The aim of the dissertation is to examine the approach to politeness in Swedish and in Czech and to compare its features in both languages. In the theoretical part there are presented the most influential approaches to politeness. The next two chapters focus on practical examples. In the first of these there are summarized linguistic means which are used to express politeness in Czech, and they are compared with Swedish. The second one deals with several specific speech acts, in which courtesy applies. The different ways of expressing politeness in Czech and Swedish are described on the base of the literature and also on my own questionnaire. Not only the spoken but also the written form of the communication is ranged in the dissertation. Key words: communication, courtesy, politeness, Czech, Swedish, language, form of address, formal terms, written communication, greeting

Considéré comme un continuateur de Chrétien de Troyes, Raoul de Houdenc s’inscrit dans la lignée des écrivains dits « arthuriens ». Avec son roman d’aventures Meraugis de Portlesguez, il retravaille les motifs mis à l’honneur par le maître champenois et bestourne la matière bretonne dans une indéniable intention parodique. Par l’étude comparative de ce récit avec les romans en vers de Chrétien de Troyes mais aussi avec le cycle en prose du Lancelot-Graal, on observe combien le personnage romanesque arthurien se révèle modelable : jouant habilement avec une structure traditionnelle (la Table Ronde avec ses gardiens immuables, l’errance formatrice, les monstres et les coutumes à abattre), l’auteur tourne en dérision l’agencement de ce système si bien policé par Chrétien de Troyes (1ère partie). Nous étudierons ensuite ses mêmes personnages sous l’angle de l’apprentissage : le héros éponyme, ainsi que plusieurs des personnages qui l’entourent, sont des êtres en devenir que l’auteur va faire grandir et mûrir. À travers le regard évolutif de ses créatures, Raoul va livrer sa propre conception de la courtoisie, conception qui s’accorde avec celle qu’il donne du parfait chevalier du Dit et du Roman des Eles, tissant entre ses deux œuvres un remarquable jeu d’échos (2e partie). Enfin, le personnage houdanesque crée un miroir avec la personne de ce début du XIIIe siècle : ses héros contrastés, et la voix de l’auteur-narrateur- personnage du Songe d’Enfer en proie au doute face aux courants de pensée contradictoires de son époque ancrent l’écriture houdanesque dans les œuvres alliant imagination et réflexion (3e partie). / Considered as one of Chrétien de Troyes’ successors, Raoul de Houdenc joins in the lineage of writers known as "Arthurians" writers. Through his adventure novel Meraugis de Portlesguez, he reinvents the motives highlighted by master Champenois and bestourne the Breton material in an undeniable parodic intention. Through the comparative study of this narrative with Chrétien de Troyes’ novels in verse; but also with the cycle in prose of Lancelot-Graal, we observe how much the Arthurian romantic character shows himself flexible: skilfully playing with a traditional structure (the Round Table with its unchanging guards, the formative wandering, the monsters and the customs that need to be destroyed), the author ridicules the organization of this system so well polished by Chrétien de Troyes (1st part). We will study then the same characters under the angle of the apprenticeship: the eponymous hero, as well as some of the characters who surround him, are constantly evolving beings that the author will make grow up and mature. Through the evolutionary glance of his creatures, Raoul will deliver his own conception of courtesy, a conception that agrees with the one that he gives of the perfect knight of the Dit and of the Roman des Eles, weaving between his two works a remarkable game of echoes (2nd part). Eventually, the houdanesque character creates a mirror with the person of the beginning of the 12th century: his contrasted heroes, and the voice of the author-narrator-character of the Songe d’Enfer; which is in the grip of doubt when faced with contradictory currents of thoughts of his time; fixes the houdanesque writing in the works that blend imagination and reflection (3rd part).

A presente tese discute a comunicação como fator dependente da interação e da cortesia linguísticas inseridas nos manuais de etiqueta, visando a identificar explícita e implicitamente as estratégias interacionais apresentadas por três autores, escolhi-dos como corpus, os quais compõem três guias de comportamento: 1)Marcelino por Claudia: o guia de boas maneiras de Marcelino de Carvalho interpretado por Claudia, de Claudia Matarazzo; 2)Etiqueta Século XXI: um guia prático de boas ma-neiras para os novos tempos, de Celia Ribeiro; 3)Sempre, às vezes, nunca: etiqueta e comportamento, de Fabio Arruda. Destes três manuais, foram escolhidas algu-mas partes que cabiam à análise proposta. A pesquisa busca embasamento nas perspectivas da Análise da Conversação (AC) e na Sociolinguística Interacional (SI). Essas bases possuem duas linhas dorsais, com estudos sobre interações e cor-tesia linguística. Dá-se ainda uma visão panorâmica dos três livros pertencentes ao corpus, com uma breve análise da variação linguística. Investiga-se também a utili-dade desses manuais na melhoria dos níveis de interação social. A análise dos mar-cadores de cortesia percorre os critérios de correção, atenuadores, modalizadores, formas de tratamento e situações de ameaça às faces, visando a encontrar respos-tas para os questionamentos da pesquisa. Quanto aos aspectos comportamentais da cortesia são pouco mencionados, exceto os que estão inseridos no contexto fala ou na intenção de fala. O estudo parte de um ponto de vista sobre a cortesia linguís-tica; teoria de ameaça às faces positiva e negativa, concentrando-se na linguagem de interesse social e na interação entre indivíduos ou grupos. / This thesis discusses communication as an interaction-dependent factor and linguis-tic politeness inserted in etiquette manuals, in order to explicit and implicitly identify the interactional strategies presented by three authors chosen as corpus, which is comprised of some parts chosen from three manuals of behavior: 1) Marcelino by Claudia: the guide to good manners by Marcelino de Carvalho interpreted by Clau-dia, by Claudia Matarazzo; 2) 21st Century Etiquette: a practical guide to good manners for modern times, by Celia Ribeiro; 3) Always, sometimes, never: etiquette and behavior, by Fabio Arruda. This research seeks to establish the bases for per-spectives in Conversation Analysis (CA) and in Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS). These theorical bases have two dorsal structures or chief ideas, with studies on lin-guistic interactions and politeness. It gives still a birds-eye view of the three books belonging to the corpus, with a brief analysis of linguistic variation. It also investigates the usefulness of these manuals in the improvement of social interaction levels. The analysis of politeness markers traverses the criteria for correction, attenuators, modalizations (a speakers attitude towards their own utterance), forms of treatment, and faces threatening acts (FTA), in order to find answers to the researchs posing questions. Behavioral aspects of courtesy are mentioned only when inserted into speech context or its intention. The study originates from a point of view about lin-guistic politeness; threatening theory on positive and negative faces, focusing on the language of social interest, with the purpose of continuity of interaction between indi-viduals or groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosangela Licca Marques.pdf: 896019 bytes, checksum: 91f4da286deef88c90e29c85fc7b1c84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-24 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / In this work, we have as objective to analyze the forum genre on the learning environment Distance Education that favors quarrels and knowledge sharing between the participants. We had analyzed the forum of a semipresential discipline of the Letras course of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. On the analysis of the forum was observed the linguistic marks that characterizes courtesy/politeness, the usage of an adapted language to the interlocutors that has participated in the forum and the interaction between them. With specific objectives, on this research we propose: to identify linguistic aspects that are characterized as courtesy and politeness present on the educational forum; to verify what kind of positive politeness are used by the interlocutors and how the face preservation occurs; to verify what kind of strategies to the negative politeness are used by the interlocutors and what occur when there isn t a use of face preservation strategies. The theoretician framework of this research is anchored, basically, on the Grice s (1975), Brown & Levinson s (1987), Rosa s (1992), Marcuschi s (2003) studies and in studies about the usage of emoticons that aims the categories analysis: face preservation strategies by the conversational markers and attenuation in special, positive politeness strategies and emoticons. On the analyzed categories we can detach the linguistic marks, the usage of the adapted language to all interlocutors that participates in the forum and the reciprocity between them. The gotten results points to the usage of the politeness by the interlocutors on a collaborative context and of interaction that favors the face preservation on the educational forums / Neste trabalho, temos por objetivo analisar o gênero fórum em ambiente de aprendizagem EAD - que favorece discussões e troca de conhecimento entre os participantes. Analisamos fóruns de uma disciplina semipresencial do curso de Letras da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Na análise dos fóruns observou-se as marcas lingüísticas que caracterizam cortesia/polidez, o emprego de uma linguagem adaptada aos interlocutores que participaram dos fóruns e a interação entre eles. Como objetivos específicos, nesta pesquisa, propusemos: identificar aspectos lingüísticos que se caracterizam como cortesia e polidez presentes nos fóruns educacionais; verificar que estratégias para polidez positiva são utilizadas pelos interlocutores e como ocorre a preservação das faces. O arcabouço teórico da nossa pesquisa está ancorado, basicamente, nos estudos de Grice (1975), Brown & Levinson (1987), Rosa (1992), Marcuschi (2003) e em estudos sobre o uso dos emoticons que visam a análise das categorias: estratégias de preservação das faces por meio dos marcadores conversacionais e em especial atenuação, estratégias de polidez positiva e emoticons. Nas categorias analisadas destacamos as marcas lingüísticas, o emprego da linguagem adaptada a todos os interlocutores que participam dos fóruns e a reciprocidade entre eles. Os resultados obtidos apontam o emprego da polidez pelos interlocutores num contexto colaborativo e de interação que favorece a preservação das faces nos fóruns educacionais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Penha de Paula Simoes.pdf: 462142 bytes, checksum: c085fca4dda59cb4197b6718c48f9275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Our research is part of general studies about oral language. As we deal with courtesy theme, we focus interpersonal relation that is stablished in every face-to-face interaction. Our general purpose is the analysis of linguistic strategies that express courtesy. We examine a specific type of conversation: the interviews of NURC/SP (Projeto de Estudo da Norma Linguística Urbana Culta de São Paulo). Our theorical support is based on studies that come from Conversation Analysis (Marcuschi, 2003); Kerbrat-Orecchini (2006) and Pragmatics area (Brown e Levinson, 1987); (Bravo, 2004a, 2004b e 2005). We also refer to Goffman s (1967) studies wich ones are part of general researches about faceto- face interaction. We characterize the enterviews that are our object of analysis as institutionalized encounters, since they have specific purposes and their contexts or situation of production are governed by rules that are convencionally accepted. Courtesy is a phenomena that may guarantee a development of a harmonious interaction. This phenomena can be expressed by acts that protect and flatter interlocutor s faces. In our analysis, we demonstrate that courtesy manifestations, in NURC/SP interviews, are appropriated to contextual elements of these interactions. They also contribute to guarantee that the interviews reach their aims successfully / Nossa pesquisa se insere no quadro geral dos estudos sobre língua falada. Ao tratarmos do tema da cortesia verbal, nossa abordagem recai sobre o nível da relação interpessoal que se estabelece em toda interação. Com o objetivo geral de examinarmos recursos linguísticos de manifestação de cortesia, dedicamo-nos à análise de um tipo específico de interação verbal falada: as entrevistas do NURC/SP (Projeto de Estudo da Norma Linguística Urbana Culta de São Paulo). Em nosso referencial teórico reportamo-nos a pressupostos oriundos da Análise da Conversação (Marcuschi, 2003); (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2006), mas também recorremos a estudos que se inserem numa perspectiva pragmática (Brown e Levinson, 1987) e (Bravo, 2004a, 2004b, 2005). Recorremos, ainda, ao trabalho de Goffman (1967), que se liga a um quadro mais geral dos estudos sobre a interação face a face. Caracterizamos as entrevistas que constituem objeto de nosso estudo como encontros institucionalizados, uma vez que apresentam objetivos definidos e contextos ou situações de produção orientados por normas convencionalizadas. A cortesia, por sua vez, é concebida como um fenômeno cuja finalidade é garantir o desenvolvimento harmonioso da interação. Tal fenômeno se manifesta por meio de atos de preservação e de valorização da face dos interlocutores. Em nossa análise, procuramos demonstrar que os recursos de manifestação de cortesia presentes nas interações examinadas adequam-se aos elementos contextuais da entrevista e contribuem para o alcance de seus objetivos

The current study was interested in determining the moderating role of psychological capital in the relationship between job stress and the outcomes of incivility and job involvement among employees at a call centre in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. A quantitative research design was adopted in conducting this study. The relationships between psychological capital, job stress, incivility and job involvement were examined using two theoretical frameworks, namely, the Broaden-and-Build Theory of positive emotions (Fredrickson, 1998) and the Job Stress Model (Spector & Fox, 2002). The research aimed to determine the relationship between psychological capital, job stress, incivility and job involvement, whether psychological capital and job stress held predictive value for the outcomes of incivility and job involvement, and the extent to which psychological capital moderated the relationship between job stress and incivility and job stress and job involvement. The sample consisted of 104 call centre agents, 28 male and 76 female employees, who were required to complete questionnaires measuring each of the constructs under study. Data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The findings of the study indicated that high levels of psychological capital correlated with low levels of incivility and high job involvement. Additionally, a high level of job stress was associated with high incivility and low job involvement. The findings of the study further indicated that job stress predicted incivility and job involvement, while the optimism dimension of psychological capital also predicted job involvement. Additionally, psychological capital did not moderate the relationship between job stress and incivility nor did it moderate the relationship between job stress and job involvement. The study contributes to the existing literature on psychological capital, job stress, incivility and job involvement while adding a new dimension to the existing literature available on each of these constructs, by determining the relationships between the constructs. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Le présent mémoire de maîtrise renvoie à une analyse des situations de diffamation commise par l'avocat, dans le cadre d'une instance judiciaire, à l'égard de la partie adverse, de son représentant et du témoin. L'étude s'inscrit dans un double dessein de prévention et de sensibilisation auprès de la communauté juridique. L'interrogation inhérente à l'étude consiste à savoir si l'avocat est considéré à l'instar de tout particulier dans les poursuites pour diffamation civile. Doit-il conséquemment observer strictement ses devoirs de conduite professionnelle afin d'éviter toute situation potentiellement diffamatoire? Tout d'abord, nous cernerons le concept de diffamation civile en droit québécois en regard des sources législatives, des droits de la personnalité ou fondamentaux traités, ainsi que des éléments matériels juridiques constitutifs. À la lueur de cet exposé didactique, nous identifierons les devoirs de conduite professionnelle de l'avocat, dans le cadre d'une instance judiciaire, visant la proscription d'allégations diffamatoires. Il s'agit plus particulièrement des devoirs de modération et de courtoisie de l'avocat à l'égard des tiers. Enfin, nous examinerons la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité civile de l'avocat en matière de diffamation. Plus spécifiquement, nous analyserons sa faute civile suivant les critères d'appréciation qui renvoient à la pertinence, à la véracité et à la bonne foi. Par ailleurs, nous critiquerons le recours, par la doctrine et la jurisprudence québécoises, à l'immunité relative de l'avocat. Nous référerons à la terminologie inadéquate d'«immunité relative» et à l'importation injustifiée de la common law en droit de la responsabilité civile québécois. / The present Master's Thesis studies the defamatory actions committed by the attorney towards the opposing party, the latter's representative and the witness. The study seeks to find ways of preventing defamation and heightening awareness for attorneys. The following questions will be examined : should an attorney be considered as a common individual in defamation cases? Should he, therefore, strictly follow his professional duties of conduct to prevent potential defamation situations? First, we will analyse the nature of defamation in Quebec civil law by looking at the laws governing it, the fundamental and personality rights attached to it and the juridical elements constituting it. In light of this, we will then identify the attorney's professional conduct duties with respect to his written and oral allegations. More particularly, the need to act with moderation and courtesy towards the third party will be discussed. Finally, the application of the attorney's civil responsibility will be examined, more specifically his civil fault in light of the following criteria: relevance, truthfulness and good faith. Moreover, the concepts related to the attorney's qualified privilege will also be assessed and criticized. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté et classé parmi les 5% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Mémoire de très haute tenue. Recherche exhaustive. Traitement original du sujet, langue impeccable. Pourrait faire l'objet d'une monographie."

In this thesis. I have moved away from the general question of 'How do women and men behave linguistically?, (Sing and Bergvall. 1996:19) and have turned to investigate in particular how the speech act of apologies contributes to the production of people as 'women and men' (Sing and Bergvall, 1996:19). In other words, the investigation focuses on the effect of politeness strategies on the construction of gender identities. Using poststrucluralist feminist theory as developed primarily by Weedon (1987), this thesis investigates the politeness strategies employed by some Zulu students at the University of Natal, Durban, in their English-medium interactions with African international students. The speech act of apologies is the area of language investigated, with data being collected primarily by means of role-plays and focus groups. The focus of the analysis is limited to the performance of apologies towards non-Zulus by 12 Zulu male and female students. To this end, the various strategies employed by the respondents were analysed according to the framework developed by Holmes (1989, 1995). In addition, information gathered in the focus groups revealed to what extent politeness strategies are still being transferred from Zulu to English. The strategies employed by these men and women are considered as revealing some of the ways by which politeness contributes to the construction of gender identities, in the University context. On the basis of this limited sample, it is argued that traditional Zulu male masculinity, while still dominant, is now being contested in the University context by some students favouring a less tradition-oriented identity. The strategies employed by the female respondents, on the other hand, suggest that Zulu women students may be beginning to reject traditional Zulu femininity in favour of more westernized identities. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

A framework for understanding the social responses to virtual humans suggests that human-like characteristics (e.g., facial expressions, voice, expression of emotion) act as cues that lead a person to place the agent into the category "human" and thus, elicit social responses. Given this framework, this research was designed to answer two outstanding questions that had been raised in the research community (Moon&Nass, 2000): 1) If a virtual human has more human-like characteristics, will it elicit stronger social responses from people? 2) How do the human-like characteristics interact in terms of the strength of social responses? Two social psychological (social facilitation and politeness norm) experiments were conducted to answer these questions. The first experiment investigated whether virtual humans can evoke a social facilitation response and how strong that response is when participants are given different cognitive tasks (e.g., anagrams, mazes, modular arithmetic) that vary in difficulty. They did the tasks alone, in the company of another person, or in the company of a virtual human that varied in terms of features. The second experiment investigated whether people apply politeness norms to virtual humans. Participants were tutored and quizzed either by a virtual human tutor that varied in terms of features or a human tutor. Participants then evaluated the tutor's performance either directly by the tutor or indirectly via a paper and pencil questionnaire. Results indicate that virtual humans can produce social facilitation not only with facial appearance but also with voice recordings. In addition, performance in the presence of voice synced facial appearance seems to elicit stronger social facilitation (i.e., no statistical difference compared to performance in the human presence condition) than in the presence of voice only or face only. Similar findings were observed with the politeness norm experiment. Participants who evaluated their tutor directly reported the tutor's performance more favorably than participants who evaluated their tutor indirectly. In addition, this valence toward the voice synced facial appearance had no statistical difference compared to the valence toward the human tutor condition. The results suggest that designers of virtual humans should be mindful about the social nature of virtual humans.

The study aimed at describing patients’ satisfaction with health care services provided in the city of Johannesburg. The research sample consisted of adult male and female patients who visited region E clinics for health services. Questionnaires were used to collect data and descriptive statistics for data analysis. Findings indicated that patients were generally satisfied with health care services provided. Recommendations included ongoing staff training to improve quality of health care and public information and education campaigns to foster community awareness and understanding of health services, develop a sense of ownership thereof, and encourage positive participation. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health studies)