Le changement n’est pas une chose qui peut être décidée mais plutôt quelque chose qui se fabrique. Selon un processus cadencé, de nombreuses études en gouvernance et en management stratégique placent les middle managers au cœur des analyses. Bien plus que des relais, ils conduisent le changement et contribuent à définir les compétences organisationnelles pour de meilleures performances. La conduite du changement peut être appréhendée au travers des études portant sur des aspects cognitifs ainsi qu’au travers de la Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE) : celle-ci offre une occasion idéale aux middle managers de se rapprocher de la Direction Générale. Aborder ces thématiques implique un focus particulier sur le pouvoir des acteurs tout en considérant des notions de légitimité et d’urgence (Mitchell et al., 1997). Cette approche dynamique et cognitive permet de comprendre davantage les tensions partenariales quotidiennes et comment elles sont gérées. Dans ce travail, les middle managers figurent comme des instrumentalisateurs (ou manipulateurs), capables d’actionner des leviers relationnels (pouvoir, légitimité et urgence). La manière d’utiliser la politique de RSE dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes permet à ces managers d’évoluer dans le noyau stratégique organisationnel. A partir d’une étude exploratoire puis d’une étude de cas unique concernant MEDIAPOST (filiale du Groupe La Poste, spécialisée dans le courrier non-adressé), complétée par un focus partiel sur quatre grandes entreprises (Schneider Electric, Michelin, GDF Suez et Saint Gobain), ce travail étudie les systèmes de relations dans le cadre d’une transformation perpétuelle. Il propose une typologie de middle managers et un comportement type d’instrumentalisation de la RSE. Le modèle identifie différents profils : le pilote stratégique, le défendeur stratégique, le modérateur stratégique et le négociateur ou facilitateur stratégique selon trois degrés d’instrumentalisation (nulle, partielle et forte). / Change cannot be decided, it must be managed. Following a gradual process, many studies in corporate governance and strategic management give a key role to middle managers, since those actors do more than transferring organizational skills: they help to define them for better performances. This literature gets along with studies on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and those related to cognitive aspects when it comes to corporate governance. In fact, CSR provides an ideal environment for middle managers to approach top management. Such question implies a particular focus on actors and their power at the same time that it considers the concepts of legitimacy and urgency (Mitchell et al. 1997).This approach allows understanding daily tensions and how they are managed through dynamic and cognitive aspects.In the present research, middle managers appear as manipulators who are able to activate relational levers (power, legitimacy and urgency). By studying how those actors guide the CSR policy in their daily practice, it is possible to understand how they progress within the core of organizational strategy. This work is based on an exploratory study and a single case study about MEDIAPOST (a subsidiary of La Poste Group specialized in non-addressed mail), which is complemented by a partial focus on four major companies (Schneider Electric, Michelin, GDF Suez and Saint Gobain). By doing so, this research examines the relations systems within a constantly changing model and proposes a typology of middle managers and their manipulation types: a strategic driver, a strategic defender, a strategic facilitator and a strategic negotiator (or facilitator) according to three degrees of manipulation (zero, partial and strong).

La révolution la plus récente dans l'industrie (révolution industrielle 4.0) nécessite une plus grande flexibilité, agilité et efficacité dans l'utilisation des équipements de production. Le système manufacturier cellulaire dynamique (DCMS) est l'un des meilleurs systèmes de production qui répondent à ces exigences. En outre, l'importance croissante du développement durable force les fabricants et les gestionnaires à prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux et sociaux dans la conception et la configuration des systèmes de fabrication. Cette thèse porte sur la configuration durable des DCMS en proposant trois modèles mathématiques. Le plus grand challenge de cette étude est (i) de choisir des critères sociaux et environnementaux appropriés, (ii) de les intégrer dans des modèles mathématiques et (iii) d'étudier l'impact de ces critères sur des DCMS. Le premier modèle est bi-objectif afin de faire un compromis entre certains critères sociaux (offres d'emplois, risques de la machine, etc.) et économiques (divers coûts liés à la formation de cellules). Pour être plus proche de situations de la vie réelle, certains paramètres tels que la demande, les coûts liés aux machines et la capacité en temps des machines sont considérés comme incertains. Pour résoudre ce problème, une méthode d'optimisation robuste est appliquée pour faire face à cette incertitude. Dans le deuxième modèle, toutes les dimensions du développement durable sont prises en compte dans le modèle mathématique bi-objectif proposé. La première fonction objectif modélise des critères économiques (coûts) et la seconde des aspects environnementaux (déchets de production), tandis que certaines contraintes représentent des questions sociales (principalement le « Daily Noise » à cause de la complexité de calcul). En raison de la NP-difficulté du problème, une nouvelle approche novatrice appelée NSGA II-MOSA est proposée. Le troisième modèle proposé a trois fonctions objectif, une pour chaque type d’enjeux : environnemental, social et économique. Afin d'être proche de la vie réelle, certains paramètres du modèle sont exprimés en termes de valeur floue. Nous proposons une méthode possibiliste hybride pour faire face à l'incertitude et une approche floue interactive est considérée pour résoudre un modèle multi-objectif déterministe pour des solutions de compromis. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse étudie la possibilité d'appliquer les trois modèles proposés à l’industrie grâce à une méthode plus facile. Une approche d'optimisation-simulation innovante est introduite pour faire face à la configuration de DCMS : (i) La phase d'optimisation fonctionne comme méthode de fractionnement de scénarii pour réduire le nombre de configurations alternatives en se concentrant sur les niveaux stratégique et tactique. (ii) Ensuite, un outil de simulation détaille le niveau opérationnel en étudiant la performance de chaque alternative et l'interaction entre plusieurs composants de cellules. / The most recent revolution in industry (Industrial Revolution 4.0) requires increased flexibility, agility and efficiency in the use of production equipment. Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System (DCMS) is one of the best production systems to meet such requirements. In addition, the increasing importance of sustainable development forces manufacturers and managers to take account of the environmental and social issues in the design and configuration of manufacturing systems. This thesis focuses on the sustainable configuration of DCMS by proposing three mathematical models. The main challenge of this study is to (i) choose appropriate social and environmental criteria, (ii) integrate them in mathematical models, and (iii) study the impact of these criteria on DCMS. The first model is bi-objective in order to make a trade-off between some social (job opportunity, potential machine hazards, etc.) and economic (various costs related to cell formation) criteria. To get closer to real-life situations, some parameters such as demand, machine-related costs and time capacity of the machines are considered as uncertain. To solve this problem, a robust optimization method is applied to cope with this uncertainty. In the second model, all dimensions of sustainable development are taken into account in a new bi-objective mathematical model. The first objective function models economic criteria (costs) and the second one environmental aspects (production waste), while social issues (mainly Daily Noise Dosage because of computational complexity) are modeled as constraints. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, a new innovative approach called NSGA II-MOSA is proposed. The last model has three objective functions, one for each dimension of the sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. In order to be close to real life, some parameters of the model are expressed in terms of fuzzy value. We propose a hybridized possibilistic method to deal with uncertainty and an interactive fuzzy approach is considered to solve an auxiliary crisp multi-objective model in order to find trade-off solutions. Finally, the last part of the thesis studies the possibility to apply the three proposed models to the industry thanks to an easier method. A novel optimization-simulation approach is introduced to deal with the configuration of DCMS: (i) the optimization phase operates as scenario fraction method in order to reduce the number of alternative configurations by focusing on strategic and tactical levels; (ii) next, a simulation tool investigates the operational level by studying the performance of each alternative and the interaction between several components of the cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelly Roman Pavan.pdf: 686760 bytes, checksum: 9e4d7320de89f48403d90cd657d1ea0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / The aim of this research is to identify what is the association between the institutional environment of the host country and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of the subsidiaries of Brazilian multinationals. Institutional Theory is used to support the theoretical considerations once it addresses the association between institutional environment and strategy, and CSR is understood here as a component of the legitimating strategy of the subsidiaries of Brazilian multinationals. Multiple linear regression is the statistical technique used to proceed the analysis of secondary data. The data on the CSR practices concern the adoption of social and/or environmental certification; the contracts with certified suppliers; and the conduct of social and/or environmental training, by subsidiaries, with its suppliers and/or customers. The variables from the institutional environment analyzed are: the inefficiency of the legal system , press freedom , commitment to ethics , political stability , and efficiency of the infrastructure . The results show evidence of a positive association between the variables inefficiency of the legal system and efficiency of the infrastructure with the CSR practices of subsidiaries. There is evidence of a negative association between the commitment to ethics and the CSR practices of subsidiaries. Concluding remarks point out to contributions, limitations, and opportunities for future researches. / O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar qual é a associação entre o ambiente institucional do país de destino e as práticas de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) das subsidiárias de multinacionais brasileiras. Utiliza-se a Teoria Institucional para sustentar as considerações teóricas, uma vez que ela aborda a associação entre ambiente institucional e estratégia, sendo a RSC aqui compreendida como um componente da estratégia de legitimação das subsidiárias estrangeiras de multinacionais brasileiras. Utiliza-se a regressão linear múltipla como técnica estatística para a análise de dados secundários. Os dados sobre as práticas de RSC versam sobre a adoção de certificação social e/ou ambiental pelas subsidiárias; a contratação de fornecedores certificados; e a realização de treinamento social e/ou ambiental, pelas subsidiárias, com seus fornecedores e/ou clientes. As variáveis do ambiente institucional analisadas são: a ineficiência do sistema jurídico , a liberdade de imprensa , o compromisso com a ética , a estabilidade política e a eficiência da infraestrutura . Os resultados apresentam evidências de associação positiva entre as variáveis ineficiência do sistema jurídico e eficiência da infraestrutura e as práticas de RSC das subsidiárias. Há evidências de associação negativa entre o compromisso com a ética e as práticas de RSC das subsidiárias. Conclui-se esta dissertação com o apontamento de contribuições, limitações e oportunidades para pesquisas futuras.

This thesis challenges two key assumptions made in the current Islamic banking literature. Firstly, this thesis challenges and empirically invalidates the assumption that all Islamic banks are indistinguishable from their conventional counterparts and are thus equally unIslamic. To do so, this thesis uses the profit and loss sharing (PLS) criteria, which is central to the philosophy of Islamic banking and is the key principle differentiating Islamic from conventional banking, in theory and practice. By investigating variation in PLS levels between Islamic banks and comparing with conventional banks with and without Islamic windows, this thesis illustrates that the Islamic banking industry does not comprise a homogeneous group of banks that are all indistinguishable from their conventional counterparts. Rather, a typology of Islamic banks exists, comprising of three distinct groups of banks, each one following a different business model. While one group can genuinely be considered indistinguishable from conventional banks, another group shows clear evidence of pursuing PLS-oriented strategies in formulating its asset portfolio, differentiating itself from the purely debt-based intermediation model adopted by conventional banks. As such, empirical evidence shows that some Islamic banks are, in practice, operating closer to the PLS principle and can thus be considered more Islamic than others. Further investigation illustrates that the institutional environment matters for the provision of ideal PLS Islamic financing instruments. Secondly, this thesis overcomes two methodological issues to compare the corporate social performance (CSP) of Islamic and conventional banks. In doing so, this thesis challenges the second identified assumption from the literature, that religion-specific category of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is particular to Islamic banking, and invalidates it on conceptual, theoretical and empirical basis. A novel CSP Index based on the evidence-based disclosure criteria, comprising of 6 dimensions and 25 social performance indicators is constructed and complemented with three Social Performance Quantitative Indicators (SPQIs) to compare the CSP of Islamic and conventional banks. From this comparison, this thesis concludes that, contrary to the industry s claims and expectations held of it, Islamic banking does not offer an ethical alternative to conventional banking. Differences in the level and composition of CSP between the two industries are more subtle and require a nuanced approach to be studied.

L'entreprise socialement responsable est un acteur et un produit de la mondialisation et du développement durable. C'est une entreprise qui postule l'idée d'un « produire autrement » pour limiter ses impacts environnementaux et/ou sociaux. L'étude de ces entreprises est menée à partir d'un échantillon de PME et ETI françaises de la Région Poitou-Charentes. L'objectif du travail est de comprendre de quelles manières la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise (RSE) peut venir modifier les comportements de ces acteurs et leurs relations au territoire. Pour cela, un cadre conceptuel transdisciplinaire est utilisé, mobilisant des concepts de la géographie sociale et de la géographie économique, ainsi que des théories socio-économiques. La relation au territoire et les formes spécifiques de développement territorialisé qui en découlent sont analysées à partir de l'économie spatiale et des proximités, de même qu'à travers les systèmes de représentations des dirigeants sur l'économie mondialisée, le développement durable et leurs territoires d'action. L'importance particulière du territoire pour ces entreprises renouvelle l'approche de la relation entreprise/territoire. Elle est utilement éclairée par l'analyse des questions stratégiques liées à l'organisation, la RSE étant une forme particulière de gouvernance économique, sociale et politique au sein de l'entreprise. Cette gouvernance sert de cadre à l'action et de système de représentations. Les entreprises étudiées sont enfin replacées dans le cadre des gouvernances économiques et politiques de la Région puisqu'elles ont la volonté de promouvoir le développement durable. / Globalization and sustainable development are at the origin of the renewal of interest for the socially responsible company. These kinds of company want to develop an other way to produce. They applies to reduce impacts of their activities on environment and society. Some small and medium-sized French companies of the Region Poitou-Charentes are observed in this study. The purpose of the work is to understand how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) changes the way to produce, including relationship between enterprise and territory. For that purpose, this work is an interdisciplinary research. Many concepts of economic and social geography, but also of economy, are used. Spatial economics and the proximities can explain a few special kind of local development. Also the representations that managers have about globalization, sustainable development or territories where they are doing their business can influence the relationship between enterprise and territory. These companies give a particular interest to the territory. Strategy is a different framework of reflection about the place of CSR as economic, social and political governance and as ideational way to produce, that has also consequences for the territory. At last, companies that are studied here are put into local economic and political context involving sustainable development.

This thesis contains three self-contained chapters, covering different subjects but using similar methods: The Effect of Foreclosure Laws on Securitization: Evidence from U.S. States shows that mortgage loans are less likely to be securitized in states with costlier foreclosure procedures. I interpret this in light of prior literature showing a higher foreclosure risk for securitized loans, due to unwillingness to renegotiate by the agents working on behalf of investors. Moreover, the magnitude of the effect increases for loans with higher risk of default, and disappears for loans where state foreclosure laws usually do not apply. Do daughters make family firms more sustainable? studies listed companies with a family owning a large block of shares, and asks how the family composition affects the company’s policies. Creating a novel Swedish data set, I find that environmental performance improves when the family has more daughters. The effect does not seem to operate through more adult daughters leading to more female CEOs or board members, or through the appointment of family members as CEOs. Bank taxes, leverage and risk uses staggered changes in US state-level bank taxation, and documents an increase in leverage when taxes are raised. Banks partly dampen the effect by adjusting their Tier 2 capital (a lower-quality form of regulatory capital that is less able to absorb losses), and by reducing the risk on the asset side of the balance sheet as measured by regulators. / <p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2015. Introduction together with 3 papers</p>

Background and Problem: CSI is a topic with a limited amount of research despite it being a very relevant issue and that its counter pole CSR is one of today’s most popular subjects to study. In both areas there is a gap in the literature regarding the apparel industry where there CSI can be evident in many different aspects, especially in the production process. In the FMCG market, the demand for apparel that has been produced ethically has increased over the years. Still, the importance that the consumers place on ethical attributes in their purchase decisions is rather unknown. Purpose: The study's purpose is to investigate the young consumers’ emotions towards FMCG apparel corporations in order to see if CSI actions give them a negative attitude. It will further be explored to see if the attitude towards the corporations reflects in their intentional purchase behavior and their actual behavior. This will provide insight to the young consumers’ knowledge and interest for CSI, aiding corporations in their quest for excellence when it comes to consumer relationships. Method: This research is done through a deductive, qualitative research. A literature review is done to create a great understanding to the concepts of CSI, consumer attitudes and planned behavior. Four focus groups are conducted as a base for the empirical findings. Further, these two chapters are compared in an analysis to get an understanding about the young consumers’ attitudes towards corporations acting unethically and the affects it may have on their planned behavior. Conclusion: Based on the analysis, the study found clear evidence that the participants have a negative attitude towards corporations’ CSI activities. However, these attitudes did not, as theory suggests, have any effect on the participants’ intended and actual purchasing behavior. Instead it is shown that young consumers base their decisions on contextual factors, where the most significant one is price.

La tesi vuole esaminare il fenomeno dei community investment nei PVS da parte delle multinazionali. Dopo aver studiato la letteratura esistente sul tema della CSR della sua applicazione nei PVS da parte delle MNC, la ricerca sul campo è stata articolata in due fasi. Una prima fase, di tipo esplorativa, è stata condotta attraverso un questionario somministrato nei primi sei mesi del 2009 a 100 imprese, selezionate in modo casuale dalla lista del Fortune Global 500 (che include le maggiori imprese mondiali quotate in termini di ricavi e utile netto) al 31/12/2008. Scopo del questionario è stato quello di iniziare ad indagare sul fenomeno degli interventi di CSR fatti dalle multinazionali a favore delle comunità dei PVS. Una volta raccolti ed esaminati i risultati ottenuti dal questionario esplorativo, la seconda fase della ricerca è stata basata sulla selezione e analisi di cinque casi con la tecnica del multiple-case study analysis. Per le cinque imprese selezionate si è proceduto con l’analisi di un’ampia base di fonti primarie, integrata con dati provenienti da altre fonti. Al termine si è proceduto con l’interpretazione dei dati formulando un modello per interpretare le strategie di un’impresa verso le comunità dei PVS in cui opera. / The thesis is aimed at examining the phenomenon of community investments in developing countries by multinationals. After studying existing literature on CSR and its application in developing countries by MNC, the research has been split in two parts. The first past, explorative, has been done through a survey sent in the first 6 months of 2009 to 100 companies, randomly extracted from the Fortune Global 500 at 31/12/2008. The purpose of the survey was to start understanding the phenomenon of CSR activities done by MNC to communities in developing countries. Once surveys have been collected, the second part of the research has been based on the selection and analysis of 5 cases with the technique of multiple case study analysis. For those 5 companies the work has been done with the analysis of lots of primary source, integrated with data coming from other sources. AT the end data have been interpreted defining a model by which read strategies realized by companies to communities in developing countries.

In this study it is argued that organisations can contribute to development through their Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives (CSR). Therefore one should consider CSR programmes similar to development programmes and should be managed accordingly. When one communicates in a development context it happens within the extensive field of development communication. In this field the participatory approach to development communication is regarded as the normative approach. In view of this, this study argues that communication in CSR programmes should conform to the principles of the participatory approach. Participatory evaluation is one of the elements of the participatory approach; therefore the evaluation of programmes should adhere to the principles of the participatory approach to contribute to sustainable development. For this reason this study is informed by the relevant principles of the participatory approach to evaluation: dialogue; participation; empowerment and diversity. These principles of participatory evaluation are rooted in the mentioned principles and they are: partnership; participation in evaluation; acknowledgement of local knowledge; empowerment and change. The financial sector in South Africa is one of the largest financial contributors towards CSR. As a result, two financial organisations were chosen to be studied. The research question of this study is: What is the nature of the communication during evaluation of CSR programmes in the financial sector? A qualitative approach is used in this study to obtain the relevant information. Qualitative content analysis, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were used as research methods. The conclusion is made that none of the five programmes in this study use participatory evaluation to evaluate their CSR programmes. In two of the programmes a limited partnership is identified between the organisation and/or the program leader and the beneficiaries, while no partnership was found in the other three programmes. Limited participation from the beneficiaries of the two programmes during evaluation was observed; hence limited local knowledge is recognised in these two programmes. It was also found that only two programmes' beneficiaries are empowered through evaluation and only these two programmes changed according to the beneficiaries’ input. These findings that were made through an empirical study indicate that in spite of the limited presence of some principles of participatory evaluation in two of the five programmes, neither of the organisations uses participatory evaluation methods to evaluate their CSR programmes. / Thesis (MA (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In this study it is argued that organisations can contribute to development through their Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives (CSR). Therefore one should consider CSR programmes similar to development programmes and should be managed accordingly. When one communicates in a development context it happens within the extensive field of development communication. In this field the participatory approach to development communication is regarded as the normative approach. In view of this, this study argues that communication in CSR programmes should conform to the principles of the participatory approach. Participatory evaluation is one of the elements of the participatory approach; therefore the evaluation of programmes should adhere to the principles of the participatory approach to contribute to sustainable development. For this reason this study is informed by the relevant principles of the participatory approach to evaluation: dialogue; participation; empowerment and diversity. These principles of participatory evaluation are rooted in the mentioned principles and they are: partnership; participation in evaluation; acknowledgement of local knowledge; empowerment and change. The financial sector in South Africa is one of the largest financial contributors towards CSR. As a result, two financial organisations were chosen to be studied. The research question of this study is: What is the nature of the communication during evaluation of CSR programmes in the financial sector? A qualitative approach is used in this study to obtain the relevant information. Qualitative content analysis, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were used as research methods. The conclusion is made that none of the five programmes in this study use participatory evaluation to evaluate their CSR programmes. In two of the programmes a limited partnership is identified between the organisation and/or the program leader and the beneficiaries, while no partnership was found in the other three programmes. Limited participation from the beneficiaries of the two programmes during evaluation was observed; hence limited local knowledge is recognised in these two programmes. It was also found that only two programmes' beneficiaries are empowered through evaluation and only these two programmes changed according to the beneficiaries’ input. These findings that were made through an empirical study indicate that in spite of the limited presence of some principles of participatory evaluation in two of the five programmes, neither of the organisations uses participatory evaluation methods to evaluate their CSR programmes. / Thesis (MA (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013