Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 165 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-165).

Thesis (D.P.H.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 25, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-142).

This thesis deals with the topic of protection of victims of crime. The topic is quite broad therefore the main focus is at the assistance for victims of crime and forms of such assistance. The thesis is divided into three main parts which are further divided into chapters and subchapters. The first part is concerned with victimology in general. It contains four chapters. First chapter describes the science of victimology. The knowledge of basic principles of victimology is fundamental for further understanding of the topic of crime victims. Brief overview of the evolution of victimology is also mentioned. The second chapter defines the basic concepts of victimology, such as the term victim, victimity, harm and factors that influence the extent of the harm caused by a crime to the victim. The third chapter is closely focused on the process of victimization and its specific issues. It contains more detailed subchapters on primary, secondary, terciary victimization and on repeated victimization. The fourth chapter concludes this part. It is concerned with sources of information about crime victims that are available. Particularly it deals with official statistics and victimology researches and studies. The second part is contained in chapter number five and its subchapters. Its main focus is on...

Journalism as a profession in Sweden is strongly guided by collective norms, ideals and ethical guidelines. Being subjected to crimes such as threats or harassment due to the nature of the work is common amongst the force. To combat this the Swedish journalist union has guidelines as well as the Swedish police having a task force specifically for what is often referred to as crimes against the democracy, that being the act of attempting to silence people with influence over the public opinion. Nevertheless no guidelines, and furthermore scarce research, can be found regarding the impact of the journalistic identity on the decision making in the journalist’s private life. This study aims to research how Swedish journalists view their journalistic identity and whether they perceive this identity to affect journalists' propensity to report crimes they are victims of that aren’t in relation to their work. Through a quantitative survey distributed to Swedish journalists as well as semi-structured interviews with nine journalists, the study found that the journalistic identity still is concordant with the ideals and norms defined by the theory of journalism as a profession. Some, although not a majority, of the 41 participants of the survey viewed the journalistic identity as a contributing factor for whether or not they would decide on reporting a crime. Furthermore the interview study suggested that younger and/or female journalists were the ones who were mainly affected. Some stated that the ideals and ethics of the work made them more prone to reporting the crime they’d been, or hypothetically would be, a victim of. Whilst others stated that working in media made it harder to report crimes due to unwanted public attention, as well as fears of their   work, or treatment at the workplace, being affected. Due to the scale of the study the results cannot be generalised but can however be indicative of workplace cultures or phenomena that opens up for further research into the journalistic identity’s effects on an individual's private life and decision making.

Den svenske lagstiftaren har under de senaste decennierna ökat polisens och åklagarens möjligheter till förundersökningsbegränsning som innebär att alla brott inte behöver utredas i enlighet med 23 kap. 4 a § RB. Samtidigt har Europadomstolen tolkat Europakonventionen om mänskliga rättigheter i en allt mer brottsoffervänlig riktning. Det betyder att reglerna om förundersökningsbegränsning rört sig ännu mera i riktningen mot mera av samhällelig effektivitetshänsyn medan konventionen gått mer åt att stärka brottsoffrens roll. I en rad rättsfall har Europadomstolen slagit fast att staterna har positiva förpliktelser gentemot brottsoffer, att se till att deras grundläggande rättigheter respekteras. Det betyder att de anslutna staterna måste skydda brottsoffren. Det gäller i synnerhet mot grova brott men domstolen har också öppnat för att offer för mindre allvarlig brottslighet måste få en chans till upprättelse. Samtidigt förundersökningsbegränsas, nedlägges, brottsutredningar av den typen med stöd av 23 kap. 4 a § RB dagligen i Sverige. / The Swedish legislator has during the three last decades extended the possibility for the police and the prosecutors to use preliminary enquiry limitation. That means that according to chapter 23, paragraph 4 a of the code of judicial procedure, the police and prosecutors does not always have to investigate crimes.   In the meantime, the European court of human rights has eventually interpreted the European convention on human rights, the ECHR, in a more crime victim friendly way. This study shows that the convention states need to consider positive obligations of the ECHR towards crime victims. The main aim of the convention is to protect individuals from violations of their rights committed by representatives of the states. But although it is not clearly written in the convention, the court of human rights has several times interpreted that article 8 of the convention includes positive obligations that demands the convention states to take measures in order to protect individuals and guarantee them their rights to personal and family life.

This study is based on a proposition about the legislation regarding sexual offences prepared by a commission initiated by the Swedish government in 1972 which was presented in 1976. The purpose of this study has been to ascertain the commissions views on rape based on their representation of the problem, their presuppositions and assumptions regarding it and future consequences in behavior for victims and offenders of the crime. The key results of this study is that the commission regarded the “problem” of the then current legislation to be non-consistently with the time being. In their opinion the legislation needed to be loosened from its moral strings and be adjusted to the “new” sexually liberal era. The study has furthermore shown that the commission had a clear picture of rape as consistent of different victims and different perpetrators regarding the prevailing situation. Depending on factors such as gender, social class and generation the commission pointed out certain women likely be sexually assaulted and certain men likely to be rapists. Consequences of this being that certain women were regarded as jointly responsible in case of being subject to rape. These women were led to the perception that they, in the future, had to avoid a certain behavior if they did not want to risk being raped. Rather than the victims of rape perpetrators benefited by the suggested new legislation since their crimes were looked upon more mildly than before and they were not themselves fully responsible for the offence.

The Swedish Social Services Act (2001:453) states that crime victims should be a priority group for the social services and that they have a responsibility to ensure that victims receive the needed help and support. The aim with this study was to examine how the Swedish municipal social services fulfil their responsibility for the psychosocial wellbeing of crime victims, by examining the collaboration between Victim Support and the social services. Interviews were conducted with crime victims, crime victim coordinators and social workers. The social services have an overall responsibility for the psy-chosocial support to crime victims. However, the study show that in reality the social services, in many cases, do not provide this help and support, as there is a view that it is not their responsibility. Instead, the victims are referred to various support organisations such as Victim Support, without really knowing what kind of support they are offering. Furthermore, the social services in some mu-nicipalities argue that there is no opportunity for them to collaborate with Victim Support due to con-fidentiality, even though it is possible in other municipalities. Through collaboration resources can be saved, and knowledge and awareness of the victims’ needs can be increased. This can eventually lead to that victims’ receive better care, which can result in shorter recovery time for crisis that may have occurred due to the experience of crime. / I socialtjänstlagen (2001:453) framgår att brottsoffer ska vara en prioriterad grupp för socialtjänsten och att de har ansvar för att se till att brottsoffer får hjälp och stöd. Syftet med denna studie var att un-dersöka hur socialtjänsten uppfyller sitt ansvar för det psykosociala stödet till brottsoffer, genom att undersöka samverkan mellan socialtjänsten och Brottsofferjouren. Studien genomförs genom intervju-er med brottsoffersamordnare, socialsekreterare och brottsoffer. Det framkommer att socialtjänsten, enligt socialtjänstlagen, har det övergripande ansvaret för det psykosociala stödet till brottsoffer. Re-sultatet från studien visar dock att socialtjänsten i många fall inte ger hjälp och stöd till brottsoffer, då det finns ett synsätt att de inte har ansvar för detta. Istället hänvisas brottsoffren till olika stödorganisa-tioner såsom Brottsofferjouren, utan att socialtjänsten har någon djupare kunskap om vad dessa orga-nisationer erbjuder för stöd. Vidare menar socialtjänsten i vissa kommuner att det inte finns någon möjlighet att samverka med Brottsofferjouren på grund av sekretess, trots att andra kommuner kan göra det. Samverkan kan vara ett bra sätt att spara resurser, samtidigt som kunskapen och medveten-heten kring brottsoffers behov ökar. Detta kan på sikt göra att brottsoffer får ett bättre omhänderta-gande, vilket i sin tur kan resultera i kortare återhämtningstider efter den kris som kan ha uppstått i samband med brottsupplevelsen.

Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]

Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]