Ce manuscrit décrit des approches synthétiques de la benzosceptrine, pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole (P-2-AI) d'origine marine, via la création de liaisons C-N et une photodimérisation [2+2]. La synthèse totale de cette molécule originale et unique présente plusieurs challenges : la construction du motif benzo-bis-2-aminoimidazole et la synthèse régio- et stéréo-sélective du motif benzocyclobutanique. C’est dans ce but qu’une nouvelle méthodologie de diamination de 2-cyclohexènones par la 2-aminopyrimidine en présence du système catalytique fer/diiode/dioxygène a été mise au point et étendue aux 2-aminopyridines, chalcones et la chromone. L’application de cette méthode a permis d’achever la synthèse du motif benzo-bis-2-aminoimidazole de la benzosceptrine via l’installation de 4 liaisons C-N, en 6 étapes avec un rendement global de 28 % ; et d’explorer la réactivité de ce motif. La deuxième partie cyclobutanique a pu être réalisée grâce au développement d’une photodimérisation stéréo- et régio- sélective d’un acide (E)-3-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)acrylique. Bien que la synthèse totale de la benzosceptrine n’ait pas été achevée, ce travail nous a permis de préparer une chimiothèque de 50 dérivés simplifiés destinée aux évaluations biologiques. Ces évaluations en inhibition de kinases et en cytotoxicité ont mis en évidence un produit cytotoxique original et intéressant. Ce travail de recherche a donc permis d’avancer la synthèse de la benzosceptrine, de mettre au point une nouvelle méthode de diamination et de créer une chimiothèque de dérivés simplifiés d’un produit naturel. / This manuscript describes synthetic approaches of benzosceptrin, a pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole (P-2-AI) isolated from a marine sponge, via C-N bond formation and a [2+2] photodimerization. Its synthesis presents the challenges of the benzo-bis-2-aminoimidazole moiety construction and the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of the benzocyclobutanic motif. With this objective, a new methodology of diamination of 2-cyclohexenones by 2-aminopyrimidine and 2-aminopyridines in the presence of the very simple iron/iodine/dioxygen catalytic system has been developed. It was also extended to chalcones and chromone. The application of this method allowed the synthesis of the benzo-bis-2-aminoimidazole moiety of benzosceptrin via the formation of 4 C-N bonds, in 6 steps in an overall yield of 28 % and to explore the reactivity of some intermediates. The second cyclobutanic moiety has been completed thanks to the development of a stereo- and regioselective photodimerization [2+2] of a (E)-3-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)acrylic acid. Although the total synthesis of benzosceptrin was not achieved, this work allowed the preparation of a chemical library of 50 simplified derivatives for biological evaluations. Those evaluations in kinases inhibition and cytotoxicity helped to highlight an original and interesting cytotoxic product. This research permitted to progress the synthesis of benzosceptrin, to develop a new method of diamination and to create a chemical library of simplified derivatives of a natural product.

Cycloisomerizations are powerful skeletal rearrangements that allow the construction of complex molecular architectures in an atom-economic way. We present here an unusual type of cyclopropyl enyne cycloisomerization that couples the process of a cycloisomerization with the activation of a C−C bond in cyclopropanes. A set of substituted non-canonical tricyclic cyclobutanes were synthesized under mild conditions using [(Ph₃P)₂Fe(CO)(NO)]BF₄ as catalyst in good to excellent yields with high levels of stereocontrol.

Cycloisomerisierungen sind leistungsfähige Gerüstumlagerungen, die den atomökonomischen Aufbau komplexer molekularer Architekturen erlauben. Wir präsentieren hier eine ungewöhnliche Art der Cyclopropyl-Enin-Cycloisomerisierung, die den Prozess der Cycloisomerisierung mit der Aktivierung einer C-C Bindung in Cyclopropanen verbindet. Es wurde eine Vielzahl substituierter nicht-kanonischer tricyclischer Cyclobutane unter milden Bedingungen mit [(Ph3P)2Fe-(CO)(NO)]BF4 als Katalysator in guten bis exzellenten Ausbeuten und hoher Stereokontrolle synthetisiert.

No description available.

No description available.

Ultraviolet light is damaging but fish have evolved protective mechanisms, which allows them to live in shallow water reefs, high in UV radiation. This thesis details my investigation into the physiological ecology of solar ultraviolet (UV) absorbing compounds, known as mycosporine-like amino acids found in the external epithelial mucus, and examines the supporting role potentially played by a UV-induced DNA repair mechanism in coral reef fish of the Indo-Pacific. Using reverse phase chromatography and UV spectrophotometry, I examined whether the distribution of MAA compounds across different areas of the body is correlated with differential UV exposure. Comparisons were made between the MAA content and the absorbance spectra of mucus from the dorsal, ventral, caudal and head body surface areas in five species of Scaridae (Chlorurus sordidus, Scarus schlegeli, S. niger, S. psittacus and S. globiceps) from Ningaloo Reef, Coral Bay, Western Australia. All fish analysed had at least five MAAs present, and results showed that fish had increased UV absorbance in mucus over the dorsal area, which receives the brunt of UV radiation. Little UV protection was found in mucus from the ventral area, which receives the lower level of UV radiation mostly via reflection of the sand and reef surfaces. Furthermore, UV absorbance per mg dry mucus versus standard fish length showed that there is a positive relationship in C. sordidus with increasing size. I examined whether there is a difference in the quantity of UV screening compounds found in the mucus of fish along a longitudinal geographical gradient from inshore reefs (Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef) to the outer edge reefs to oceanic reefs (Osprey Reef). MAA absorbance increased with longitudinal distance from the mainland landmass of Australia to more oligotrophic outer reefs, where UV attenuation is reduced and the ocean is more transparent to UV wavelength. I determined that fish living on inshore, more turbid reefs where UV attenuation in shallow waters is high have lower levels of MAA protection than fish from clear oceanic reefs. Furthermore, there seems to be a direct relationship between light attenuation and exposure with the quantity of protective sunscreening found in the mucus of reef fish. It is know that UV irradiation decreases with water depth and that mucus from fish with deep habitats absorbs less UV than that of fish from shallow habitats. It is unknown however, whether this UV protection is variable within the same individuals and if so, how fast changes 11 occur. To test this, I relocated 9 ambon damselfish from a deep reef (18 m) to a shallow reef (1.5 m) to expose fish to increased levels of UV and relocated another 7 fish from a shallow to a deep reef to expose fish to decreased levels of UV. One week after relocation, all fish were returned to their original reef site to determine whether MAA levels would return to their initial levels. Fish relocated to a shallower depth were recovered and had a 60% (SD+/-2%) increase in mucus UV absorbance. Conversely, the fish relocated to a deeper depth were recovered and had a 41% (SD+/-1%) decrease mucus UV absorbance. No difference was found between UV absorbance of relocated and original fish at both depth. Six days after fish were returned to their original reef, mucus UV absorbance levels had returned to 67% +/- 4% of the original level. These results show that mucus UV absorbance is variable in individual ambon damselfish and that the sunscreen protection typical for a certain depth is reached in relocated fish within just a few days of relocation. The rate of MAA loss is higher than the accumulation of MAAs suggesting that diet is not the sole determining factor involved in the sequestration of MAAs to mucus. The cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus performs a mutualistic service by removing ectoparasites such as gnathiid isopods as well other dead infected tissue from its clients. Cleaner fish however are also known to feed on client mucus. The benefits of eating mucus until recently were unclear. In this study, we analysed the mucus of several cleaner fish clients to determine whether mucus feeding has a nutritional advantage over gnathiids and whether cleaner fish obtain their own MAA protection through this dietary mucus ingestion. Results show that host fish that are infected with gnathiids of poor nutritional value, in contrast to those that harbour gnathiids with higher nutritional value, continuously exude mucus that has both high nutritional value and high MAA content. These findings support the conclusion that in a competitive market for cleaners some host fish are forced to offer more than parasites to cleaners. Ultraviolet light that is not filtered by UV absorbing compounds such as MAA may still lead to DNA damage such as the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) or 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PPs). However, coral reef fish have alternative mechanisms to overcome UV induced damage via the photolyase DNA repair mechanisms. We experimentally demonstrated for the first time that a coral reef fish species, the moon wrasse Thalassoma lunare has the ability to repair DNA damage via photoreactivation. Fish both with and without MAA protection were irradiated with UVB wavelength to induce DNA lesions. Half of the experimental fish were then exposed to photoreactivating wavelength to induce DNA repair 12 while the other fish were blocked from the repair mechanisms. Fish which had undergone DNA repair had the lowest number of lesions regardless of mucus MAA protection. When fish were blocked from photoreactivation wavelengths MAA sunscreens clearly served a photoprotective role. The amount of damage was greatest in fish which both lacked MAAs and which were also blocked from photoreactivating wavelengths. Thus for the overall UV protection of fish both the MAA sunscreens as well as the DNA repair system play a significant role in counteracting UV damage. Ultraviolet protection by MAA sunscreens is ubiquitous in marine fish. To date the same 5 MAA compounds (palythine (λmax 320 nm), asterina (λmax 330 nm), palythinol (λmax 332 nm), usujirene (λmax 357 nm) and palythene (λmax 360nm) have been identified in the mucus of several different species of reef fish from Australia. Here we report the first evidence of the presence of additional UV absorbing compounds found in the mucus of fish from Indonesia. Using UV spectroscopy the mucus of four species of fish was compared between both geographical regions. The presence of an additional peak between 294-296 nm wavelengths suggests the presence of gadusol and/or deoxygadusol, which are photoprotective compounds, thought to be the precursors of MAAs. Thus, UV protecting compounds in the mucus of fish may not be as conserved between different regions as previously assumed. Our knowledge concerning the effect of UV radiation has advanced considerably in the past decade and my research findings contribute to the better understanding of protective mechanisms of marine fish. The correlations I have found between UV attenuation/exposure, depth, and longitude of sampled individuals lead me to believe that mucus UV absorbing MAA compounds are a highly efficient adaptive defence.

Photosensitizing effects of xenobiotics are of increasing concern in public health since modern lifestyle often associates sunlight exposure with the presence of chemical substances in the skin. An important number of chemicals like perfumes, sunscreen components, or therapeutic agents have been reported as photosensitizers. In this context, a considerable effort has been made to design a model system for photosafety assessment. Indeed, screening for phototoxicity is necessary at the early phase of drug discovery process, even before introducing drugs and chemicals into clinical therapy, to prevent undesired photoreactions in humans. In the case of new pharmaceuticals, their phototoxic potential has to be tested when they absorb in the regions corresponding to the solar spectrum, that is, for wavelengths >290 nm. So, there is an obvious need for a screening strategy based on in vitro experiments. The goal of the present thesis was the photochemical study of different photoactive drugs to investigate the key molecular aspects responsible for their photosensitivity side effects. In a first stage, rosuvastatin was considered in chapter 3 as representative compound of the statin family. This lipid-lowering drug, also known as “superstatin”, contains a 2-vinylbiphenyl-like moiety and has been previously described to decompose under solar irradiation, yielding stable dihydrophenanthrene analogues. During photophysical characterization of rosuvastatin, only a long-lived transient at ca. 550 nm was observed and assigned to the primary photocyclization intermediate. Thus, the absence of detectable triplet-triplet absorption and the low yield of fluorescence ruled out the role of the parent drug as an efficient sensitizer. In this context, the attention was placed on the rosuvastatin main photoproduct (ppRSV). Indeed, the photobehavior of this dihydrophenanthrene-like compound presented the essential components needed for an efficient biomolecule photosensitizer i.e. (i) a high intersystem crossing quantum yield (ΦISC =0.8), (ii) a triplet excited state energy of ca. 67 kcal mol−1 , and (iii) a quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation (Φ∆) of 0.3. Furthermore, laser flash photolysis studies revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer from the triplet excited state of ppRSV to thymidine, leading to the formation of cyclobutane thymidine dimers, an important type of DNA lesion. Finally, tryptophan was used as a probe to investigate the Type I and/or Type II character of ppRSV-mediated oxidation. In this way, both an electron transfer process giving rise to the tryptophanyl radical and a singlet oxygen mediated oxidation were observed. On the basis of the obtained results, rosuvastatin, through its major photoproduct ppRSV, should be considered as a potential sensitizer. Then, itraconazole (ITZ), a broad-spectrum antifungal agent, was chosen as main character of chapter 4. Its photochemical properties were investigated in connection with its reported skin photosensitivity disorders. Steady state photolysis, fluorescence and phosphorescence experiments were performed to understand ITZ photoreactivity in biological media. The drug is unstable under UVB irradiation, suffering a primary dehalogenation of the 2,4-dichlorophenyl moiety that occurs mainly at the ortho-position. In poorly H-donating solvents, as acetonitrile, the major photoproduct arises from intramolecular attack of the initially generated aryl radical to the triazole ring. In addition, reduced compounds resulting from homolytic cleavage of the C-Cl bond in ortho or para positions and subsequent Habstraction from the medium are obtained to a lesser extent. In good H-donating solvents, such as ethanol, the main photoproducts are formed by reductive dehalogenation. Furthermore, irradiation of a model dyad containing a tryptophan unit and the reactive 2,4-dichlorophenyl moiety of itraconazole leads to formation of a new covalent link between these two substructures revealing that homolysis of the C-Cl bond of ITZ can result in alkylation of reactive amino acid residues of proteins, leading to formation of covalent photoadducts. Therefore, it has been established that the key process in the photosensitization by itraconazole is cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond, which leads to aryl radicals and chlorine atoms. These highly reactive species might be responsible for extensive free radical-mediated biological damage, including lipid peroxidation or photobinding to proteins. In chapter 5, photobehavior of imatinib (IMT) was addressed. This is a promising tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of some types of human cancer, which constitutes a successful example of rational drug design based on the optimization of the chemical structure to reach an improved pharmacological activity. Cutaneous reactions, such as increased photosensitivity or pseudoporphyria, are among the most common nonhematological IMT side effects; however, the molecular bases of these clinical observations have not been unveiled yet. Thus, to gain insight into the IMT photosensitizing properties, its photobehavior was studied together with that of its potentially photoactive anilino-pyrimidine and pyridyl-pyrimidine fragments. In this context, steady-state and time resolved fluorescence, as well as laser flash photolysis experiments were run, and the DNA photosensitization potential was investigated by means of single strand breaks detection using agarose gel electrophoresis. The obtained results revealed that the drug itself and its anilino-pyrimidine fragment are not DNA-photosensitizers. By contrast, the pyridyl-pyrimidine substructure displayed a marked photogenotoxic potential, which was associated with the generation of a long-lived triplet excited state. Interestingly, this reactive species was efficiently quenched by benzanilide, another molecular fragment of IMT. Clearly, integration of the photoactive pyridyl-pyrimidine moiety in a more complex structure strongly modifies its photobehavior, which in this case is fortunate as it leads to an improved toxicological profile. Thus, on the bases of the experimental results, direct in vivo photosensitization by IMT seems unlikely. Instead, the reported photosensitivity disorders could be related to indirect processes, such as the previously suggested impairment of melanogenesis or the accumulation of endogenous porphyrins. Finally, a possible source of errors in the TEMPO/EPR method for singlet oxygen detection was analyzed. For many biological and biomedical studies, it is essential to detect the production of 1O2 and to quantify its production yield. Among the available methods, detection of the characteristic 1270 nm phosphorescence of singlet oxygen by time-resolved near infrared (TRNIR) emission constitutes the most direct and unambiguous approach. An alternative indirect method is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in combination with trapping. This is based on the detection of the TEMPO free radical formed after oxidation of TEMP (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine) by singlet oxygen. Although the TEMPO/EPR method has been largely employed, it can produce misleading data. This was demonstrated by the present study, where the quantum yields of singlet oxygen formation obtained by TRNIR emission and by the TEMPO/EPR method were compared for a set of well-known photosensitizers. The results revealed that the TEMPO/EPR method leads to significant overestimation of singlet oxygen yield when the singlet or triplet excited state of the photosensitizers were efficiently quenched by TEMP, acting as electron donor. In such case, generation of the TEMP+• radical cation, followed by deprotonation and reaction with molecular oxygen gives rise to a EPR detectable TEMPO signal that is not associated with singlet oxygen production. This knowledge is essential for an appropriate and error-free application of the TEMPO/EPR method in chemical, biological and medical studies. / Nardi, G. (2014). MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE PHOTOTOXICITY OF ROSUVASTATIN, ITRACONAZOLE AND IMATINIB [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48535 / TESIS

[ES] Los estudios sobre los daños en el ADN se han incrementado en las últimas décadas con el fin de profundizar en su implicación en la aparición del cáncer. Entre el gran número de lesiones del ADN, los aductos de tipo eteno han sido objeto de interés debido a su presencia en los tejidos humanos crónicamente inflamados. Asimismo, su cuantificación es útil para su uso como potencial biomarcador del cáncer de colon, próstata, pulmón, etc. Además, estas lesiones presentan propiedades altamente mutagénicas e inducen transiciones de bases o transversiones en las células de mamíferos. Los aductos de tipo eteno se generan principalmente de forma endógena como resultado de la peroxidación lipídica. Este proceso bioquímico produce aldehídos reactivos como el malondialdehído, que pueden combinarse con las bases del ADN creando un anillo exocíclico.Este anillo exocíclico proporciona a la nucleobase un sistema extendido p-conjugado que puede conferirles propiedades ópticas diferentes a las de las bases canónicas, lo que puede suponer una amenaza para la fotoestabilidad del ADN. Las bases canónicas tienen la capacidad de disipar la mayor parte de la energía recibida a través de canales no radiativos eficientes que conducen de nuevo al estado fundamental. Por lo tanto, los estudios sobre las propiedades ópticas de estos aductos etenos son clave para establecer si estas lesiones pueden poner en peligro la relajación eficiente de los estados excitados de las bases y desencadenar una fotorreactividad indeseada del ADN. La primera parte de la tesis trata de evaluar la fotoactividad potencial de estas lesiones del ADN mediante un estudio espectroscópico. En el Capítulo 3 se combinan experimentos de upconversión de fluorescencia en la escala de femtosegundos y cálculos teóricos (en los niveles PCM-TD-DFT y CASPT2/CASSCF) para proporcionar una imagen completa de la relajación de los estados excitados del aducto mutagénico 3,N4-eteno-2'-desoxicitidina (edC). El Capítulo 4 aborda las propiedades fotofísicas de los aductos junto con su fotorreactividad en presencia de fotosensibilizadores comunes como la Rosa de Bengala (RB) y la 4-carboxibenzofenona (CBP), prestando especial atención a la interacción con el 1O2. En condiciones aeróbicas, se observa una interacción con 1O2 para los tres aductos estudiados. Curiosamente, se observan los mismos fotoproductos, las nucleobases originales, para la irradiación en condiciones anaeróbicas, abriendo la posibilidad de un mecanismo mixto de Tipo I y Tipo II cuando se utiliza Rosa de Bengala como fotosensibilizador, y de Tipo I para la 4-carboxibenzofenona. Finalmente, el último capítulo trata de unir todos los conocimientos adquiridos sobre la fotorreactividad de los e-aductos para elegir el mejor cromóforo tratando de optimizar el proceso de reparación observado en el Capítulo 4. Para ello se utilizan sistemas híbridos de nanopartículas metálicas de Ag como matriz de soporte para la Rosa de Bengala. Las NPs metálicas, como las Ag NPs, poseen una resonancia plasmónica superficial localizada (LSPR), este efecto amplifica una gran variedad de fenómenos ópticos que pueden mejorar las propiedades ópticas de la Rosa de Bengala. / [CA] Els estudis sobre els danys en l'ADN s'han incrementat en les últimes dècades amb la finalitat d'aprofundir en la seua implicació en l'aparició del càncer. Entre el gran nombre de lesions de l'ADN, els adductes de tipus eteno han sigut objecte d'interés degut a la seua presència en els teixits humans crònicament inflamats, la qual cosa fa que la seua quantificació siga útil com a potencials biomarcadors del càncer de còlon, pròstata, pulmó, etc. A més, aquestes lesions presenten propietats altament mutagèniques i indueixen transicions de bases o transversions en les cèl·lules dels mamífers. Els adductes de tipus eteno es formen principalment de manera endògena com a resultat de la peroxidació dels lípids. Aquest procés bioquímic produeix aldehids reactius com el malondialdehid, que poden combinar-se amb les bases de l'ADN creant un anell exocíclic. Aquest anell exocíclic proporciona a les nucleobases un sistema estés p-conjugat que pot conferir-les propietats òptiques diferents a les de les bases canòniques, i que poden suposar una amenaça per a la fotoestabilitat de l'ADN. Les bases canòniques tenen la capacitat de dissipar la major part de l'energia d'excitació a través de canals no radiatius eficients que condueixen de nou a l'estat bàsic. No obstant això, els estudis sobre les propietats òptiques d'aquests adductes de tipus eteno són fonamentals per a deixar clar si aquestes lesions poden posar en perill aquesta relaxació eficient i desencadenar una fotoreactivitat indesitjada de l'ADN. La primera part de la tesi tracta d'estimar el potencial fotoactiu d'aquestes lesions de l'ADN mitjançant un estudi espectroscòpic. En el Capítol 3 es combinen experiments de "upconversió" de fluorescència en una escala de femtosegons i càlculs teòrics (en els nivells PCM-TD-DFT i CASPT2/CASSCF) per a proporcionar una imatge completa de la relaxació dels estats excitats del adducte mutagènic 3,N4-eteno-2'-desoxicitidina (edC). El Capítol 4 aborda les propietats fotofísiques dels adductes restants juntament amb el seua fotoreactivitat en presència d'alguns fotosensibilitzadors comuns com la Rosa de Bengala (RB) i la 4-carboxibenzofenona (CBP), prestant especial atenció a la interacció amb el 1O2. S'observa la interacció amb 1O2 per als tres adductes estudiats. Curiosament, s'observa la mateixa formació de nucleobases per a la irradiació en condicions anaeròbiques, obrint la possibilitat d'un mecanisme mixt de Tipus I i Tipus II quan s'utilitza Rosa de Bengala com fotosensibilitzador i de Tipus I per a la 4-carboxibenzofenona. Finalment, l'últim capítol tracta d'unir tots els coneixements adquirits sobre la fotoreactivitat dels adductes de tipus eteno per a triar el millor cromòfor tractant d'optimitzar el procés de reparació observat en el Capítol 4. Per a això s'utilitzen sistemes híbrids de nanopartícules metàl·liques de Ag com a matriu de suport per a la Rosa de Bengala. Les NPs metàl·liques, com les de Ag, posseeixen ressonància plasmónica superficial localitzada (LSPR), aquest efecte amplifica una gran varietat de fenòmens òptics que poden millorar les propietats òptiques de la Rosa de Bengala. / [EN] Studies dealing with DNA damages have increased during the last decades in order to get more insight into their involvement in the appearance of cancer. Among the large number of DNA lesions, etheno adducts have been the matter of interest because of their presence in chronically inflamed human tissues, making their quantification useful as potential biomarkers for cancer of colon, prostate, lung, etc. Moreover, these lesions exhibit highly mutagenic properties and induce base transitions or transversion in mammal cells. Etheno adducts are mainly formed endogenously as a result of lipid peroxidation. This biochemical process produces reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde, which can combine with DNA bases creating the exocyclic ring. This exocyclic ring provides to the nucleobases an extended p- conjugated system that might confer them optical properties different from those of the canonical bases, and can pose a threat to the DNA photostability. Canonical bases have the ability to dissipate most of the excitation energy through efficient nonradiative channels leading back to the ground state. However, the studies about the optical properties of this etheno adducts are basics to make it clear whether these lesions can jeopardize this efficient relaxation and trigger undesired DNA photoreactivity. The first part of the thesis establishes the potential photoactivity of these DNA lesions through a spectroscopic study. Chapter 3 joints femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experiments and theoretical calculations (at the PCM-TD-DFT and CASPT2/CASSCF levels) to provide a comprehensive picture of the mutagenic etheno adduct 3,N4-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (edC) excited states relaxation. Chapter 4 addresses the photophysical properties of the adducts together with its photoreactivity in the presence of some common photosensitizers as Rose Bengal and 4-carboxybenzophenone, paying a special attention to interaction with 1O2. Interaction with 1O2 is observed for the three studied e-adducts. Interestingly, the same nucleobase formation is detected for irradiation under anaerobic conditions, opening the possibility of a mixed Type I and Type II mechanism when Rose Bengal is used as photosensitizer, and Type I for 4-carboxybenzophenone. Finally, the last chapter takes advantage of all the gained knowledge about the photoreactivity of e-adducts to choose the best chromophore and optimize the repair process observed in Chapter 4. To achieve this, hybrid systems of Ag metal nanoparticles are used as a support matrix for the Rose Bengal. Metal NPs, such as Ag NP, possess localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). This effect amplifies a wide variety of optical phenomena that can enhance the Rose Bengal optical properties. / Lizondo Aranda, P. (2022). Photoreactivity of DNA Etheno Adducts: Spectroscopic and Mechanistic Study [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/189688