The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of employee motives regarding select leadership-OCB relationships. Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that the relationships observed between transformational leadership and various dimensions of OCB would be mediated by subordinate Organizational Concern. In contrast, the relationship between LMX-quality and subordinate Altruism was predicted to be either mediated or moderated by subordinate Prosocial Values. Two hundred and one part-time and full-time employees (subordinates and supervisors) served as participants in this study, representing a total of 13 organizations in the Southeast United States. Results were based on a final sample of 131 supervisor-subordinate pairs. In general, participants responded to questionnaires that measured transformational leadership, LMX-quality, and OCB Motives (i.e., Prosocial Values, Organizational Concern, and Impression Management). Both subordinate and supervisor ratings of OCB were also collected. Analyses were based upon Baron and Kennys (1986) approach for mediation and moderation, as well as the Aroian version (1944/1947) of the Sobel test (1982). Across self- and supervisor-reports of OCB, results revealed that the Organizational Concern Motive significantly mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and various dimensions of OCB (Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, and Civic Virtue). Results also supported the Prosocial Values Motive as a partial mediator in the relationship between LMX-quality and self-reported Altruism. Surprisingly, a stronger mediating effect was consistently observed for the Organizational Concern Motive across both leadership styles and all five of Organs (1988) OCB dimensions. In contrast, no evidence was found for either motive with regard to moderation. Results also differed based on leadership perspective (subordinate versus supervisor). Taken as a whole, these results suggest that both transformational leadership and LMX-quality are strongly associated with an employees general concern for the organization. This motive is, in turn, associated with a variety of citizenship behaviors. In summary, this evidence addresses an important gap in the OCB literature by providing evidence for an indirect relationship between leadership perceptions and OCB.

<p>The term organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) was first explored by Bateman and Organ (1983) to refer to particular behaviours that may benefit an organisation and gestures that cannot be enforced by means of formal role obligations nor be elicited by contractual guarantee of recompense. Organ (1988) proposes that OCB may have a positive impact on employees and organisational performance. Incumbents who are experiencing satisfaction from performing their jobs are likely to be better ambassadors for the organisation and be committed to their organization (Buitendach, 2005). Silverthorne (2005, p. 171) considers job satisfaction to be important for effective organisations and defines job satisfaction as &ldquo / ... a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one&rsquo / s job&rdquo / . Previous research indicates that individuals are most likely to go beyond their formal job requirements when they are satisfied with their jobs or committed to their organisations, when they are given intrinsically satisfying tasks to complete, and/or when they have supportive or inspirational leaders. Research into Organisational Citizenship behaviour (OCB) has primarily focused on the effects of OCB on individual and organisational performance. Several empirical studies report that OCB produces various tangible benefits for employees, co-workers, supervisors and organisations in a variety of industries (Ackfeldt &amp / Leonard, 2005). It essentially refers to prosocial organisational behaviour that goes beyond what is expected in role descriptions. Bolino, Turnley and Niehoff (2004) claim that three basic assumptions have characterised OCB research. Firstly, they argue that OCB research stemmed from non-self-serving motives such as organisational commitment and job satisfaction. Moreover, they maintain that OCB has led to a more effective functioning of organisations and finally that OCB benefited employees by making organisations more attractive to work in. Murphy, Athansou and King (2002) reported positive relationships between OCB and job satisfaction. Chiu and Chen (2005) investigated the relationship between job characteristics and OCB and recommend that managers enhance employees&rsquo / intrinsic job satisfaction to promote the display of OCB. Most research studies have investigated OCB as an outcome variable with job satisfaction as one of its antecedents. Although the majority of researchers contend that OCB is an outcome of job satisfaction, some research indicates that the two variables can function as antecedents or consequences or there may well be a reciprocal relationship between the two variables. This study endeavours to elucidate the factors that are postulated to produce job satisfaction and organisational citizenship behaviour, based on a sample of 133 employees in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. The results indicate that there are significant relationships between biographical characteristics and job satisfaction, between the dimensions of OCB and job satisfaction and between the job satisfaction dimensions and OCB.</p>

Thesis--Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 310-326).

Thesis (doctoral)--Åbo akademi, 2004. / Dissertation t.p. laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 232-252) and index.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004. / Title from title page screen (viewed Sept. 20, 2004). Thesis advisor: Mary Jo Reiff. Document formatted into pages (v, 96 p. : ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-73).

Thesis--Bonn. / Bibliography: p. 310-326.

Thesis (doctoral)--Åbo akademi, 2004. / Dissertation t.p. laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 232-252) and index.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007. / Title from PDF title page screen. Advisor: Karen Weyler; submitted to the Dept. English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-38 , p. 66-68).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo averiguar a existência (ou não) de um espaço favorável à prática da argumentação, na interação professoraluno. Sendo a interação mediada pela linguagem, interessa investigar como os sentidos, constituídos por meio da linguagem, influenciam os sujeitos envolvidos, colaborando ou não para suas ações em direção à prática do discurso argumentativo. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de observações de aulas em um Centro Integrado de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (CIEJA). Ao longo das observações, constatamos que o uso de estratégias de polidez sempre amenizaram conflitos; por sua vez, a inibição de conflitos gerou a inibição da prática de estratégias de argumentação. Esta tese é continuação da pesquisa desenvolvida no âmbito do mestrado, da qual aproveitamos os dados de uma das escolas de ensino médio observadas. Diferentemente do observado no CIEJA, no ensino médio foi possível constatar a existência de conflitos com alto grau de explicitude, os quais geraram desrespeitos e insatisfação entre professores e alunos; assim, não houve fluidez nos discursos do ensino médio, e aquela interação também não colaborou para a prática do discurso argumentativo. Diante da realidade observada, tanto no período do mestrado como agora no doutorado (a primeira, com um alto grau de explicitude de conflitos; a segunda, com inibição de conflitos), passamos a defender que conflitos não devem ser amenizados de maneira a inibir a prática da argumentação, mas, sim, instigados e aproveitados como oportunidade para a exposição e defesa das opiniões. Para tanto, defendemos também a necessidade de o professor praticar, para além da polidez, o estilo cortês. Com base em parte da teoria desenvolvida por Muro (2005), entendemos que o estilo cortês traz em si a ação, por parte daquele que detém o poder na interação o professor , de abrir mão de seu lugar de poder, legitimado socialmente. Essa ação consciente tem a função de levar o aluno a desenvolver-se na arte de argumentar, mesmo em meio aos conflitos. A análise dos dados das duas instituições foi permeada pela análise do filme francês Entre os muros da escola, de Laurent Cantet, sempre que houve necessidade de comparação com uma maneira diferente de agir. Como embasamento teórico, lançamos mão de teorias da Análise da Conversação (AC), da Pragmática e da Análise do Discurso (AD). Os resultados de análise nos permitiram confirmar as nossas hipóteses de pesquisa, quais sejam: a) o uso de estratégias de polidez pode colaborar para a fluidez do discurso, bem como pode inibir ofensas e desrespeitos; b) apenas estratégias de polidez não garantem a prática da argumentação, pois podem inibir conflitos naturais e necessários para a produção do conhecimento; e c) a prática do estilo cortês, aliado à polidez, pode ser mais eficaz para a constituição de um ambiente propício à prática da argumentação / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not there is favorable opportunity to argumentation practice in the teacherstudent interaction. Because this interaction is mediated by language, it is our interest to investigate how language-built meanings influence the participants involved, collaborating (or not) for participants actions towards the argumentative speech practice. The research was carried out through class observations at a Center for Young Adults Education (CIEJA). Throughout observations, we were able to perceive that the use of politeness strategies always lessened conflicts; on the other hand, the conflict inhibition generated the inhibition of the argumentation strategies practices. This thesis is the continuation of the Masters Degree research, from which resulting data from one of the observed schools was considered. Differently than observed in the CIEJA environment, it was possible to identify, in the High School classrooms, the existence of extremely explicit conflicts, which led to disrespect and dissatisfaction among teachers and students. Therefore, there was not any speech fluidity in the High School groups and that kind of interaction did not promote the argumentation speech practice. From the observed data, during the Masters Degree phase, as well as nowadays in the Doctoral Degree (the first one, characterized by overt expression of conflicts; the second one by inhibition of conflicts), we have come to consider that conflicts shouldnt be minimized so as to inhibit the argumentation practices, but instigated and taken into consideration for the exposition and defense of opinions. For that matter, we also believe there is the need for the teacher to practice the courteous style, further beyond the politeness practices. Partially based on the theory developed by Muro (2005), we understand that the courteous style in itself contains the stepping aside from the one who is the socially legitimated as the power holder - the teacher. This conscious act is meant to lead the student to develop himself in the art of argumentation practice. The data analysis of both institutions were intertwined by the analysis of Laurent Cantets movie Entre Les Murs, whenever there was a need to compare with a diverse way of acting. As theoretical foundations, we based our study in Conversational Analysis (AC), in Pragmatics and in Speech Analysis (AD) theories.The results analysis have allowed us to confirm our research hypothesis, that are: a) the use of politeness strategies may collaborate for the speech fluidity, and may inhibit offense and disrespect; b) the exclusive use of politeness strategies do not guarantee the practice of argumentation, for they might inhibit the conflicts that are natural and necessary for the production of knowledge ; and c) the courteous style practice, along with politeness, might be more efficient to promoting an argumentation practice environment

Neste estudo, analisamos a realização linguística dos pedidos de desculpas em situações espontâneas no português do Brasil e no espanhol da Argentina. Os corpora são constituídos por fragmentos das atrações televisivas Big Brother Brasil e Gran Hermano Argentina. Ao nos voltarmos para os estudos pragmáticos para abordar a cortesia, considerando que este fenômeno linguístico-discursivo está apoiado no conceito de face, recorremos aos postulados de Goffman (1970), Brown & Levinson (1987 [1978]), Leech (1997), chegando até os mais recentes estudos, com teóricos como Haverkate (1994), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), Bravo (1999, 2004, 2009), Briz Gómez (1996, 2001) e Álvarez Muro (2005). Nas interações analisadas do corpus do português do Brasil, observou-se uma forte valorização da imagem pública, com uma preocupação com a imagem junto aos telespectadores, ou seja, há a preocupação com a efetivação da desculpa e a volta da interação, valorizando o consenso. No corpus argentino, por sua vez, observou-se que a intenção primeira é a valorização da imagem pessoal frente ao interlocutor direto, sem um trabalho efetivo de imagem junto ao telespectador, de forma que expressar sua opinião e sustentá-la até o fim, mesmo ao custo da manutenção da interação, é mais valorizado que o consenso. Os resultados apontam que, se há, por um lado, o valor brasileiro de parecer bom, posicionando-se de forma contrária a qualquer atitude que possa ser considerada como preconceituosa, mesmo que isso custe o direito de defender sua opinião frente aos demais; do lado argentino, há a valorização do sentido de parecer justo, buscando a defesa do direito de expressar sua opinião e defendê-la, mesmo ao custo da manutenção da interação. / In these studies we will analyze the linguistic application of apologies in spontaneous situations in both Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in Argentina. The corpora consists of fragments from Big Brother Brazil and Gran Hermano Argentina, both television programs. When we turn to the pragmatic studies to address courtesy, and considering that this discursive linguistic phenomenon is supported by the concept of face, we agree with the postulates of Goffman (1970), Brown & Levinson (1987 [1978]), Leech (1997) and with the most recent studies of theoreticians such as Haverkate (1994), Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2004, 2005, 2006), Bravo (1999, 2004, 2009), Briz Gómez (1996, 2001) and Álvarez Muro (2005). In the analyzed interactions of Brazilian Portuguese corpus we observed a strong enhancement of public image in relation to the viewers, with a concern for the image of the viewers. Thus, there is a concern about the effectiveness of the apology and the return of the interaction, valuing consensus. Regarding the Argentinean corpus, on the other side, we observed that the primary intention is to value personal image in relation to the interlocutor, without an effective work with the image of the viewer. This is done in order to express their opinion and to support it until the end, even at the cost of maintaining the interaction, which is more valued than the consensus. The results indicate that there is, on one hand, the Brazilian value of \"looking good\", placing it in an opposite manner to any action that might be considered prejudicial, even if it costs the right to defend his opinion toward the other; on the Argentinean side, the results point to a sense of \"being fair\", seeking to defend the right to express their opinion and defend it, even at the cost of maintaining the interaction.