesta área, desenvolver novas técnicas que facilitem, ou ajudem a otimizar processos como a transesterificação de óleos vegetais ganham espaço no meio científico. Óxidos provenientes de materiais semelhantes a hidrotalcitas pertencentes à família de argilas aniônicas foram estudados recentemente como um substituinte para catalisadores básicos na síntese de biodiesel. Para testar estes catalisadores, a síntese de materiais de hidrotalcita como (HDLs) com fórmula molecular MgxXAly (CO3)(OH)16.4H2O em diferentes proporções x / y foi realizada com substituição total de Na2CO3 por amido de milho e amido de milho acidificado pelo ozono. A síntese dos HDLs foi realizada pelo método de coprecipitação e os materiais secados pela técnica de pulverização e para gerar os óxidos estes precursores foram calcinados a 450 e 600 °C . A caracterização do HDLs foi realizada por difração de raios-X (XRD), espectroscopia vibracional (ATR-FTIR) e decomposição térmica (TGA) e dos óxidos por XRD, BET, adsorção de CO2 (basicidade) e n-butilamina (acidez) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As reações de transesterificação foram processadas por 12 horas a 120 ° C na proporção molar de óleo de soja /etanol (1/20) com 20% (m / m) de catalisador em relação à massa, e os produtos foram quantificados por GC-FID. Com a introdução de amido de milho ou amido de milho acidificado no sólido, características físico-químicas típicas de HDLs foram alteradas com base nos dados obtidos das caracterizações. Foi observado o aumento nas áreas superficiais dos óxidos (800m2 g-1) e nas propriedades de acidez e basicidade. Nos testes iniciais o precursor sem a presença de amido (3:1 Mg:Al) alcançou 36,1% de conversão. Embora o melhor resultado de conversão tenha sido alcançado a partir do sólido sem amido de milho, existe uma correlação interessante entre as atividades catalíticas e as propriedades físico-químicas dos sólidos com os materiais modificados e seus respectivos homólogos. Estudos suplementares buscando melhorar o rendimento destes óxidos foram realizados resultando com resultados próximos a 50% de rendimento de biodiesel. / Research to improve biofuel production routes as an alternative source of petroleumderived fuels has been matter of recent efforts. In this area, developing new techniques that facilitate or help optimize processes such as transesterification of vegetable oils have been gaining attention. Oxides from hydrotalcite-like materials belonging to the anionic clays family were recently studied as substitute for basic catalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel. In order to test these catalysts, the synthesis of hydrotalcite materials (HDLs) with molecular formula MgxXAly(CO3)(OH)16.4H2O in different x/y ratios was carried out with total substitution of Na2CO3 by corn starch and corn starch acidified by ozone. The synthesis of the HDLs was performed by the coprecipitation method and the materials dried by the spray technique and the oxides generated by calcination at 450 and 600 °C. The characterization of HDLs was performed by XRD, vibration spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermal decomposition (TGA) and the oxides by XRD, BET, CO2 adsorption (basicity) and nbutylamine (acidity), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The transesterification reactions were carried out for 12 hours at 120 °C in 1/20 molar ratio of soybean / ethanol with 20% (w/w) of catalyst and the products were quantified by GC-FID. With the introduction of corn starch or acidified maize starch into the solid, typical physico-chemical characteristics of HDLs were successfully modified based on the characterization data. It was observed the increase in the surface areas of the oxides (800 m2 g -1 ) and in the acidity and basicity properties. In catalytic assays the precursor without the presence of starch (3:1 Mg:Al) reached 36.1% conversion. Although the best conversion result has been achieved from the solid without cornstarch, there is an interesting correlation between the catalytic activities and the physico-chemical properties of the solids with the modified materials and their respective counterparts. Further studies to improve the yield of these oxides were performed resulting in results close to 50% biodiesel yield. / 380762/2016-1.
20

Espumas de amido termoplástico com recobrimentos de quitosana e poliácido láctico

Bergel, Bruno Felipe January 2017 (has links)
Embalagens de plástico expandido são utilizados como embalagens de alimentos, entre eles o poliestireno expandido (EPS). Suas principais características são a leveza e sua não biodegradabilidade. Estas embalagens geralmente são descartadas logo após o uso e geram grandes quantidades de resíduos. Espumas feitas a base de amido termoplástico (TPS) podem substituir o EPS nestes casos, pois são feitas a partir de fontes renováveis e são materiais biodegradáveis. Entretanto, embalagens de espuma TPS possuem grande afinidade pela água e isso consequentemente afeta seu uso. Uma forma de resolver este problema é recobrir estas espumas TPS com um material mais hidrofóbico, dificultando o contato da água com o amido. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver espumas de TPS de diferentes amidos e revesti-las com quitosana e poliácido láctico (PLA), pois também são materiais biodegradáveis e são menos hidrofílicos do que o amido. Três fontes de amido (batata, mandioca e milho) foram analisadas conjuntamente para produzir espumas TPS com propriedades mais desejáveis para embalagens. As espumas foram produzidas a partir de amido, glicerol e água nas proporções mássicas de 62/5/33, respectivamente. Dentre os tipos de amido escolhidos, a espuma TPS de milho mostrou ser mais densa e rígida, apresentando maior densidade e maior módulo elástico (0,20 g/cm3 e 106 MPa, respectivamente) em comparação com espumas TPS de batata (0,11 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) e mandioca (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa). A espuma TPS de batata apresentou maior flexibilidade e resistência ao impacto, e devido a estas vantagens é a mais adequada ao uso em embalagens. Os recobrimentos de quitosana e PLA diminuíram a absorção de água da espuma TPS. Enquanto que a espuma sem recobrimento absorveu aproximadamente 280% do seu peso em água, espumas TPS com 6% m/v de quitosana absorveram 100% e espumas TPS com 6% m/v de PLA absorveram 50% em média. O PLA mostrou ser a melhor opção de recobrimento para as espumas pois apresentou os menores valores de absorção de água e aumentou as propriedades mecânicas da espuma. / The expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in a variety of food packaging, mainly in packages whose characteristics is the single use. These packages are usually discarded soon and generate large amounts of waste. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) foams can replace the EPS in these cases, because it comes from renewable and biodegradable sources. However, starch packaging has great affinity for water and it affects its use. One way to solve this problem is to cover the TPS foam with a more hydrophobic material, hindering the contact of water with starch. In this work, chitosan and polylactic acid (PLA) were used as coatings, as they are also biodegradable materials and are more hydrophobic than starch. Three sources of starch (potato, cassava and corn) were analyzed conjointly to produce TPS foams with more desirable properties for packaging. The foams were made from starch, glycerol and water in the proportion of 62/5/33 (% m/m) respectively. Among the starch types used, corn TPS foam presented higher density and higher stiffness (0,20 g/cm3 and 106 MPa, respectively) compared to potato (0,11 g/cm3 and 39 MPa) and cassava (0,10 g/cm3 e 39 MPa) TPS foams. The potato TPS foam showed greater flexibility and impact resistance, and due to these advantages is the most suitable for use in packaging. The chitosan and PLA coatings decreased the water absorption of the TPS foam. While the uncoated TPS foam absorbed approximately 280% of its weight in water, TPS foams with 6% w/v chitosan absorbed 100% and TPS foams with 6% m / v PLA absorbed 50% on average. The PLA was found to be the best option for coating the TPS foams because presented the lowest water absorption values and increased the mechanical properties of the foams.

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