Avec le développement des bâtiments basse consommation de plus en plus hermétiques, la nécessité de renouveler l’air intérieur à l’aide de système de ventilation mécanique s’est accrue. Or, les concentrations en polluants dans les environnements urbains augmentent continuellement, favorisant ainsi le transfert de polluants atmosphériques dans l’air intérieur. Ces travaux de thèse porte sur l’étude de procédés pour l’élimination combinée des principaux polluants de l’air extérieur urbain entrant dans les logements individuels via les systèmes de ventilation. A l’issue d’un état de l’art des polluants de l’air, des systèmes de ventilation et des procédés de traitement, les procédés de filtration par médias fibreux et d’adsorption ont été choisis pour traiter l’air urbain caractérisé par les PM₁₀, les PM₂ ₅, les aérosols microbiens, les BTEX et les NOₓ. Une méthodologie a été mise en œuvre pour sélectionner parmi différents matériaux étudiés et selon des critères de performances la solution de traitement la mieux adaptée, à savoir un filtre F7-combiné en fibres de verre et contenant des grains de charbon actif. Après étude, une stratégie de chauffage journalier du filtre à 70°C durant 1h30 a été proposée pour régénérer partiellement l’adsorbant afin de prolonger sa durée de vie et pour limiter la croissance microbienne sur le filtre notamment par dessiccation de ce dernier. Une campagne expérimentale en conditions de génération multi-polluants contrôlées a permis de quantifier les performances de traitement du filtre F7-combiné. Le traitement thermique utilisé a permis de maintenir une efficacité d’adsorption du toluène de 40% et de limiter la prolifération microbienne sur le filtre. Des interactions entre les polluants ont été observées, notamment une augmentation de l’efficacité de filtration des PM₁₀ par la présence de PM₂ ₅ qui permettent rapidement le passage à la phase de filtration en surface. En outre, le mélange toluène/NO₂ entraine une diminution de l’adsorption du NO₂ au profit du toluène. Enfin, une campagne expérimentale en conditions réalistes a été menée pendant 3 mois afin notamment d’étudier les performances du traitement thermique. Les niveaux de concentration des polluants dans la zone péri-urbaine de l’étude étaient faibles. Le traitement thermique appliqué au filtre F7-combiné, pour les conditions opératoires étudiées et après 3 mois de suivi, a permis de limiter significativement la croissance fongique sur le filtre mais pas d’améliorer de façon significative l’adsorption des COV et des NOₓ. / The development of low energy buildings, which are more and more hermetic, leads to the necessity of indoor air renewal with mechanical ventilation system. However, the concentration of pollutants in urban environments increases continually, which promotes the pollutant transfer from the outdoor to the indoor air. This PhD thesis consists in the study of processes for the combined purification of the main urban outdoor air pollutants coming in individual dwellings through the ventilation systems.Out of a state of the art of the air pollutants, the ventilation systems and the treatment processes, filtration with fibrous media and adsorption were the two processes chosen to treat the urban air characterized by PM₁₀, PM₂ ₅, microbialaerosol, BTEX and NOₓ. A methodology was setup to select, through the different studied materials and with some performance criterion, the most suitable treatment solution i.e. a combined-F7 filter with glass fiber and granular activated carbon. A daily heating strategy of the combined-F7 filter at 70°C for 1h30 was proposed to partially regenerate the adsorbent in order to improve its lifetime and to limit the microbial growth on the filter, inparticular by desiccation.An experimental campaign in controlled conditions with multi-pollutant generation permitted to quantify the performances of the combined-F7 filter. The thermal treatment permitted to maintain the adsorption efficiency of the toluene at 40% and to limit the microbial proliferation. Competitions within pollutants were observed, in particular an increase of the filtration efficiency of PM₁₀ with the presence of PM₂ ₅ by promoting the cake filtration stage. Moreover the mix toluene/NO₂ leads to a decrease of the NO₂ adsorption in favor of the toluene.Finally, an experimental campaign in realistic conditions was conducted for 3 months in particular to study the performances of the thermal treatment. Concentration levels of the pollutants in the suburban area of the study were low. The thermal treatment applied to the combined-F7 filter, with the operating conditions studied and after 3month of follow-up, permitted to significantly limit the fungal growth on the filter but it did not permit to improve significantly the VOC and NOₓ adsorption.

Les COV présents en air intérieur sont une source d’inconfort pour les occupants et peuvent être nocifs pour la santé. La photocatalyse apparaît comme un procédé prometteur pour l’abattement de ces polluants. ArcelorMittal Liège Research développe à cet effet des films minces de TiOB2B déposé sur acier qui peuvent être intégrés dans des systèmes de purification d’air. Les objectifs de cette recherche sont, d’une part, identifier les paramètres influençant la dégradation photocatalytique de ces COV avec ce type de catalyseur et d’autre part, valider la possibilité de prédire les performances d’un réacteur photocatalytique par un modèle couplant l’écoulement et la réaction photocatalytique. Pour réaliser l’étude cinétique à des teneurs de quelques ppm, un dispositif expérimental adapté a été conçu ; il utilise un réacteur annulaire continu. L’acétaldéhyde a été choisi comme polluant modèle. La conversion dépend de la concentration en polluant, du taux d’humidité, de la température, de l’intensité lumineuse en UV et de la présence d’autres COV. La réaction est modélisée avec un modèle théorique surfacique de la réaction photocatalytique. Afin de prédire les performances d’un réacteur photocatalytique utilisant des films minces de TiOB2B, une méthodologie consistant à coupler l’écoulement et la réaction photocatalytique a été développée et validée. La distribution spatio-temporelle de la concentration en polluant est alors déterminée par une approche de mécanique des fluides numériques. La comparaison des résultats expérimentaux et des simulations obtenus avec un réacteur photocatalytique de laboratoire et un autre à l’échelle semi-pilote est très satisfaisante / VOCs are a source of discomfort for occupants and can have harmful effects on health. Photocatalysis is a promising process to remove these compounds. ArcelorMittal Liège Research has indeed developed TiOB2 Bthin film coated on steel which can be easily integrated into purification air systems. Objectives of this research are firstly, identifying parameters which influence the photocatalytic degradation of these VOCs using of such catalyst. Secondly, validate the possibility to predict performances of the photocatalytic reactor by combining fluid flow and photocatalytic reaction. An experimental set-up including an annular reactor has been designed and realized in order to conduct kinetic studies. Acetaldehyde has been chosen as a pollutant model and studied mainly with concentrations of few ppm ranges. Its conversion yield depends on pollutant concentration, relative humidity, temperature, UV light intensity and presence of others VOCs. Based on a theoretical surface model of the photocatalytic reaction, and using experimental data, this reaction is modelled. In order to predict performances of the photocatalytic reactor packed thin film of TiOB2B, a methodology which consists to combine fluid flow and photocatalytic reaction has been developed and validated. Space-time distribution of pollutant concentration is then determined with a computational fluid dynamics approach. Comparison between experimental data and numerical simulations obtained with a photocatalytic reactor at the laboratory scale and another one in semi-pilot scale are well satisfactory

Les champignons sont des biocontaminants courants des environnements intérieurs. De nombreuses études ont démontré leur rôle dans la dégradation des supports que ces microorganismes colonisent tels que les matériaux de construction, les ouvrages ou les œuvres d'art. De plus, ces biocontaminants sont susceptibles d'induire des allergies, des infections, des toxi-infections ou encore des irritations. Depuis 2005, une technique de détection de la croissance fongique, basée sur la recherche de traceurs chimiques spécifiques dans l'air, et un indice de contamination fongique (ICF), ont été développés et validés au cours de différentes campagnes de mesures dans l'habitat, les bureaux, les écoles, les crèches… L'objectivation d'une croissance fongique dans un environnement s'appuie sur des prélèvements par adsorption, une analyse chromatographique au laboratoire (GC/MS) et le calcul de l'ICF. Dans le cadre de la surveillance de la qualité microbiologique de l'air des environnements intérieurs, cette thèse a pour ambition de prolonger ces travaux en développant notamment un système de microcapteurs chimiques adapté à la mesure in situ. Cette recherche repose à la fois sur la méthode de détection fongique développée au CSTB et sur l'expertise scientifique et technique de l'ESIEE en matière de miniaturisation d'instruments de mesure, grâce à l'apport des microtechnologies. Le premier axe de cette étude a consisté à identifier expérimentalement les COV du métabolisme fongique spécifiques d'un développement sur des matériaux du patrimoine. Ces molécules ont permis de consolider l'ICF et de définir deux indices spécifiques à la problématique des sites patrimoniaux, validés dans des châteaux, musées, bibliothèques, grottes ornées… Le second axe porte, d'une part, sur la conception la réalisation et la caractérisation des briques élémentaires du microsystème d'analyse, à savoir un module de préconcentration (adsorption TENAX), un module de séparation (microGC) et un module de détection (capteurs polymères) et d'autre part sur les intégrations et pilotage de ces briques / Fungi are common microbial contaminants of indoor environments. Many studies have demonstrated their role in the partial or total degradation of materials they colonize such as building materials, or works of art. Moreover, those microbial contaminants are likely to lead to allergies, infections, poisoning or irritation. Since 2005, a new technique based on researching specific chemical tracers in the air, was developed and validated during different measurement campaigns. This approach is now applied to various indoor environments (houses, offices, schools, child care centers…) and allows the detection of recent and/or hidden contamination. The purpose of this work is to study and characterize a rapid and continuous air analysing microsystem for detection of fungal contamination in closed spaces. This study falls within the field of monitoring air microbiological quality in indoor environments. In addition to the time saved by the absence of any laboratory analysis, this system must provide a permanent monitoring of environments frequented by people, such as museums, schools, hospitals... This research is based both on the fungal detection method developed by CSTB and on scientific and technical expertise of ESIEE : specialised in design and manufacturing of miniaturized analysis systems obtained using microtechnology. The first step of this study was to define the compounds' nature to be detected for different cases of contamination along with the sampling strategy for the system. The second step focuses on the microstructures design and fabrication to be used in microanalytical system based on gas chromatography and the development of a miniaturised analysis system. So the first part of the study consisted in defining specific fungal contamination tracers for heritage conservation sites. This list allowed to reinforce a fungal contamination index for indoor environments and to define two specific indexes designed for heritage conservation sites. The validation of these different indexes allowed checking their compliance with those types of environments (castles, museums, libraries, decorated caves...) by detecting all cases of contamination, along with the control remediation of former contaminated environments. The second part of the study enabled the design and validation of three main modules constitutive of the microanalytical system based on gas chromatography. A miniaturised analysis system based on three modules has been developed

The rapidly spreading pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection with high morbidity and mortality has overwhelmed the global healthcare services. With mysterious origins and the capacity of affecting multiple types of tissues, SARS-CoV-2 has baffled many scientists - which has posed great challenges in the development of pharmaceutical treatments and preventions (i.e., vaccination). The COVID-19 pandemic has also led to a slew of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to slow down the spread of the virus. The sudden imposition of these NPIs including social distancing, lock-down, school closures, isolation, and quarantine of suspected cases or contacts, has greatly affected the mental health of children and adolescents. Concerns about the impact of these NPIs on mental health, especially for vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents, have emerged. This study discusses several different aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents.Accumulating evidence has shown that the vast majority of children and adolescents exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus are asymptomatic, although few cases turned unfortunately severely ill. The genomics, microbiology, and biochemistry of this novel coronavirus reveal several peculiarities, making it a tough entity. The profound impact of social distancing along with the closure of schools, parks, and other recreational activities on the delicate minds of children and adolescents makes them irritable, angry, and rebellious. This assumes a major challenge in children with mental health issues or in those with special needs. Lock-down, quarantine and isolation further complicate the mental health issues and are discussed along with remedial measures. The impact of an already overwhelmed medical care system on the mental healthcare quality can be profound and needs a specially chartered approach by the psychiatrists supplementing the COVID-19 control activities. Children/adolescents with neuropsychiatric issues need special care, as they have abnormal impulsive behaviour and actions such as running away, unhygienic acts, spitting etc. All these mental health issues in children and adolescents, who form a sizable population of the society and are the future of the planet, forms the subject matter of this work. Thus, all programmes of COVID-19 control must simultaneously address these important mental health issues of children and adolescents to prevent this ‘parallel pandemic’ of psychiatric disorders. The latter may persist much longer and prove equally challenging and costly.

Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria de respiradores, mascarillas quirúrgicas y mascarillas comunitarias que usa la población peruana, usando partículas de un tamaño similar a las que contienen al virus activo del SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se ha determinado una relación lineal directa entre el logaritmo de la concentración de partículas suspendidas en aire y el tiempo transcurrido; por lo cual es posible comparar la cantidad de partículas internas y externas a la mascarilla o respirador en un mismo periodo y conocer el porcentaje de protección respiratoria de cada muestra evaluada. Resultados: Se ha logrado implementar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria ante aerosoles menores a 5,0 μm. Asimismo, el empleo de accesorios como ligas o ajustadores detrás de cabeza y nuca, y el uso de clips nasales robustos, incrementan significativamente el nivel de protección respiratoria ante partículas con alta probabilidad de contener al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Se observa una concordancia entre los valores de protección respiratoria obtenidos y los esperados, considerando el nivel de filtración del material empleado de cada mascarilla quirúrgica o respirador, y su nivel de ajuste. Se observó un incremento significativo en los niveles de protección respiratoria. / Objective: To develop a methodology for evaluating the level of respiratory protection provided by res- pirators, surgical masks and community face masks used by the Peruvian population; protection was evaluated against particles of a size similar to those containing active SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods: A direct linear relationship has been determined between the logarithm of the concentration of airborne particles and the elapsed time; thus, it is possible to compare the quantity of particles inside and outside of the mask or respirator in the same time period, as well as to obtain the percentage of re- spiratory protection for each evaluated sample. Results: A methodology was established to evaluate the level of respiratory protection against aerosols smaller than 5.0 μm. Also, the use of accessories such as garters or adjusters behind the head and neck, and the use of strong nasal clips, significantly increased the level of respiratory protection against particles with a high probability of containing SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: We found concordance between the obtained respiratory protection values and those ex- pected, considering the filtration level of the material used for each surgical mask or resp s well as the tightness. A significant increase in the levels of respiratory protection was observed.

Health is often defined in terms of absence of disease or pathological processes, but this is a definition of exclusion and incomplete. For example, SARS-CoV-2 viral load does not reliably predict disease severity, and so individuals must vary in their ability to control inflammation and maintain normal tissue homeostasis. This host defense strategy is called disease tolerance, and better understanding of disease tolerance mechanisms could change the way that we treat disease and work to maintain health. The first project presented in this dissertation found that after accounting for effects of age and sex, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), but not T cells, were lower in adults and children sick with COVID-19 or MIS-C, independent of lymphopenia. Furthermore, abundance of ILCs, but not of T cells, correlated inversely with disease severity. These blood ILCs were shown to produce amphiregulin, a protein implicated in disease tolerance and tissue homeostasis, and the percentage of amphiregulin-producing ILCs was lower in males. These results suggest that, by promoting disease tolerance, homeostatic ILCs decrease morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that lower ILC abundance accounts for increased COVID-19 severity with age and in males. The second project describes a novel mouse model of epigenetic inheritance wherein paternal influenza A virus (IAV) infection results in less severe influenza disease in IAV infected offspring. This offspring phenotype was not attributable to differences in viral load, indicating a possible difference in disease tolerance. Paternal caloric deprivation decreased, and influenza B virus infection increased, offspring influenza disease severity, and in vitro fertilization demonstrated sperm are sufficient to transfer IAV-associated epigenetic inheritance phenotypes. These findings represent a foundation for further work that, by continuing to elucidate the mechanisms of disease tolerance and epigenetic inheritance, could provide novel therapeutic interventions to help promote and maintain health.

Dans le procédé de production d’engrais à base de superphosphate, l’attaque de la roche phosphatée par l’acide sulfurique génère des sous-produits gazeux odorants. Bien que leurs émissions se situent dans les limites réglementaires, les usines d’engrais à base de superphosphate sont susceptibles de causer des nuisances olfactives pour les riverains. Cette thèse propose d’étudier la faisabilité d’un procédé de traitement des odeurs par l’ozonation en phase gazeuse homogène. Une première étape de priorisation des composés chimiques ayant le potentiel odorant le plus important a été réalisée. Ce classement a été effectué à partir d’un rapport technique fourni par notre partenaire industriel basé sur une campagne de mesure olfactométrique et de caractérisation chimique des gaz émis par la cheminée d’une usine de production des engrais superphosphate. À partir du calcul de la valeur d’activité odorante (OAV), deux familles de composés ont été ciblées : les composés soufrés – représentés par le sulfure d’hydrogène (H2S), le sulfure d’éthylméthyle (MES) et le disulfure de diméthyle (DMDS) – et les aldéhydes (représentés par le propanal et le butanal). Deux techniques analytiques (GC/FID et SIFT/MS) ont été mises en œuvre afin d’évaluer les performances d’élimination de ces composés, la difficulté d'analyser une matrice gazeuse contenant de l'ozone ayant été mise en évidence. Ainsi, une interférence de l'ozone sur l'analyse des aldéhydes par GC/FID a été identifiée. La technique SIFT/MS a, quant à elle, nécessité un développement important. L’ozonation d’effluents gazeux modèles a été réalisée en suivant l’élimination des composés cibles dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement (temps de résidence, température du réacteur, concentration en ozone et taux d’humidité) dans un domaine expérimental compatible avec les contraintes industrielles. Les composés soufrés ont présenté des taux d’élimination élevés, particulièrement dans le cas de H2S, dont les conversions ont atteint environ 80%. Les monosulfures (MES) et disulfures organiques (DMDS) se sont montrés moins réactifs à l’ozone, puisque les conversions sont restées assez faibles (de l’ordre de 30% pour un ratio O3/soufrés similaire). Dans la gamme de conditions opératoires utilisées, ni l'humidité, ni le temps de résidence dans le réacteur n’ont montré d'influence considérable. La concentration d'ozone s’avère être le paramètre du procédé le plus influant, ayant un effet positif sur les taux de conversion des trois composés soufrés étudiés. Parallèlement, pour le DMDS, une augmentation de la température du réacteur a aussi amélioré la conversion. De manière globale, les taux de conversion les plus importants ont été obtenus pour les ratio O3/soufrés et la température du réacteur les plus élevés. A l’inverse, même lorsque les conditions de réaction les plus favorables ont été appliquées (température et concentration d’ozone les plus élevées), les aldéhydes se sont montrés non réactifs vis-à-vis de l’ozone. Malgré les faibles conversions obtenues, l’utilisation du SIFT/MS a permis d’identifier les principaux sousproduits de la réaction ozone-composés soufrés en phase gazeuse comme étant le méthyléthylsulfoxyde (MESO), le méthyléthylsulfone (MESO2), le diméthyl thiosulfinate (DMSOS), les isomères de diméthyl thiosulfonate (DMSO2S), le diméthyldisulfoxyde (DM(SO)2) et également le dioxyde (SO2) et le trioxyde de soufre (SO3). Le procédé de traitement des odeurs par ozonation directe des gaz en sortie de cheminée industrielle apparaît donc difficilement envisageable en raison de la faible efficacité d’élimination des composés malodorants démontrée dans nos essais. En revanche, cette technique couplée avec une absorption chimique pourrait s’avérer intéressante pour éliminer les nuisances olfactives avec une bonne efficacité / In the superphosphate-based fertilizers production process, the attack of phosphate rock by sulfuric acid generates odorous gaseous by-products. Although their emissions are within regulatory limits, superphosphate fertilizer plants are likely to cause odor nuisance to residents. This thesis proposes to study the feasibility of a process of odor treatment by ozonation in homogeneous gas phase. A first step of prioritization of the chemical compounds with the most important odorous potential has been realized. This ranking was established from a technical report provided by our industrial partner based on a campaign of olfactometric measurement and chemical characterization of the gases emitted by the chimney of a superphosphate fertilizer production plant. From the calculation of the odor activity value (OAV), two families of compounds were targeted: sulfur compounds - represented by hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ethylmethyl sulphide (MES) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) - and aldehydes (represented by propanal and butanal). Two analytical techniques (GC/FID and SIFT/MS) were applied in order to evaluate the elimination performance of these compounds, the difficulty of analyzing a gaseous matrix containing ozone having been demonstrated. Thus, ozone interference on GC/FID analysis of aldehydes has been identified. The SIFT/MS technique, in turn, required significant development. The ozonation of model gaseous effluents was carried out following the elimination of the target compounds under different operating conditions (residence time, reactor temperature, ozone concentration and moisture) in an experimental field compatible with the industrial constraints. The sulfur compounds exhibited high removal rates, particularly in the case of H2S, whose conversions reached about 80%. Organic monosulfides (MES) and disulfides (DMDS) were less reactive to ozone, as conversions remained quite low (around 30% for the same level of O3/sulfur ratio). In the range of operating conditions used, neither the moisture nor the residence time in the reactor showed considerable influence. The ozone concentration is the most influential process parameter, having a positive effect on the conversion rates of the three sulfur compounds studied. Meanwhile, for DMDS, an increase in reactor temperature also improved the conversion. Overall, the highest conversion rates were obtained for the highest O3/sulfur ratios and reactor temperature. Conversely, even when the most favorable reaction conditions have been applied (highest temperature and ozone concentration), the aldehydes have been inert to ozone. Despite the low conversions obtained, the use of SIFT/MS has identified the main by-products of the ozone-sulfur compounds gas phase reaction as methylethylsulfoxide (MESO), methylethylsulfone (MESO2), dimethyl thiosulfinate (DMSOS), isomers of dimethyl thiosulfonate (DMSO2S), dimethyldisulfoxide (DM(SO)2) and also sulfur dioxide (SO2) and trioxide (SO3). The odors treatment process by direct ozonation of the gases at the outlet of industrial chimney thus appears difficult to envisage because of the low efficiency of malodorous compounds elimination demonstrated in our tests. On the other hand, this technique coupled with chemical absorption could be interesting to eliminate the olfactory nuisances with a good efficiency

Considerable attention has been focused on nanomaterials and their extensive applications. Metallic nanoparticles, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), due to their superior physical, chemical, and optical properties, are vastly developed for numerous biomedical applications such as drug and gene delivery systems, diagnostic biosensors, imaging, and therapeutics. This study presents a low-cost method for the fabrication of self-assembled metallic nanoparticles, including gold and silver, via a reactive blade coating process, which is carried out based on in situ reduction of the metal precursors. This technique is a roll-to-roll compatible technique suitable for scalable nanomanufacturing. Oleylamine was used as a reducer agent, and gold (III) chloride hydrate and silver salts, including silver nitrate and silver perchlorate hydrate, were used as the metal precursors. Fabrication was carried out by first blade coating the reducer ink and subsequently coating the precursor ink followed by 3 hours of heat treatment. Various solvent systems were used to examine the effect of different solvents on the fabrication process. Surface morphology, crystalline phase composition, and plasmon resonance of the coated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. Results demonstrated the synthesis of spherical self-assembled AuNPs using toluene (TOL) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for reducing and precursor solvents, respectively. Changing the concentration of reactants or increasing the coating layers exhibited a change in the average size of AuNPs. Self-assembled AuNPs thin films were also demonstrated to have the potential to be used as a biosensing platform based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect to detect the elevated levels of glucose in an aqueous solution. Recently, the world has faced a pandemic of Covid-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has threatened human health and has brought a worldwide devastating economic and social crisis. Hence, finding a solution to mitigate the current breakout of Covid-19 is vital to protect the international community from its causing harm. AgNPs as an antimicrobial agent, which has exhibited promising antiviral activity against several viruses, can offer a resolution to combat the spread of Covid-19. In this regard, AgNPs thin films were fabricated analogously via blade coating using various reducer and silver salt inks made of different solvent systems. Virucidal efficacy of reactive blade coated AgNPs on glass substrates was analyzed against human coronavirus 229E, a virus from the Coronavirus family, as a surrogate SARS-CoV-2 (according to the Level 2 Biosafety facility at uOttawa). Plaque forming assay indicated more than 99.99% reduction in infectivity of the virus when it contacts the AgNPs coated glass for 30 min before infecting cells. These results suggest the excellent potential for reactive blade coated AgNPs as an antiviral agent against coronavirus to avoid the spread of the virus.

No description available.

Background: Since its emergence in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, has spread across the globe, infected millions of people and caused several million deaths. One promising intervention to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Many trials were registered at the onset of the pandemic to determine the safety and efficacy of MSCs in COVID-19 patients. However, currently published studies are underpowered to provide an estimate of safety and efficacy on their own. Thus, a living systematic review (SR) is needed to establish the benefits and drawbacks of MSCs for COVID-19 on a relevant timescale. Methods: Systematic literature searches were conducted on Feb 3rd, 2021 and November 15th, 2021 to identify all English-language, full-text, clinical studies examining MSCs to treat COVID-19. (PROSPERO:CRD42021225431). Findings/Conclusions: Our first search identified nine studies (4 controlled) examining the use of MSC derived products to treat COVID-19 patients. This first iteration of our SR revealed that MSCs were safe and reduced mortality in patients suffering from COVID-19. However, risk of bias (RoB) and poor adherence to ISCT cell product characterization guidelines limited the strength of our conclusions. In the second iteration of our living SR, we only included controlled studies to strengthen our conclusions. We identified eleven controlled studies (5 RCTs). MSCs continued to demonstrate safety and efficacy at reducing mortality at study endpoint (RR: 0.50 [0.34 to 0.75, 95% CI, p=0.0006, I2=0%]). However, we continued to encounter barriers which prevented us from drawing more definitive conclusions. A master protocol appears necessary to facilitate the accelerated accumulation of high-quality evidence where standardized outcome reporting and consistent product characterization allow for a more definitive and timely estimate regarding the safety and efficacy of this cell-based therapy for COVID-19.