303 gesunde, deutsche Freiwillige, die in 53 verschiedene Länder (meist nach Asien, Afrika und Südamerika) reisten, wurden in eine prospektive Kohortenstudie aufgenommen. Stuhlproben und Daten über potenzielle reiseassoziierte Risikofaktoren (wie Reisestil, Essgewohnheiten, Auftreten von Gastroenteritis, Hygienemaßnahmen) wurden vor und nach der Reise mittels Fragebogen gesammelt. Mittels Selektivmedien (CHROMagar™ ESBL/KPC-Platten) wurden eine Untersuchung der Stuhlproben auf extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bildende Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) und Carbapenemase bildende Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) durchgeführt. Isolate mit bestätigtem ESBL-Phänotyp wurden auf das Vorhandensein von blaCTX-M-, blaTEM-, blaSHV-, blaVIM-, blaNDM-, blaKPC- und blaOXA-48-Genen mit Hilfe von PCR-Amplifikation und -Sequenzierung getestet. Bei den Antibiotikaempfindlichkeitstests wurde mit konventioneller Mikrobouillonverdünnung gearbeitet. Die Auswertung von 205 kompletten Teilnahmen zeigte vor Reiseantritt eine ESBL-PE Prävalenzrate von 6,8% (14/205). Unter den 191 Teilnehmern, die vor der Reise ESBL-negativ getestet wurden, waren nach Reiserückkehr 58 (30,4%) mit ESBL-bildenden Escherichia coli kolonisiert und 5 Reisende (8,6%) waren zusätzlich mit ESBL-produzierenden Klebsiella pneumoniae besiedelt. Carbapenem-resistente Enterobacteriaceae wurden nicht nachgewiesen. Die molekulargenetische ESBL-Typisierung zeigte, dass 52/54 (96,6%) der E. coli und 4/4 (100%) der K. pneumoniae-Stämme, die für die Sequenzierung verfügbar waren, CTX-M-Enzyme produzierten, und zwar überwiegend CTX-M-15 (33/56, 58,9%), und 2/54 (3,7%) der E. coli-Stämme SHV-12-Enzyme bildeten. Die Reisenden nach Indien wiesen die höchste Kolonisationsrate mit ESBL-PE (11/15, 73,3%: p=0.015) auf, gefolgt von Reisenden nach Südostasien (22/46, 47,8%; p=0.038). Die Auswertung der reiseassoziierten Risikofaktoren ergab allein für das Auftreten einer Gastroenteritis eine statistische Signifikanz (p=0.011). Strikte Händehygiene und ausschließliches Konsumieren abgepackter Getränke zeigten keinen protektiven Effekt. Die ESBL-PE-Persistenzrate nach 6 Monaten lag bei 8,6% (3/35). Daraus schlossen wir, dass weltweite Anstrengungen notwendig sind, um die weitere Ausbreitung von ESBL-PE in der Bevölkerung anzugehen. Eine aktive Überwachung und Kontaktisolation ist bei Aufnahme in eine medizinische Einrichtung speziell für Patienten, die innerhalb der letzten 6 Monate nach Indien und Südostasien gereist waren, empfehlenswert.

La recherche se focalise sur le surveillant général qui faisait régner l’ordre dans les établissements secondaires français des XIXe et XXe siècles. Cet acteur scolaire a marqué l’imaginaire collectif en laissant une image de « surgé », implacable et répulsif, craint par les élèves. Le « surgé », symbole d’une discipline scolaire honnie, cristallise la critique plus large du « bagne universitaire » (Vallès). L’étude dégage les invariants des représentations littéraires, cinématographiques et iconographiques des surveillants généraux dont M. Viot de Daudet est le parangon. Le mythe du « surgé » survit à la disparition de ce fonctionnaire et à son remplacement, en 1970, par le conseiller principal d’éducation (CPE). Paradoxalement, le surveillant général, au regard des archives de l’Instruction publique, demeure un soldat inconnu de « l’Empire du milieu ». La deuxième partie de l’étude cerne le profil historique des surveillants généraux de l’académie de Lille (1847-1970). L’analyse, quantitative et qualitative, de 137 dossiers de carrière, versés aux archives nationales et départementales du Nord, permet d’identifier les attentes institutionnelles, d’approcher le quotidien du métier et la relation aux élèves Ce travail de prosopographie est complété par des entretiens avec d’anciens surveillants généraux et par l’étude de leur presse professionnelle. Enfin, d’autres sources (représentations du CPE, questionnaire auprès de CPE, rapports de stages, mémoires de concours, témoignages etc.) sont mobilisées pour déterminer si le changement d’appellation (CPE) recouvre une nouvelle professionnalité et percevoir en quoi le mythe du «surgé » fragilise l’identité professionnelle de cet éducateur et altère la division du travail éducatif dans les lycées et collèges. / The subject of the research is the supervisor general, who played the role of disciplinarian in French secondary schools in the 19th and 20th centuries. This eminent figure in school life stamped on the collective mind the image of the heartless, loathsome “surgé”, much feared by students. As the symbol of a despised school disciplinary regime, the “surge” crystallizes the broader criticism of Vallès’ “academic sweatshop”. The study identifies the invariant features of the supervisor general as portrayed in literature, film and iconography, and as epitomized by Daudet’s Monsieur Viot. The myth of the “surgé” was to outlive the disappearance of the function and its replacement in 1970 by the position of chief advisor for education (CPE). Oddly enough, for the National Education archives, the supervisor general remains an unknown soldier of the “Middle Kingdom.”The second part of the paper focuses on the historical profile of the supervisors general of the Académie (educational authority) of Lille from 1847 to 1970. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 137 career files, stored in the national archives and those of northern France, sheds light on institutional expectations, and offers insights into the job, day to day, and the relationship with students. This prosopographical section is supported by interviews with former supervisors general and by analysis of extracts from the profession’s press. Finally, other sources (perceptions of the CPE, questionnaires completed by CPEs, course reports, competitive exam reports, testimonies etc.) are examined in order to establish whether the new title (CPE) has given rise to a new professionalism, and to determine to what degree the myth of the “surgé” has weakened this educator’s sense of his own professional identity, thereby detracting from an efficient division of educational work in junior high schools and high schools.

La jeune république mauricienne hérite de son passé colonial une société caractérisée par une multi-culturalité qui véhicule une diversité de représentations, valeurs, croyances, savoirs et savoir-faire à l’origine de la richesse culturelle de ce pays. La pensée tout comme les pratiques du mauricien puisent à ces différentes sources dont l’entretien et la reproduction se perpétuent sous l’effet d’une éducation familiale et surtout d’un système scolaire qui concentre cette diversité et où l’on voit se côtoyer dans la plus belle harmonie les langues et les coutumes issues de l’histoire de son peuplement. On notera cependant qu’un primat est accordé aux langues des derniers colonisateurs et c’est ainsi que l’anglais et le français occupent une place de choix dans l’ensemble des langues en usage au sein de l’école à Maurice. Si l’anglais est la langue officielle de l’administration et de l’école (tous les examens se déroulent dans cette langue) le français jouit d’une audience très importante dans les médias notamment et le kreol morisien reste de loin le médium de communication le plus usité au quotidien. Notre recherche s’est intéressé aux performances scolaires dans les deux langues européennes d’un échantillon d’élèves issus du CPE et de la première année de collège pour mettre en évidence le décalage significatif observé entre le niveau plus que comparable et honorable dans les deux langues attestées par les résultats au CPE et la réalité de leurs compétences évaluées dans la cadre d’une expérimentation in situ. Nous mettons en évidence une pondération organisée de manière à niveler les performances académiques qui révèle le manque de fidélité et de validité des mesures opérées par les correcteurs assermentés. Les dispersions des notes intra et inter –correcteur(s) invités à corriger des productions d’élèves dans les deux langues dans le cadre de notre expérimentation confirment ce constat et donnent à voir le faible niveau de compétence acquise par les élèves dans lesdites langues. Nos résultats montrent également que les pratiques pédagogiques qui privilégient l’écrit dans des démarches fortement inductives expliquent en partie la faiblesse des performances des élèves confrontés à une situation de production écrite dans les deux langues. / The young Mauritian republic inherits from its colonial past a society characterised by a multi-cultural dimension that vehicles a whole wide range of representations, values, beliefs, knowledge and know-how or skills which are fundamentally at the origin of this country’s rich culture. The Mauritian’s way of thinking, just as his or her way of doing things, originates from these varied sources, the upkeep and reproduction of which are perpetuated, through successive generations, under the influence of education within the family and, most importantly, of the schooling system that brings together the whole diversity where one cannot miss the genuinely harmonious coexistence of language and traditions hailing from the island’s history of settlement. It has to be emphasized, however, that pride of place is attributed to the languages of the last two colonisers, namely: English and French, amongst those generally used in Mauritian schools. If English is the official language in use for administrative purposes and in schools (all examinations are conducted in this language) French enjoys a significantly important audience in the media while the kreol morisien remains by far the most widely used communication medium in daily life. Our research focuses on the school performance in each of these two languages of European origin, of a sample population just leaving the CPE and stepping into Year 1 of secondary education, in view of emphasizing the significant gap between the more than honourable and comparable achievement, evidenced by their CPE results, and the reality of these same performers’ competences, based on an experimental exercise in situ. Our research tries to capture the moderation system set in place towards rescaling and levelling academic performance scores which reveals the lack of reliability and validity of the marking practices and criteria applied by officially-sworn markers. The dispersions of the scores intra- and inter- marker(s) who were requested to evaluate the written production of students included in our sample with the framework of our experimentation confirms the observed finding and allows informed insights into the poor competency level of these Form I students. Our findings equally indicate the pedagogical practices that over emphasizes the writing competency via strongly inductive approaches, as partly accounting for the poor performance of the students once confronted with a written task in each of these two languages.

Titel: Leder du dina medarbetare på bästa sätt? En kvantitativ undersökning av föredragen ledarskapsstil baserat på personlighet hos medarbetaren. Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Ludvig Friman och Wilma Söderberg Handledare: Lars-Johan Åge Datum: Juni 2023 Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka medarbetares föredragna ledarskapsstil utifrån CPE-modellen relaterat till personlighetsdrag utifrån The Big Five. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvantitativ forskningsmetodologi med ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Med teorin kring det identifierade forskningsgapet som bakgrund kunde hypoteser produceras. Dessa hypoteser testades mot det empiriska materialet som samlats in genom en enkätundersökning. Genom en analys av det empiriska materialet lyckades lösningar till problemformuleringen utvecklas. Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet visar på flera korrelationer mellan föredragen ledarskapsstil och medarbetarens personlighet. Några av korrelationerna är i enlighet med hypoteserna men andra korrelationer visar på motsägande eller ej förutsedda samband. Därmed kan studien presentera en slutsats som bygger på en kumulativ grund och empiriska resultat. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens bidrag, är att ge en ökad förståelse och kunskap till vilken slags ledarskapsstil som föredras av svenska fastighetsmäklare i Stockholms kommun. Målet är att förbättra ledarskapet inom mäklarbranschen och minska personalomsättningen. Då ledarskap är en av anledningarna till att mäklare slutar (Högskolan i Gävle, 2020) ses denna undersökning som en viktig pusselbit för att förbättra ledarskapet inom branschen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett av våra förslag till vidare forskning är bland annat att det vore intressant att replikera föreliggande studie och göra den generaliserbar och utföra studien på alla registrerade fastighetsmäklare i hela Sverige. Sedan jämförs båda studiernas resultat. Vidare vore det intressant att utföra en kvalitativ undersökning med samma syfte som föreliggande studie. Nyckelord: Föredraget ledarskap, Ledarskapsstil, CPE-modellen, Personlighetsdrag, The Big Five. / Title: Do you lead your team in the best way? A quantitative study on preferred leadership and personality among employees. Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration. Authors: Ludvig Friman and Wilma Söderberg Supervisor: Lars-Johan Åge Date: June 2023 Aim: The purpose of the present study is to investigate employees' preferred leadership style based on the model CPE related to personality traits based on The Big Five. Method: The study is based on a quantitative research methodology with a deductive approach. With the theory surrounding the identified research gap as a background, hypotheses could be produced. These hypotheses were tested against the empirical material collected through a questionnaire survey. Through an analysis of the empirical material, solutions to the theoretical problem were successfully developed. Result & conclusion: The results show several correlations between preferred leadership style and the employee's personality. Some of the correlations are in accordance with the hypotheses, but other correlations show contradictory or unanticipated relationships. Thus, the study can present a conclusion based on a cumulative basis and empirical results. Contribution of the thesis: This study's contribution is to provide an increased understanding and knowledge of what kind of leadership style is preferred by Swedish real estate agents in Stockholm municipality. The goal is to improve leadership within the brokerage industry and reduce staff turnover. Since leadership is one of the reasons why brokers quit (Högskolan i Gävle, 2020), this survey is seen as an important piece of the puzzle to improve leadership within the industry. Suggestions for future research: One of our suggestions for further research is, among other things, that it would be interesting to replicate the current study and make it generalizable and carry out the study on all registered real estate agents throughout Sweden. Then compare the results of both studies. Furthermore, it would be interesting to carry out a qualitative investigation with the same aim as the present study. Key words: Preferred leadership, Leadership style, CPE-model, Personality traits, The Big Five.

The aim of this diploma work is to improve selectivity and sensitivity in DNA-chips by utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) and fluorophores. Leclerc and co-workers have presented successful results from studies of super FRET between fluorophore tagged DNA and a CPE during hybridisation of the double strand. Orwar and co-workers have constructed a DNA-chip using standard photo lithography creating a pattern of the hydrophobic photoresist SU-8 and cholesterol tagged DNA (chol-DNA). This diploma work will combine and modify these two ideas to fabricate a improved DNA-chip. Immobilizing of DNA onto surface has been done by using soft lithography. Hydrophobic pattern arises from the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. The hydrophobic pattern will attract chol-DNA that is adsorbed to the chip. Different sets of fluorophores are covalently bound to the DNA and adding CPEs to the complex will make FRET occur between CPE and bound fluorophore. We will here show that the specificity in DNA hybridization by using PDMS patterning was high. FRET clearly occurred, especially with the CPEs as donor to the fluorophore Cy5. The intensity of FRET was higher when the fluorophore and the CPE were conjugated to the same DNA strand. The largest difference in FRET intensity between double stranded and single stranded complexes was observed with the CPE tPOMT. Super FRET has been observed but not yet fully proved. The FRET efficiency was lower with the fluorophore Alexa350 as donor compared to the Cy5/CPE complex. Most of the energy transferred from Alexa350 was extinguished by quenching.

A new generation of medical grade Cf-252 sources was developed in 2002 at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The combination of small size and large activity of these Cf-252 sources makes them suitable to be used with the conventional high-dose-rate (HDR) remote afterloading systems for interstitial brachytherapy. A recent in-water calibration experiment showed that the measured gamma dose rates near the new source are slightly greater than the neutron dose rates; contradicting the well established neutron-to-gamma dose ratio of approximately 2:1 at locations near a Cf-252 brachytherapy source. Specifically, the MCNP-predicted gamma dose rate is a factor of two higher than the measured gamma dose rate at the distance of 1 cm, and the differences between the two results gradually diminish at distances farther away from the source. To resolve this discrepancy, we updated the source gamma spectrum by including in the ORIGEN-S data library the experimentally measured Cf-252 prompt gamma spectrum as well as the true Cf-252 spontaneous fission yield data to explicitly model delayed gamma emissions from fission products. We also investigated the bremsstrahlung x-rays produced by the beta particles emitted from fission-product decays. The results show that the discrepancy of gamma dose rates is mainly caused by the omission of the bremsstrahlung x-rays in the MCNP runs. By including the bremsstrahlung x-rays, the MCNP results show that the gamma dose rates near a new Cf-252 source agree well with the measured results and that the gamma dose rates are indeed greater than the neutron dose rates. The calibration experiment also showed discrepancies between the experimental and computational neutron dose profiles obtained. Specifically the MCNP-predicted neutron dose rates were ~25% higher than the measured neutron dose rates at all distances. In attempting to resolve this discrepancy the neutron emission rate was verified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and an experiment was performed to explore the effects of bias voltage on ion chamber charge collection. So far the discrepancies between the computational and experimental neutron dose profiles have not been resolved. Further study is needed to completely resolve this issue and some suggestions on how to move forward are given.

<p>The aim of this diploma work is to improve selectivity and sensitivity in DNA-chips by utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) and fluorophores.</p><p>Leclerc and co-workers have presented successful results from studies of super FRET between fluorophore tagged DNA and a CPE during hybridisation of the double strand. Orwar and co-workers have constructed a DNA-chip using standard photo lithography creating a pattern of the hydrophobic photoresist SU-8 and cholesterol tagged DNA (chol-DNA). This diploma work will combine and modify these two ideas to fabricate a improved DNA-chip.</p><p>Immobilizing of DNA onto surface has been done by using soft lithography. Hydrophobic pattern arises from the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. The hydrophobic pattern will attract chol-DNA that is adsorbed to the chip. Different sets of fluorophores are covalently bound to the DNA and adding CPEs to the complex will make FRET occur between CPE and bound fluorophore.</p><p>We will here show that the specificity in DNA hybridization by using PDMS patterning was high. FRET clearly occurred, especially with the CPEs as donor to the fluorophore Cy5. The intensity of FRET was higher when the fluorophore and the CPE were conjugated to the same DNA strand. The largest difference in FRET intensity between double stranded and single stranded complexes was observed with the CPE tPOMT. Super FRET has been observed but not yet fully proved. The FRET efficiency was lower with the fluorophore Alexa350 as donor compared to the Cy5/CPE complex. Most of the energy transferred from Alexa350 was extinguished by quenching.</p>

African horsesickness (AHS), caused by African horsesickness virus (AHSV), is an infectious, non-contagious, insect-borne viral disease that affects members of the Equidae family. AHSV is a non-enveloped virus, consisting of 10 segments of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) encoding seven structural and four non-structural proteins. Infection of mammalian cell cultures with AHSV leads to severe cellular pathogenesis effects (CPE), whereas insect cells show no noticeable CPE. Differences are also apparent between different serotypes of AHSV with regards to viral production, viral release, membrane permeabilisation and CPE. In this study we investigated different aspects of the AHSV life cycle in cell culture. The first aim of this study was the development of a real-time RT-PCR assay to quantify and monitor dsRNA from AHSV-infected cells. The dsRNA was used to quantify viral production, as dsRNA (one copy of each segment) is found only within viral particles and is not free within the cytoplasm of infected cells, thus giving a true representation of the amount of virus. This was achieved by cloning genome segment 5, optimising the extraction and purification of dsRNA, optimising the cDNA synthesis reaction, as well as the establishment and standardisation of the real-time PCR reaction. The second part of the study investigated and compared viral production and viral release between three different serotypes of AHSV in either mammalian or insect cell lines. The amount of dsRNA, which represented cell associated virus from AHSV-3- and AHSV-4-infected BHK cells over a 48 hr time period, was monitored by real-time RT-PCR and revealed a second wave of dsRNA production. These findings possibly suggest that a second round of infection of released viruses is re-entering previously uninfected or infected cells to replicate further. AHSV production was monitored in KC cells and indicated no production of progeny virions. However, an improvement was obtained when AHSV was first passaged on KC cells before being used for infections. The results from this study are in agreement with the fact that for a particular virus to replicate efficiently in a specific cell line, it should first be adapted to those cells. The dsRNA was quantified from samples representing equivalent amounts of infectious virus (i.e. same titre values) of AHSV serotypes 2, 3 or 4. The amount of dsRNA was approximately four-fold higher from serotype 2 than from serotypes 3 and 4. When the percentage of viral entry into cells was analysed, the majority (approximately 90%) of virus from serotypes 3 and 4 entered the cells, whereas serotype 2 showed viral entry of only about 50%. These findings suggested that a large amount of virus from serotype 2 was non-infectious, while the majority of virus from serotypes 3 and 4 was infectious. However, serotype 2 was a great deal more cytotoxic to cells (e.g. earlier onset and severity of CPE) when compared to cells infected with either serotypes 3 or 4. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Genetics / unrestricted

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