Dans les collèges français, la question de l’éducation fait l’objet d’un traitement assez sombre : au niveau statutaire, elle marque en effet le faible prestige de certains personnels, ou de certaines matières enseignées. C’est le cas des conseillers et assistants d’éducation, ou, sur un autre plan, de l’éducation artistique, de l’éducation civique ou de l’éducation physique et sportive. La connotation négative de l’éducation apparaît aussi dans les discours quotidiens, enclins à dénoncer des carences. L’écart social entre les membres des classes moyennes cultivées et leurs élèves ne prédit pas, cependant, le niveau de tension. La construction d’un climat d’établissement joue en effet une fonction importante ; en second lieu, les situations éducatives les moins aisées obligent précisément à réfléchir en termes éducatifs. Il en ressort souvent un meilleur climat que dans des établissements peu exposés. Dans l’imaginaire des professionnels, le collège n’aurait d’autre but que d’organiser la succession de cours entre enseignants savants et apprenants captivés. Depuis les débuts de la massification, les professeurs appliquent en réalité des pédagogies « bricolées », sans rapport avec les principes idéels. Malgré ces adaptations officieuses, les collégiens sont pénalisés par la segmentation des cours, l’étouffement de l’esprit critique, la faible intégration éducative et la relégation du « sale boulot » de discipline. Dans les établissements favorisés, l’insuffisance démocratique incite plutôt à l’utilitarisme, et au développement d’une culture juvénile anti-scolaire ; dans les collèges populaires, les élèves en échec peuvent aussi opposer une violence. / In French colleges, the issue of education is poorly treated : at the statutory level, it marks the low prestige of certain personnel, or certain subject matter being taught. This is the case with counsellors (conseillers d’éducation) and teaching assistants (assistants d’éducation) or, on another level, with arts education, civic education or physical education. Education’s negative connotation is confirmed in people’s discourse, which is inclined to report deficiencies. The social gap between members of the cultivated middle class and their students does not, however, predict the level of tension. First, the construction of a school environment indeed plays an importance role ; what’s more, the most difficult educational situations are precisely the ones that require us to think in educational terms. The result is often a better environment than in institutions with little exposure to difficulties. In the minds of professionals, French colleges have no other purpose than to organise the succession of courses between scholarly teachers and captivated learners. From the beginning of mass schooling, teachers actually apply “tinkered” pedagogies, unrelated to imaginary principles. In spite of these unofficial adaptations, students suffer from the segmentation of courses, the stifling of critical thinking, poor educational integration and the relegation of disciplinary “dirty work”. In privileged establishments, the democratic deficit rather encourages utilitarianism, and the development of an anti-school youth culture ; in lower class French colleges students who are failing may also resist through other forms of violence.

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The first aim of this diploma thesis is to clarify problems with circuit elements described by the fractional-order dynamics, show their basic properties and possible applications in circuits with lumped parameters. The second topic is covering the synthesis of two-terminal devices which have different fractional-orders for requested phase shifts. For this kind of devices, the thesis also describes their optimization and approximation in the frequency domain and subsequent implementation in the form of passive ladder structures. The final part of diploma work will be focused on practical realization of universal fractional PID controller and the verification of proper function of this multi-port in various configurations to prove its correct function via real measurement of frequency and time responses.

Clostridium perfringens entérotoxinogène figure parmi les principales causes de toxi-infection alimentaire dans le monde. L’utilisation d’une approche par culture bactérienne classique pour isoler C. perfringens entérotoxinogène dans la viande de volailles est courante. Cependant, cette méthode d’isolement de ce microorganisme s’appuie sur le phénotype d’une double hémolyse attribuable, alors que peu des souches entérotoxinogènes de C. perfringens n’en produisent. Cet aspect complique ainsi l’étude des réservoirs de cet important pathogène. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de valider la capacité d’une sonde marquée à la digoxigénine à détecter le gène cpe codant pour l’entérotoxine de C. perfringens et de valider l’utilisation d'une approche d'isolement combinée à l'hybridation sur colonie pour détecter C. perfringens entérotoxinogène. Des échantillons de liquides de rinçage de carcasses de poulets de chair ont été utilisés pour la réalisation de la présente étude. L’ADN et colonies lysées de souches entérotoxingènes de C. perfringens, et des échantillons de liquides de rinçage de carcasses de poulets de chair ont été soumis à la méthode d'hybridation sur colonie afin d'identifier la présence du gène cpe de C. perfringens. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la sonde d’ADN synthétisée est spécifique et sensible, permettant ainsi la détection du gène cpe de C. perfringens à partir de séquences d’ADN et de colonies lysées d’une souche contrôle de C. perfringens positifs au gène cpe, mais aussi à partir de colonies isolées des échantillons de liquides de rinçage de carcasses de poulets de chair contaminés artificiellement par C. perfringens entérotoxinogène. Notre étude suggère que cette méthode d’isolement combinée à l’hybridation sur colonie permet de récupérer C. perfringens entérotoxinogène à partir d’échantillons de liquides de rinçage de carcasses de poulets de chair. / Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens is one of the main causes of foodborne illness worldwide. The use of a conventional bacterial culture approach to isolate enterotoxigenic C. perfringens from poultry meat is common. However, this method relies on the phenotype of attributable double hemolysis, whereas few enterotoxigenic strains of C. perfringens produce it. This aspect complicates the study of the reservoirs of this important pathogen. The objectives of this study were to validate the ability of a digoxigenin-labeled probe to detect the cpe gene encoding C. perfringens enterotoxin and to validate the use of an isolation approach combined with hybridization on colony to detect enterotoxigenic C. perfringens. DNA and pure colonies of enterotoxigenic strains of C. perfringens, and samples of broiler carcass rinses were subjected to the colony hybridization method to identify the presence of the cpe gene encoding the C. perfringens enterotoxin. The results of the present study revealed that the synthesized DNA probe is sensitive, thus allowing the detection of the cpe gene of C. perfringens from DNA sequences and from lysed colonies of a control strain of C. perfringens positive for the cpe gene. The probe also hybridized to the DNA of lyzed colonies isolated from carcass rinsates artificially contaminated with cpe-positive C. perfringens. Our study suggests that this isolation method combined with colony hybridization allows the recovery of enterotoxigenic C. perfringens from broiler carcass rinse fluid samples.

Background Brand loyalty has been studied by a large number of scholars over the past few decades, including its impact on consumer purchase behavior and as a core concept when creating brand value. Having ethical business practice helps retain customers trust and enforce their loyalty to the brand. However, brand’s unethical behavior has always been a topic discussed by society, especially for the soft drinks industry. Problem Previous research has shown that there is a link between brand loyalty, brand trust and brand attachment. It has also been implied that consumers with high commitment to a brand might justify a brands unethical behavior. However, there is a lack of research within the field of brand loyalty and ethical business practices within the beverage industry. Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand how millennials with different levels of brand loyalty respond to unethical marketing activities to soft drink brands within the beverage industry. Furthermore, this research would like to give an insight to whether consumers care about ethical brands within this industry or not. Additionally, this study can help brands in the beverage industry to build their marketing strategies and maintain their consumer relationship. Method This study used a qualitative research method, where 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sampling method, with millennials as research objects. Additionally, the brand Pepsi has been used as a case to measure the participants brand loyalty in order to classify them to one of the three levels of loyalty in the conceptual framework.  Conclusion The results show that the more loyal consumers are towards brands, the less impact the brand’s unethical behavior has on them. For consumers with low loyalty, the chances of turning to alternatives when brands have ethical issues are greater. Whereas consumers who are on the Satisfied level have a neutral opinion towards the brand when it comes to unethical issues. While, consumers with high brand loyalty may ignore the brand's unethical behavior because of their loyalty and love for the brand. Brand image, product quality, product safety, environmental footprint and how brands handle the unethical issues have been identified as important factors when consumers make the purchasing decision.

Dans les collèges français, la question de l'éducation fait l'objet d'un traitement assez sombre : au niveau statutaire, elle marque en effet le faible prestige de certains personnels, ou de certaines matières enseignées. C'est le cas des conseillers et assistants d'éducation, ou, sur un autre plan, de l'éducation artistique, de l'éducation civique ou de l'éducation physique et sportive. La connotation négative de l'éducation apparait aussi dans les discours quotidiens, enclins à dénoncer des carences. L'écart social entre les membres des classes moyennes cultivées et leurs élèves ne prédit pas, cependant, le niveau de tension. La construction d'un climat d'établissement joue en effet une fonction importante ; en second lieu, les situations éducatives les moins aisées obligent précisément à réfléchir en termes éducatifs. Il en ressort souvent un meilleur climat que dans des établissements peu exposés. Dans l'imaginaire des professionnels, le collège n'aurait d'autre but que d'organiser la succession de cours entre enseignants savants et apprenants captivés. Depuis les débuts de la massification, les professeurs appliquent en réalité des pédagogies " bricolées ", sans rapport avec les principes idéels. Malgré ces adaptations officieuses, les collégiens sont pénalisés par la segmentation des cours, l'étouffement de l'esprit critique, la faible intégration éducative et la relégation du " sale boulot " de discipline. Dans les établissements favorisés, l'insuffisance démocratique incite plutôt a l'utilitarisme, et au développement d'une culture juvénile anti-scolaire ; dans les collèges populaires, les élèves en échec peuvent aussi opposer une violence.

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The focus of this diploma thesis is on theoretical basics of dynamic electroneurostimulation, which is an effect of electrical signal on acupuncture points of skin. This technology is used in devices made by russian DiaDENS company. Practical part of this thesis covers design of human skin impedance model. Especially derivation from three-element Cole-Cole model. Elementary, there is design of equivalent circuit of constant phase element and its incorporation into circuit. Then this circuit is designed, simulated and produced. Resulting product is used as a load to measure the characteristics of the DiaDENS device.

No / The development of the IEEE 802.22 standard is aimed at providing broadband access in rural areas by effectively utilizing the unused TV band, provided no harmful interference is caused to the incumbent operation. The motivation behind TV band selection is of having lower frequencies compared to other licensed bands, which, therefore, results in lower propagation path loss. Due to this quality, the spectral power density of the radio signal reduces slowly, which results in a high coverage area. Further, it has been observed that many TV channels largely remain unoccupied, as most households and businesses rely on cable and satellite TV services. This is the first international standard for a wireless regional area network (WRAN) based on cognitive radio technologies. This standard provides both PHY and MAC layer functionalities in an infrastructure based network for communication between customer premise equipments (CPEs) through a base station (BS). The Spectrum Manager is the central part of the BS, which plays a significant role in maintaining spectrum availability information, channel selection, channel management, scheduling quiet periods for spectrum sensing, accessing to the database and implementing IEEE 802.22 policies. A WRAN can particularly accommodate up to 512 CPEs in a cell. Contention may occur during initial ranging, periodic ranging, bandwidth request and urgent coexistence situation notification. The medium access control (MAC) incorporates several schemes to control contention between CPEs within a cell and overlapping cells sharing the same channel. A CPE has to make decision to resolve collisions in the upstream direction. In the case of initial ranging and periodic ranging, code division multiple access (CDMA) is employed to resolve collisions. For bandwidth and UCS notification, either a CDMA or exponential time backoff approach can be applied for collision resolution. This paper presents the analytical framework to evaluate the number of active CPEs in a cognitive radio network, It is important to note that when the arrival rate becomes equal to the service rate, the active CPEs curve attains a constant value. Further, the active CPEs length is highly dependent on service rate. The different special cases have been addressed and the effectiveness of the proposed framework has been validated through various evaluation results.

Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multifactorial disorder, with substantial evidence for a genetic contribution. Although genetic association studies have been conducted to identify vulnerability factors in PTSD, the results remain largely inconsistent. Identifying ligands of proteins that are involved in the aetiology of PTSD represents a means of delineating the network of interactions that may play a role in the development of the disorder. Numerous animal studies have identified the Wolframin protein (WFS1) as a putative biomarker for the development of PTSD. However, the function of WFS1 has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the present investigation was to identify proteins that interact with the N-terminal domain of WFS1, in order to possibly elucidate the function of the protein, and to subsequently hypothesise on the role that WFS1 may play in the development of PTSD. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) methodology was used to identify putative ligands of the N-terminal domain of WFS1 (amino acids 1-300) by screening a human adult brain complementary DNA (cDNA) library. Successive selection stages reduced the number of putative WFS1 N-terminal ligand-containing colonies (preys) from 878 to three. Putative ligands were sequenced and indentified by BLAST-search. Four preys were excluded because they were either out of frame with the vector or the protein they encoded occurred in a subcellular location that was not compatible with the location of the N-terminal domain of WFS1. An interesting putative ligand was identified as carboxypeptidase E (CPE). Colocalisation analyses verified that CPE colocalises with WFS1 in rat hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) further verified a direct interaction between WFS1 and CPE in rat hypothalamic GT1-7 cells, providing conclusive evidence that WFS1 and CPE interact. Both WFS1 and CPE are upregulated in response to fear and both are localised to the secretory granules of the regulated secretory pathway. WFS1 has been detected in both the ER and secretory granules it seems to play an important role in protein biosynthesis, modification, folding, trafficking and the regulation of calcium homeostasis. CPE is involved in neuropeptide processing and trafficking of secreted proteins. The interaction between CPE and WFS1 may thus serve to facilitate an optimal environment in which neuropeptides can be processed and secreted. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Posttraumatiese stresversteuring (PTSV) is 'n multifaktoriese siekte, met aansienlike bewyse vir 'n genetiese bydrae. Hoewel genetiese assosiasie-studies uitgevoer word om kwesbaarheidsfaktore in PTSV te identifiseer, is die resultate grootliks teenstrydig. Identifiseering van ligande van proteїene wat betrokke is in die etiologie van PTSV dien as middel om die netwerk van interaksies wat ń moontlike rol in die ontwikkeling van die versteuring kan speel, te oudersoek talle diere studies het die Wolframin proteien (WFS1) geїdentifiseer as 'n moontlike biomerker vir die ontwikkeling van PTSV. Die funksie van WFS1 is egter nog nie ten volle beskryf nie. Die doel van die huidige studie was om proteїene wat interaksie met die N-terminale domein van WFS1 her te identifiseer, om sodoende die funksie van die proteїen uit te lig, en daardeur die rol wat WFS1 kan speel in die ontwikkeling van PTSV te bepaal. Die gis twee-hibried metodologie is gebruik om moontlike ligande van die N-terminale domein van WFS1 te identifiseer, deur die sifting van 'n mens volwasse brein komplementêre DNS biblioteek. Opeenvolgende seleksie stappe het die aantal moontlike WFS1 N-terminale ligand wat moontlike prooi kolonies bevat van 878 tot en met ses verminder. Die DNS volgorde van die moontlike prooi-plasmiede is bepaal en geїdentifiseer deur die BLAST soek-engin. Vier prooi-plasmiede is uitgesluit omdat hulle of nie in die korrekte lees-raam in die vektor was nie of die subsellulêre ligging van die proteїen wat uitgedrukword is nie versoenbaar met die N-terminale domein van WFS1. 'n Interessante moontlike ligand is geїdentifiseer as Karboxypeptidase E (CPE). Ko-lokalisering ontleding bevestig dat CPE ko-lokaliseer met WFS1 in rot hipotalamiese selle (GT1-7). Ko-immunopresipitasie (Ko-IP) toon verder 'n direkte interaksie tussen WFS1 and CPE in rot GT1-7 selle. Wat dus bewys dat WFS1 en CPE wel met mekaar 'n interaksie het. Beide WFS1 en CPE toon 'n verhoogde uitdrukking in respons tot ń vrees-situasie. Beide van hierdie proteїene kom voor in die sekretoriese korrels van die gereguleerde sekretoriese pad. Die WFS1 proteien word bevind in die endoplasmiese retikulum (ER) van die sel, waar dit verantwoordelik is vir proteien biosintese, modifikasie, vouing, vervoer en die reguleering van kalsium homeostase. Die CPE proteїen is verantwoordelik vir die proseseering van neuropeptiede en die vervoer van uitgeskiede proteїene. Dus kan die interaksie tussen CPE en WFS1 dien om 'n optimale omgewing te skep waarin neuropeptiede geproseseer en uitgeskei kan word. / The National Research Foundation (NRF), the Harry Crossley Foundation and the Medical Research Council (MRC)