Les dérèglements émotionnels ont été largement avancés dans le développement et le maintien des conduites addictives. Ces perturbations des processus émotionnels sont associées à l’utilisation privilégiée de stratégies compensatoires mal adaptées qui vont à leur tour entériner les conduites addictives et entraver une consolidation de l’abstinence. Ce travail vise une meilleure compréhension des facteurs de vulnérabilité de la rechute à l’alcool par l’étude de l’évolution des compétences émotionnelles avec l’abstinence à travers trois volets expérimentaux. Pour cela, nous étudierons spécifiquement les mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle considérés comme centraux dans la problématique addictive. Nous utiliserons des outils particuliers pour étudier ces mécanismes que sont des indicateurs physiologiques du système nerveux autonome.Dans un premier volet, nous avons étudié les réponses du système sympathique par la mesure du diamètre pupillaire en réponse à la présentation d’images neutres etémotionnelles (positives et négatives). Nous avons démontré qu’en situation d’induction émotionnelle les patients abstinents à court terme présentent une activation plus forte du système d’alerte sympathique que les abstinents à long terme et les participants contrôles. Le niveau intermédiaire de la réponse pupillaire observé chez les abstinents à long terme suggère une amélioration partielle dans l’activation sympathique à la présentation d’une information émotionnelle (étude 1). La variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) est un indicateur du système parasympathique, est reconnue comme marqueur de la régulation émotionnelle. L’étude de la VFC avant pendant et après une situation d’induction émotionnelle a montré une normalisation de la VFC en réponse aux stimuli émotionnels avec une abstinence à long terme. Cependant, les résultats pour les stimuli à valence négative ne sont pas différents entre les groupes abstinents à court et à long terme. Ce pattern de réponse appuie l’hypothèse d’un maintien de vulnérabilité aux émotions négatives en dépit d’une abstinence prolongée. De plus, une corrélation négative a été observée pour les deux groupes de patients entre les scores de craving et une augmentation de la VFC (étude 2). Enfin, dans un dernier volet expérimental, nous avons investigué les compétences et difficultés de régulation émotionnelle par des autoquestionnaires(CERQ et DERS) auprès de patients abstinents de quelques semaines à plusieurs années. Les résultats supportent l’hypothèse d’une limite de récupération capacités après deux ans d’abstinence (étude 3). L’étude de l’étendue des récupérations des compétences émotionnelles est une piste majeure dans la consolidation de l’abstinence. Ces trois études confirment la récupération des compétences émotionnelles avec l’abstinence mais surtout la persistance d’une vulnérabilité dans les processus émotionnels. Le caractère partiel des récupérations de ces mécanismes suppose non seulement le maintien d’une vulnérabilité en dépit d’une abstinence prolongée et met également en évidence la nécessité d’un travail d’accompagnement dans la remédiation de ces compétences à long terme. Un ensemble de perspectives de recherches et d’applications cliniques s’ouvrent au regard de ces résultats, et seront ici discutées. / Emotional disorders are recognized as a major factor of development andcontinuity of addictive behavior. These perturbations of the emotional processes areassociated with the preference given to ill-suited compensatory strategies which will inturn perpetuate addictive behaviors and interfere with the consolidation of abstinence.This study aimed to give a better understanding of the vulnerability factors of alcoholrelapse by studying the evolution of emotional competence with abstinence over threeexperimental chapters. For this purpose, we looked more closely at the mechanisms ofemotional regulation, which are considered as crucial in the addiction problem. In orderto study these mechanisms we used specific tools like the physiological cues of theautonomic nervous system.In a first chapter, we studied sympathetic system response by measuringpupillary diameter after exposure to neutral and emotional pictures (positive andnegative). We showed that when exposed to emotional induction, short-term abstinentpatients showed a stronger activation of the sympathetic nervous system than long-termabstinent patients as well as the control group. The intermediary level of pupillaryresponse found among long-term abstinent patients suggests a partial improvement ofsympathetic activation when exposed to emotional information (study 1). Heart RateVariability (HRV) is an indicator of the parasympathetic system and is viewed as amarker of emotional regulation. The study of HRV before, during and after a situation ofemotional induction showed a normalization of HRV in response to emotional stimuliwith long-term abstinence. However, results for stimuli with negative valence are notdifferent between the long-term and short-term abstinence groups. This responsepattern supports the hypothesis that there is still a vulnerability to negative emotionsdespite the prolonged abstinence. Moreover, a negative correlation between cravingscores and increase of HRV has been observed for the two patient groups (study 2).Finally, in a last experimental chapter, emotional competence and emotional regulationdifficulties were assessed by presenting the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale(DERS) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) to few weeks tofew years abstinent patients. Results support the hypothesis of a recovery shift of twoyears of abstinence for these abilities (study 3).The study of the extent of the recoveries of emotional competence is a major leadfor the consolidation of abstinence. Those three studies confirm the retrieval ofemotional competence with abstinence but they particularly show the persistence of avulnerability in the emotional processes. The fact that there is a recovery shift for thosemechanisms not only involves the continuity of a vulnerability despite a prolongedabstinence, but also underlines the need of a work of support for the remediation ofemotional competence in the long term. These results can lead to several researchprospects and clinical applications that will be discussed here.

Background: A randomized controlled study (RCT) recently showed that short-term heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in addition to standard rehabilitation care for alcohol dependence can reduce craving, anxiety and improve cardiovascular autonomic function. In this one-year follow-up study we aimed to explore whether completion of 2-week HRV-Biofeedback training is associated with long-term abstinence. Furthermore, we sought to identify potential predictors of post-treatment abstinence. Methods: We conducted a survey on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence 1 year after completion of an RCT comparing HRV-biofeedback in addition to inpatient rehabilitation treatment alone (controls). Abstinence rates were compared and analysed for association with demographic data as well as psychometric and autonomic cardiac assessment before and after completion of the biofeedback training using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Out of 48 patients who participated in the RCT, 27 patients (9 females, ages 42.9 ± 8.6, mean ± SD) completed our one-year follow-up. When including in the analysis only patients who completed follow-up, the rate of abstinence tended to be higher in patients who underwent HRV-biofeedback 1 year earlier compared to those who received rehabilitative treatment alone (66.7% vs 50%, p = ns). This non-significant trend was also observed in the intention-to-treat analysis where patients who did not participate in the follow-up were assumed to have relapsed (46,7% biofeedback vs. 33.3% controls, p = ns). Neither cardiac autonomic function nor psychometric variables were associated with abstinence 1 year after HRV-biofeedback. Conclusion: Our follow-up study provide a first indication of possible increase in long-term abstinence after HRVbiofeedback for alcohol dependence in addition to rehabilitation. Trial registration: The original randomized controlled trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00004618). This one-year follow-up survey has not been registered.

Background: A randomized controlled study (RCT) recently showed that short-term heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback in addition to standard rehabilitation care for alcohol dependence can reduce craving, anxiety and improve cardiovascular autonomic function. In this one-year follow-up study we aimed to explore whether completion of 2-week HRV-Biofeedback training is associated with long-term abstinence. Furthermore, we sought to identify potential predictors of post-treatment abstinence. Methods: We conducted a survey on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence 1 year after completion of an RCT comparing HRV-biofeedback in addition to inpatient rehabilitation treatment alone (controls). Abstinence rates were compared and analysed for association with demographic data as well as psychometric and autonomic cardiac assessment before and after completion of the biofeedback training using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: Out of 48 patients who participated in the RCT, 27 patients (9 females, ages 42.9 ± 8.6, mean ± SD) completed our one-year follow-up. When including in the analysis only patients who completed follow-up, the rate of abstinence tended to be higher in patients who underwent HRV-biofeedback 1 year earlier compared to those who received rehabilitative treatment alone (66.7% vs 50%, p = ns). This non-significant trend was also observed in the intention-to-treat analysis where patients who did not participate in the follow-up were assumed to have relapsed (46,7% biofeedback vs. 33.3% controls, p = ns). Neither cardiac autonomic function nor psychometric variables were associated with abstinence 1 year after HRV-biofeedback. Conclusion: Our follow-up study provide a first indication of possible increase in long-term abstinence after HRVbiofeedback for alcohol dependence in addition to rehabilitation. Trial registration: The original randomized controlled trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00004618). This one-year follow-up survey has not been registered.

O viés atencional e a fissura para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack, além do perfil do consumidor e padrão de consumo de crack, foram temas explorados na presente tese. Para fins de abarcar a temática pretendida foram construídos três artigos. O primeiro artigo “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” teve por objetivo principal a descrição do perfil e padrão de uso de crack de dependentes em tratamento tipo internação. O artigo “Avaliação do Viés Atencional em Usuários de Cocaína: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura” teve o intuito de revisar os estudos sobre viés atencional (VA) para pistas relacionadas à cocaína, descrevendo as principais tarafes e métodos utilizados. Por último, o terceiro artigo “Medidas de Reatividade a Pistas na Dependência de Crack: Viés Atencional e Fisssura” descreveu o processo de construção de uma tarefa de avaliação do VA ou Visual Probe Task para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack e, também, avaliou o VA e fissura em relação a essa substância. Dependentes químicos tendem a alocar a atenção para estímulos/pistas relacionados às substâncias de abuso, fenômeno descrito como VA. A revisão da literatura sobre VA para pistas associadas à cocaína mostrou que essa relação ainda não foi bem descrita através da Visual Probe Task, tendo em vista que a maioria dos estudos utilizou a tarefa de Stroop para avaliação do VA. Em relação especifica ao crack, forma fumada de cocaína não foram encontrados estudos prévios com emprego de Visual Probe Task avaliando o VA. Portanto, nessa tese uma tarefa de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para avaliação do VA em dependentes de crack em tratamento do tipo internação. Da mesma forma, o perfil de 53 dependentes de crack em tratamento (tipo internação) foi explorado, eles eram jovens adultos (M=27,5 anos; DP=7,3), poliusuários de drogas, com várias tentativas anteriores de cessação do consumo. Então, no terceiro artigo, um experimento para avaliar VA e fissura em relação ao crack em 53 dependentes de crack (em tratamento internação), 24 dependentes de álcool (em tratamento internação) e em outro grupo composto de 17 indivíduos que nunca consumiram substâncias psicoativas, há exceção do álcool (mas sem preencher critério de uso abusivo) foi descrito. Na tarefa de atenção visual desenvolvida, os participantes tiveram que pressionar uma tecla em um teclado de computador para identificar um alvo que poderia estar localizado tanto ao lado esquerdo quanto direito do campo visual. A localização do alvo foi encoberta por um de 12 pares de imagens relacionadas ao crack e seus controles pareados por stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500, 2000ms. O auto-relato de fissura foi obtido antes e depois da tarefa de atenção visual. Apenas os dependentes de crack exibiram VA para pistas relacionadas ao crack no SOA 2000ms (M=28,7; DP=101), mas não em outros SOAS, indicando padrão de manutenção da atenção para os estímulos. Somente dependentes de crack apresentaram aumento de fissura após a tarefa, enquanto os outros grupos não. Apesar das dificuldades intrínsecas relacionadas ao trabalho com dependentes de crack em tratamento e poliusuários de drogas, o presente estudo parece ser o primeiro a avaliar o VA em dependentes de crack com emprego de Visual Probe Task (tarefa de atenção visual). / The attentional bias (AB) to cocaine crack cues and craving related to cocaine crack were explored in this thesis. Furthermore, the consumer profile and the pattern of crack consumption were evaluated. For purposes of embracing the intended thematic three articles were constructed. The first article “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” aimed to describe the profile and pattern of crack use among dependents inpatients. The article “Assesment ofAttentional Bias in Cocaine Users: Systematic Review of the Literature” was developed to review studies on AB to cocaine related cues, describing the main tasks and methods. Lastly, the third article “Measures of Cue Reactivity in Cocaine Crack Dependence: Attentional Bias and Craving” described the process of constructing a Visual Probe Task to evaluate Ab to crack cues and also assessed the AB and craving in relation to crack. Addicts tend to allocate attention to substance-related stimuli, a phenomenon described as AB. A review of recent literature about AB to cocaine showed that this relationship has not yet been described through a Visual Probe Task, given that most studies used the Stroop task. In relation to crack cocaine no studies were found yet using Visual Probe Task. Therefore, in this thesis, a Visual Probe Task was designed to evaluate AB in addicts to cocaine crack. Similarly, the profile of 53 cocaine crack inpatients was described, they were young adults (M=27.5 years; SD=7.3), polydrug users, with several previous cessation attempts. Then, in the third article a experiment to evaluate AB and craving in 53 cocaine crack addicted inpatiens, 24 alcohol-addicted inpatients and another group of 17 individuals who did not consume any psychoactive substances, except alcohol (but excluding alcohol abuse) was described. On performing the Visual Probe Task developed in our laboratory, participants had to press a key in a computer keybord to identify a probe located either on the left or right visual field. Probe location was covered by one of 12 pairs of crack-cocaine and matched control pictures for stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500 and 2000ms. Self-reported craving was assessed before and after task performance. Only crack dependents group exhibited AB related to crack cues in SOA 2000ms (M=28.7; SD=101) but not others SOAs, indicating a pattern of maintenance of attention towards the stimulus. Just crack dependents group presented increased craving after task performance, whereas other groups did not report craving for crack cocaine. Despite intrinsic difficulties related to work with polidrug inpatients, the present study is likely to be the first to assess AB in crack addicts using a Visual Probe Task.

No description available.

Nicotine Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. Relapse risk persists despite years of abstinence. Drug-associated cues have been demonstrated to induce craving and provoke relapse. Surprisingly, in human smokers, craving for nicotine increases or “incubates” with longer abstinence durations, a phenomenon that may explain persistent relapse liability. This incubation phenomenon also presents in animals trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Two proteins, ERK (Extra-cellular signal Regulated Kinase) and CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding protein) play important roles in learning, memory, and numerous aspects of drug addiction. We therefore examined whether changes in these proteins are associated with incubation of craving for nicotine in rats. We found increased nicotine-seeking behaviour after 14 days of abstinence (compared to 1 day) along with elevated ERK and CREB activity in the Accumbens brain region suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the incubation phenomenon.

Nicotine Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder. Relapse risk persists despite years of abstinence. Drug-associated cues have been demonstrated to induce craving and provoke relapse. Surprisingly, in human smokers, craving for nicotine increases or “incubates” with longer abstinence durations, a phenomenon that may explain persistent relapse liability. This incubation phenomenon also presents in animals trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Two proteins, ERK (Extra-cellular signal Regulated Kinase) and CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding protein) play important roles in learning, memory, and numerous aspects of drug addiction. We therefore examined whether changes in these proteins are associated with incubation of craving for nicotine in rats. We found increased nicotine-seeking behaviour after 14 days of abstinence (compared to 1 day) along with elevated ERK and CREB activity in the Accumbens brain region suggesting that these proteins may be involved in the incubation phenomenon.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-24 / Introdução: A fração lipídica das membranas celulares consiste de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAS) e o uso crônico do álcool altera sua composição, modificando a permeabilidade. Portanto, a administração de PUFAS pode ser um potencial tratamento para evitar a compulsão pelo álcool. Metodologia: Este foi um estudo placebo controlado, duplo-cego, randomizado, onde, "PUFAS”, “Naltrexone”, “Naltrexone + PUFAS" e "Placebo", foram administrados por 90 dias, sendo aplicadas escalas para avaliar o craving pelo álcool (OCDS) e a severidade da dependência do álcool (SADD) no início e 90 dias após a administração das substâncias. Resultados: Após 3 meses de seguimento, houve uma melhora significativa ao longo do tempo em relação aos "dias de ingesta", SADD e OCDS em todos os grupos (p <0,001) dentre os 43 pacientes que completaram o estudo. A comparação entre os grupos quanto aos "dias de ingesta" não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante (F = 0,71, p = 0,69). O mesmo efeito foi observado para a compulsão (OCDS) (F = 1,08, p = 0,37) e escala de severidade da dependência (SADD) (F = 0,73, p = 0,53). Conclusões: A administração de n-3 e n-6 PUFAS por 3 meses não diferiu significativamente do placebo na redução da quantidade de ingesta de álcool, ou dos escores de OCDS e SADD em um grupo de pacientes dependentes de álcool. Estudos posteriores com mais participantes, ou com tratamento mais prolongado são necessários para avaliar o possível benefício da administração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados para pacientes dependentes de álcool, quer como monoterapia ou em combinação com o Naltrexone. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

O viés atencional e a fissura para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack, além do perfil do consumidor e padrão de consumo de crack, foram temas explorados na presente tese. Para fins de abarcar a temática pretendida foram construídos três artigos. O primeiro artigo “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” teve por objetivo principal a descrição do perfil e padrão de uso de crack de dependentes em tratamento tipo internação. O artigo “Avaliação do Viés Atencional em Usuários de Cocaína: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura” teve o intuito de revisar os estudos sobre viés atencional (VA) para pistas relacionadas à cocaína, descrevendo as principais tarafes e métodos utilizados. Por último, o terceiro artigo “Medidas de Reatividade a Pistas na Dependência de Crack: Viés Atencional e Fisssura” descreveu o processo de construção de uma tarefa de avaliação do VA ou Visual Probe Task para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack e, também, avaliou o VA e fissura em relação a essa substância. Dependentes químicos tendem a alocar a atenção para estímulos/pistas relacionados às substâncias de abuso, fenômeno descrito como VA. A revisão da literatura sobre VA para pistas associadas à cocaína mostrou que essa relação ainda não foi bem descrita através da Visual Probe Task, tendo em vista que a maioria dos estudos utilizou a tarefa de Stroop para avaliação do VA. Em relação especifica ao crack, forma fumada de cocaína não foram encontrados estudos prévios com emprego de Visual Probe Task avaliando o VA. Portanto, nessa tese uma tarefa de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para avaliação do VA em dependentes de crack em tratamento do tipo internação. Da mesma forma, o perfil de 53 dependentes de crack em tratamento (tipo internação) foi explorado, eles eram jovens adultos (M=27,5 anos; DP=7,3), poliusuários de drogas, com várias tentativas anteriores de cessação do consumo. Então, no terceiro artigo, um experimento para avaliar VA e fissura em relação ao crack em 53 dependentes de crack (em tratamento internação), 24 dependentes de álcool (em tratamento internação) e em outro grupo composto de 17 indivíduos que nunca consumiram substâncias psicoativas, há exceção do álcool (mas sem preencher critério de uso abusivo) foi descrito. Na tarefa de atenção visual desenvolvida, os participantes tiveram que pressionar uma tecla em um teclado de computador para identificar um alvo que poderia estar localizado tanto ao lado esquerdo quanto direito do campo visual. A localização do alvo foi encoberta por um de 12 pares de imagens relacionadas ao crack e seus controles pareados por stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500, 2000ms. O auto-relato de fissura foi obtido antes e depois da tarefa de atenção visual. Apenas os dependentes de crack exibiram VA para pistas relacionadas ao crack no SOA 2000ms (M=28,7; DP=101), mas não em outros SOAS, indicando padrão de manutenção da atenção para os estímulos. Somente dependentes de crack apresentaram aumento de fissura após a tarefa, enquanto os outros grupos não. Apesar das dificuldades intrínsecas relacionadas ao trabalho com dependentes de crack em tratamento e poliusuários de drogas, o presente estudo parece ser o primeiro a avaliar o VA em dependentes de crack com emprego de Visual Probe Task (tarefa de atenção visual). / The attentional bias (AB) to cocaine crack cues and craving related to cocaine crack were explored in this thesis. Furthermore, the consumer profile and the pattern of crack consumption were evaluated. For purposes of embracing the intended thematic three articles were constructed. The first article “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” aimed to describe the profile and pattern of crack use among dependents inpatients. The article “Assesment ofAttentional Bias in Cocaine Users: Systematic Review of the Literature” was developed to review studies on AB to cocaine related cues, describing the main tasks and methods. Lastly, the third article “Measures of Cue Reactivity in Cocaine Crack Dependence: Attentional Bias and Craving” described the process of constructing a Visual Probe Task to evaluate Ab to crack cues and also assessed the AB and craving in relation to crack. Addicts tend to allocate attention to substance-related stimuli, a phenomenon described as AB. A review of recent literature about AB to cocaine showed that this relationship has not yet been described through a Visual Probe Task, given that most studies used the Stroop task. In relation to crack cocaine no studies were found yet using Visual Probe Task. Therefore, in this thesis, a Visual Probe Task was designed to evaluate AB in addicts to cocaine crack. Similarly, the profile of 53 cocaine crack inpatients was described, they were young adults (M=27.5 years; SD=7.3), polydrug users, with several previous cessation attempts. Then, in the third article a experiment to evaluate AB and craving in 53 cocaine crack addicted inpatiens, 24 alcohol-addicted inpatients and another group of 17 individuals who did not consume any psychoactive substances, except alcohol (but excluding alcohol abuse) was described. On performing the Visual Probe Task developed in our laboratory, participants had to press a key in a computer keybord to identify a probe located either on the left or right visual field. Probe location was covered by one of 12 pairs of crack-cocaine and matched control pictures for stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500 and 2000ms. Self-reported craving was assessed before and after task performance. Only crack dependents group exhibited AB related to crack cues in SOA 2000ms (M=28.7; SD=101) but not others SOAs, indicating a pattern of maintenance of attention towards the stimulus. Just crack dependents group presented increased craving after task performance, whereas other groups did not report craving for crack cocaine. Despite intrinsic difficulties related to work with polidrug inpatients, the present study is likely to be the first to assess AB in crack addicts using a Visual Probe Task.

O viés atencional e a fissura para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack, além do perfil do consumidor e padrão de consumo de crack, foram temas explorados na presente tese. Para fins de abarcar a temática pretendida foram construídos três artigos. O primeiro artigo “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” teve por objetivo principal a descrição do perfil e padrão de uso de crack de dependentes em tratamento tipo internação. O artigo “Avaliação do Viés Atencional em Usuários de Cocaína: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura” teve o intuito de revisar os estudos sobre viés atencional (VA) para pistas relacionadas à cocaína, descrevendo as principais tarafes e métodos utilizados. Por último, o terceiro artigo “Medidas de Reatividade a Pistas na Dependência de Crack: Viés Atencional e Fisssura” descreveu o processo de construção de uma tarefa de avaliação do VA ou Visual Probe Task para pistas associadas ao consumo do crack e, também, avaliou o VA e fissura em relação a essa substância. Dependentes químicos tendem a alocar a atenção para estímulos/pistas relacionados às substâncias de abuso, fenômeno descrito como VA. A revisão da literatura sobre VA para pistas associadas à cocaína mostrou que essa relação ainda não foi bem descrita através da Visual Probe Task, tendo em vista que a maioria dos estudos utilizou a tarefa de Stroop para avaliação do VA. Em relação especifica ao crack, forma fumada de cocaína não foram encontrados estudos prévios com emprego de Visual Probe Task avaliando o VA. Portanto, nessa tese uma tarefa de atenção visual foi desenvolvida para avaliação do VA em dependentes de crack em tratamento do tipo internação. Da mesma forma, o perfil de 53 dependentes de crack em tratamento (tipo internação) foi explorado, eles eram jovens adultos (M=27,5 anos; DP=7,3), poliusuários de drogas, com várias tentativas anteriores de cessação do consumo. Então, no terceiro artigo, um experimento para avaliar VA e fissura em relação ao crack em 53 dependentes de crack (em tratamento internação), 24 dependentes de álcool (em tratamento internação) e em outro grupo composto de 17 indivíduos que nunca consumiram substâncias psicoativas, há exceção do álcool (mas sem preencher critério de uso abusivo) foi descrito. Na tarefa de atenção visual desenvolvida, os participantes tiveram que pressionar uma tecla em um teclado de computador para identificar um alvo que poderia estar localizado tanto ao lado esquerdo quanto direito do campo visual. A localização do alvo foi encoberta por um de 12 pares de imagens relacionadas ao crack e seus controles pareados por stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500, 2000ms. O auto-relato de fissura foi obtido antes e depois da tarefa de atenção visual. Apenas os dependentes de crack exibiram VA para pistas relacionadas ao crack no SOA 2000ms (M=28,7; DP=101), mas não em outros SOAS, indicando padrão de manutenção da atenção para os estímulos. Somente dependentes de crack apresentaram aumento de fissura após a tarefa, enquanto os outros grupos não. Apesar das dificuldades intrínsecas relacionadas ao trabalho com dependentes de crack em tratamento e poliusuários de drogas, o presente estudo parece ser o primeiro a avaliar o VA em dependentes de crack com emprego de Visual Probe Task (tarefa de atenção visual). / The attentional bias (AB) to cocaine crack cues and craving related to cocaine crack were explored in this thesis. Furthermore, the consumer profile and the pattern of crack consumption were evaluated. For purposes of embracing the intended thematic three articles were constructed. The first article “Profile and Pattern of Crack Cocaine Consumption among Inpatients in a Brazilian Psychiatric Hospital” aimed to describe the profile and pattern of crack use among dependents inpatients. The article “Assesment ofAttentional Bias in Cocaine Users: Systematic Review of the Literature” was developed to review studies on AB to cocaine related cues, describing the main tasks and methods. Lastly, the third article “Measures of Cue Reactivity in Cocaine Crack Dependence: Attentional Bias and Craving” described the process of constructing a Visual Probe Task to evaluate Ab to crack cues and also assessed the AB and craving in relation to crack. Addicts tend to allocate attention to substance-related stimuli, a phenomenon described as AB. A review of recent literature about AB to cocaine showed that this relationship has not yet been described through a Visual Probe Task, given that most studies used the Stroop task. In relation to crack cocaine no studies were found yet using Visual Probe Task. Therefore, in this thesis, a Visual Probe Task was designed to evaluate AB in addicts to cocaine crack. Similarly, the profile of 53 cocaine crack inpatients was described, they were young adults (M=27.5 years; SD=7.3), polydrug users, with several previous cessation attempts. Then, in the third article a experiment to evaluate AB and craving in 53 cocaine crack addicted inpatiens, 24 alcohol-addicted inpatients and another group of 17 individuals who did not consume any psychoactive substances, except alcohol (but excluding alcohol abuse) was described. On performing the Visual Probe Task developed in our laboratory, participants had to press a key in a computer keybord to identify a probe located either on the left or right visual field. Probe location was covered by one of 12 pairs of crack-cocaine and matched control pictures for stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) 50, 500 and 2000ms. Self-reported craving was assessed before and after task performance. Only crack dependents group exhibited AB related to crack cues in SOA 2000ms (M=28.7; SD=101) but not others SOAs, indicating a pattern of maintenance of attention towards the stimulus. Just crack dependents group presented increased craving after task performance, whereas other groups did not report craving for crack cocaine. Despite intrinsic difficulties related to work with polidrug inpatients, the present study is likely to be the first to assess AB in crack addicts using a Visual Probe Task.