Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study firstly reports the development and characterization of PVP-AgNPs, PANSA and PVPAgNPs/ PANSA nanocomposite on gold. AFM and TEM analyses revealed highly electroactive nanocomposites whose morphogy and properties were essential for the immobilization of CYP2E1. Secondly, the development and characterization of Au/PVPAgNPs/ PANSA/CYP2E1, Au/PVP-AgNPs/PANSA/SA-CYP2E1 and Au/PVPAgNPs/ PANSA/EG-CYP2E1 nanobiosensors are reported. AFM studies displayed globular morphologies with large roughness for the enzyme modified electrodes as opposed to those electrodes without enzymes. Finally, the biotransformation of standard solutions of TB drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and rifampicin) in pH 7.4, 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution is reported. The biotransformations of the TB drugs were successfully studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), differential voltammetry (DPV) and steady state amperometry under aerobic conditions. Very good detection limits were obtained for the standard solutions of TB drugs and were found to be in the micromolar range. The detection limit values for the individual TB drugs were 0.55 μM (isoniazid), 0.7 μM (ethambutol), 0.054 μM (pyrazinamide) and 0.05 μM (rifampicin). The detection limit results showed that the nanobiosensors were more sensitive and suitable for the determination of the respective drugs in plasma and serum. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Indinavir is a potent and well tolerated protease inhibitor drug used as a component of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) of HIV/AIDS, which results in pharmacokinetics that may be favourable or adverse. These drugs work by maintaining a plasma concentration that is sufficient to inhibit viral replication and thereby suppressing a patient’s viral load. A number of antiretroviral drugs, including indinavir, undergo metabolism that is catalysed by cytochrome P450-3A4 enzyme found in the human liver microsomes. The rate of drug metabolism influences a patient’s response to treatment as well as drug interactions that may lead to life-threatening toxic conditions, such as haemolytic anaemia, kidney failure and liver problems. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) during HIV/AIDS treatment has been suggested to have a potential to reduce drug toxicity and optimise individual therapy. A fast and reliable detection technique, such as biosensing, is therefore necessary for the determination of a patient’s metabolic profile for indinavir and for appropriate dosing of the drugs. In this study biosensors developed for the determination of ARV drugs comprised of cysteamine self-assembled on a gold electrode, on which was attached 3-mercaptopropionic acid-capped palladium telluride (3-MPA-PdTe) or thioglycolic acid-capped palladium telluride (TGA-PdTe) quantum dots that are cross-linked to cytochrome P450-3A4 (CYP3A4) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The quantum dots were synthesized in the presence of capping agents (3-MPA or TGA) to improve their stability, solubility and biocompatibility. The capping of PdTe quantum dots with TGA or 3-MPA was confirmed by FTIR, where the SH group absorption band disappeared from the spectra of 3-MPA-PdTe and TGA-PdTe. The particle size of the quantum dots (< 5 nm) was estimated from high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements. Optical properties of the materials were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry which produced absorption iii bands at ~320 nm that corresponded to energy band gap values of 3 eV (3.87 eV) for TGAPdTe (3-MPA-PdTe) quantum dots. The electrocatalytic properties of the quantum dots biosensor systems were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) for which the characteristic reduction peak at 0.75 V was used to detect the response of the biosensor to indinavir. Results for indinavir biosensor constructed with 3-MPA-SnSe quantum dots are also reported in this thesis. The three biosensors systems were very sensitive towards indinavir; and gave low limits of detection (LOD) values of 3.22, 4.3 and 6.2 ng/mL for 3-MPA-SnSe, 3-MPA-PdTe and TGA-PdTe quantum dots biosensors, respectively. The LOD values are within the ‘maximum plasma concentration’ (Cmax) value of indinavir (5 - 15 ng/mL) normally observed 8 h after drug intake.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1393738 bytes, checksum: a972ec00e49dcfa2c5d44a8c6f9480a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The plants produce antifungous proteins and specialized antibiotics (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins) in order to defend from phytopathogenic fungus. Only the pathogens able to avoid those defensive plant responses at the initial stages of the infection are able to cause disease. The fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara is the etiological agent of the anthracnose in the common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), that is an important disease contributing to reduce the productivity of the bean plant crop in Brazil. The genes abcCl1 and cypCl1 were isolated from this phytopathogen and their deduced aminoacid sequences have high similarity with ABC transporters and cytochromes P450, respectively. Those genes are found in unique copy and clustered in genome of the fungus, as revealed by either the sequencing of one DNA 8,4 kb fragment from the genomic library of C. lindemuthianum and the hybridization profile. Those genes also show an increased expression in response to different toxic compounds, mainly when the fungus is grown at the presence of eugenol, hygromycin and pisatin phytoalexin. Therefore, besides their genes to be physically linked, the proteins ABCCl1 and CYPCl1 can also be involved in the same functional process: the fungus resistance to the toxic compounds produced by plants or antagonistic microorganisms. In the functional analysis of the gene abcCl1, the mutants abcCl1&#8722; showed reduction in their virulence to the leaf of the common bean plant, compared with the wild line of C. lindemuthianum. Those results indicate the gene abcCl1 to codify an ABC transporter that is necessary to pathogenicity of C. lindemuthianum, probably because providing the fungus with the ability to overcome the defense mechanism of the plant. The cytochrome P450, that is codified by the gene cypCl1, can represent a complementary detoxification mechanism used by this fungus during the establishment of the disease. / Para se defenderem de fungos fitopatogênicos, as plantas produzem proteínas antifúngicas e antibióticos especializados (fitoanticipinas e fitoalexinas). Somente patógenos que conseguem evitar estas respostas defensivas da planta nos estágios iniciais da infecção são capazes de causar doença. O fungo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Briosi & Cavara é o agente etiológico da antracnose do feijoeiro comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), uma importante doença que contribui para redução da produtividade da cultura do feijoeiro no Brasil. Neste fitopatógeno foram isolados dois genes, abcCl1 e cypCl1, cujas sequências de aminoácidos deduzidas possuem alta similaridade com transportadores ABC e citocromos P450, respectivamente. Estes genes estão presentes em cópia única e agrupados no genoma do fungo, conforme revelado no sequenciamento de um fragmento de DNA de 8,4 kb da biblioteca genômica de C. lindemuthianum, bem como no perfil de hibridização. Estes genes também apresentam aumento de expressão em resposta a diferentes compostos tóxicos, principalmente quando o fungo é crescido na presença de eugenol, higromicina ou fitoalexina pisatina. Assim, além de seus genes estarem ligados fisicamente, as proteínas ABCCl1 e CYPCl1 podem, também, estarem envolvidas em um mesmo processo funcional: a resistência do fungo a compostos tóxicos produzidos por plantas ou microrganismos antagonistas. Na análise funcional do gene abcCl1, foi observado que mutantes abcCl1&#8722; apresentam redução na virulência a folhas de feijoeiro comum, em comparação com a linhagem selvagem de C. lindemuthianum. Estes resultados indicam que o gene abcCl1 codifica um transportador ABC, que é necessário para a patogenicidade de C. lindemuthianum, provavelmente por conferir ao fungo a capacidade de superar algum mecanismo de defesa da planta. O citocromo P450, codificado pelo gene cypCl1, pode representar um mecanismo complementar de destoxificação empregado por este fungo durante o estabelecimento da doença.

55 Abstract Frequency of selected genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 in the Czech population and the influence of CYP2C9 genotype on the hypolipidemic effect of fluvastatin Introduction: One of the main factors of genetically determined variability in response of humans to administered drugs are differences in catalytic activity of metabolizing enzymes, which are caused mainly by genetic polymorphisms in cytochrom P450 family enzymes. This thesis consists of two parts and it is presented as a commentary to the original papers. The first aim was to investigate the frequency of functionally important variant alleles of three main isoenzymes of cytochrome P450 gene: CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, throughout the Czech population, predict the prevalence of poor metabolizer phenotypes, and then to compare the results to the data from other populations. Secondly, we analysed the correlation between the CYP2C9 genotype and cholesterol-lowering effect of fluvastatin in human hypercholesterolemic patients. Methods: Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP. The presence of alleles CYP2D6*1, *6, *5, *4, *3, and gene duplication was analysed in 233 healthy volunteers, CYP2C9*1, *2 and*3 in 254 subjects and CYP2C19*1, *2 and *2 in 218 subjects. Eighty seven patients on fluvastatin therapy, and 48 patients on monotherapy...

Frequency of occurrence of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP2C8 and MDR1 in the Czech population and their influence on the effect of amiodarone Introduction: Variability in drug response is sometimes conditioned by genetic differences in the metabolism and the transport of drugs. Interindividual differences are often caused by polymorphisms affecting biotransformation activity of enzymes and expression of transporters. In the thesis we paid attention to the cytochrome P450 CYP2C8 and MDR1. First, we described the frequency of occurrence of selected variant alleles CYP2C8 * 2, CYP2C8 * 3 (2 substitution in exon 3 and 8, CYP2C8 and CYP2C8 * 3G416A * 3A1196G), CYP2C8 * 4, CYP2C8 P404A in the healthy Czech population and MDR1 variant alleles in these exons: 26 C3435T, 21 G2677A/T, 12 C1236T a 17 T-76A. Subsequently, we studied the influence of these polymorphisms on effects of amiodarone in the selected group of patients. Methods: We determined genotypes MDR1 a CYP2C8 by PCR-RFLP by using restriction enzymes and specific primers. We determined the frequency of MDR1 genotypes in 189 healthy volunteers and CYP2C8 in 161 healthy subjects. Further we included into the study 63 patients treated with amiodarone for longer than two months. Their treatment was assessed from medical records and...

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Stela Ramirez de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1513277 bytes, checksum: 674fd5339cc57193fd2c8d8e2c093272 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-28 / The objective of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effects of derivatives of medicinal plants on CYP450 activity in rat liver microsomes by HPLC-PDA (high-performance liquid chromatography - photodiode array detection). Cerrado’s four plants were chosen for the inhibition test, because of the wide popular and traditional use: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart (barbatimão), Copaifera langsdorffii Desf (copaíba), Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil. (pacari) and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (sucupira), in addition to ten herbal medicines highly commercialized in Brazilian drugstores. To evaluate the inhibition of CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 four analytical methods were developed and validated by HPLC-PDA to quantify the substrates and metabolites. Afterward dried extracts of stem bark of Stryphnodendron adstringens and Lafoensia pacari, Copaifera langsdorffii oleoresin, Pterodon emarginatus essential oil and herbal medicines were incubated for one hour with rats liver microsomes to evaluate CYP3A inhibition (2.23 mg protein / mL liver microsome). All samples were dissolved in DMSO 5% and evaluated in three concentrations (high, medium, low). The analytical methods for quantification of biomarkers was appropriate after the validation for being linear, it did not show residual effect, it showed post-processing stability, and matrix effect within the ranges specified in the brazilian regulations. The method used to prepare the microsomal incubation and the method were suitable to assess the in vitro inhibition of CYP 3A. After analyzing the dried extracts and oil and oleoresin, was observed that they did not inhibit CYP3A. The absence of inhibitory activity of the extracts in oil and oleoresin isoenzyme CYP3A, although in vitro, adds relevant information about possible interference from non-traditional use of these plants on the metabolism of a large amount of drugs biotransformed by it. Among the tested herbal medicines, which showed greater inhibition of CYP3A was Monaless (O. sativa fermented by M. purpureus), which in higher concentration inhibited 31.94%, indicating that this product may lead to a possible interference when co-administered with drugs metabolized by CYP3A and may lead to drug interactions and adverse reactions. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos inibitórios de derivados de plantas medicinais sobre a atividade de CYP450 em microssomas de fígado de rato por HPLC-PDA (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos). Foram escolhidas quatro plantas do Cerrado para realizar o teste de inibição, pela ampla utilização popular e tradicional: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart (barbatimão), Copaifera langsdorffii Desf (copaíba), Lafoensia pacari A.St.-Hil. (pacari) e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel (sucupira), além de outros dez fitoterápicos bastante comercializados em drogarias brasileiras. Para avaliar a inibição de CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2 foram desenvolvidos e validados quatro métodos analíticos por HPLC-PDA para quantificar os substratos (marcador) e seus metabólitos. Posteriormente, extratos secos de cascas dos caules de Stryphnodendron adstringens e Lafoensia pacari, oleorresina de Copaifera langsdorfii, óleo essencial de Pterodon emarginatus e os fitoterápicos foram incubados por uma hora com microssomas hepáticos de ratos para avaliação da inibição de CYP3A (2,23 mg de proteína/mL de lisado). Todas as amostras foram dissolvidas em DMSO 5% e avaliadas em três concentrações (alta, média e baixa). Os métodos analíticos para os biomarcadores de metabolismo se mostraram adequados após a validação por serem lineares, não demonstrarem efeito residual, apresentarem estabilidade pós-processamento e efeito matriz dentro dos limites especificados em regulamentação brasileira. O método utilizado para preparar os microssomas e o método de incubação se mostraram adequados para avaliar a inibição in vitro de CYP3A. Após analisar os extratos secos, oleorresina e o óleo, observou-se que eles não inibiram significativamente a atividade da CYP3A nessas condições. A ausência de atividade inibidora dos extratos, óleo e oleorresina na isoenzima CYP3A, apesar de ser in vitro, acrescenta uma informação relevante acerca de possível não interferência do uso tradicional dessas plantas sobre o metabolismo de uma quantidade elevada de fármacos biotransformados pela mesma. Dos dez fitoterápicos testados, o que apresentou maior percentual inibitório de CYP3A foi um produto denominado Monaless® (O. sativa fermentado por M. purpureus), que na maior concentração inibiu 31,94%, indicando que que esse produto pode levar a uma possível interferência quando co-administrado com fármacos metabolizados por CYP3A, podendo levar a interações medicamentosas e reações adversas.

A (-)- grandisina (GRA) é um produto natural da classe das lignanas e é encontrada em muitas espécies de plantas das regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Por apresentar diversas propriedades biológicas, como atividade tripanocida, anti-inflamatória, antinociceptiva, e principalmente atividade antileucêmica e antitumoral contra tumores de Ehrlich, a GRA pode ser considerada um potencial candidato a fármaco. Porém, para que a GRA se torne um fármaco são necessárias diversas etapas de estudos, incluindo estudos pré-clínicos de interações medicamentosas (DDI). As DDI ocorrem principalmente devido a inibições diretas e tempo-dependentes das enzimas do citocromo P450 (CYP450), uma superfamília de enzimas responsável por metabolizar cerca de 75% dos fármacos em uso. Os estudos pré-clínicos de DDI envolvem o conhecimento do potencial inibitório do candidato a fármaco sobre essas enzimas e esses estudos podem ser realizados empregando diversos modelos in vitro, como, por exemplo, microssomas hepáticos de humanos (HLM). Assim, nesse estudo foi avaliado o efeito inibitório da GRA sobre a atividade das principais isoformas do CYP450 e também foram determinadas as isoformas que contribuem para a formação dos metabólitos da GRA. Os resultados demonstraram que múltiplas isoformas participam da formação dos metabólitos da GRA, com destaque para a CYP2C9, que participa da formação de todos os metabólitos. Em relação aos estudos de inibição, foi possível concluir que a GRA é um inibidor fraco da CYP1A2 e CYP2D6, com valores de IC50 maiores do que 200 µM e 100 µM, respectivamente, e um inibidor moderado e competitivo da CYP2C9, com IC50 igual a 40,85 µM e Ki igual a 50,60 µM. Para a CYP3A4 o potencial inibitório da GRA foi avaliado utilizando dois substratos distintos. A GRA demonstrou ser tanto um inibidor dose-dependente moderado e competitivo dessa isoforma, quanto um inibidor tempo-dependente baseado em mecanismo com potencial de inativação equiparável ao do irinotecano, inibidor baseado em mecanismo clinicamente significativo. Utilizando a nifedipina como substrato os valores de IC50 e Ki foram 78,09 µM e 48,71 µM, respectivamente. Já os valores dos parâmetros cinéticos de inativação foram KI= 6,40 µM, kinact= 0,037 min-1 e Clinact= 5,78 mL min-1 µmol-1. Para os ensaios empregando o midazolam os valores de IC50 e Ki foram 48,87 µM e 31,25 µM, respectivamente, e os valores dos parâmetros cinéticos de inativação foram KI= 31,53 µM, kinact= 0,049 min-1 e Clinact= 1,55 mL min-1 µmol-1. Com relação a CYP2E1, por sua vez, foi possível observar que a GRA tem capacidade de aumentar a atividade dessa isoforma significativamente a partir da concentração de 4 µM. Portanto, conclui-se que não há risco da GRA apresentar interações medicamentosas com fármacos metabolizados pela CYP1A2 e CYP2D6, enquanto que para a CYP2C9, apesar da GRA ser um inibidor moderado dessa isoforma, o risco é baixo. Já para medicamentos metabolizados pela CYP2E1 e CYP3A4 o risco de DDI existe e isso deve ser cuidadosamente monitorado in vivo, principalmente porque a CYP3A4 é a isoforma responsável por catalisar o metabolismo da maioria dos fármacos. / (-)-grandisin (GRA) is a lignanic natural product found in many species of plants from North and Northeast of Brazil. This compound has several biological properties, such as trypanocide, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antileukemia activity and antitumor activity against Ehrlich tumor. Because of these biological properties, GRA is considered a potential drug candidate, however, before becoming a new drug, GRA has to undergo various tests, including preclinical drug-drug interactions (DDI) studies. Most of the times, DDI occur because of direct and time-dependent inhibitions of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, an enzyme superfamily responsible for metabolizing the vast majority of drugs administered. Preclinical drug-drug interactions studies involve the evaluation of the potential of a drug candidate to inhibit this superfamily of enzymes and these studies can be conducted using in vitro models, such as human liver microsomes (HLM). Therefore, in this project, the inhibitory effect of GRA on the activity of some CYP450 isoforms was evaluated and the isoforms that catalyze the formation of GRA\'s metabolites were also determined. Results showed that multiple CYP450 isoforms participate in the GRA\'s metabolites formation, highlighting CYP2C9, which catalyzes the formation of all metabolites. The inhibition studies showed that GRA is a weak inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, with IC50 values greater than 200 µM and 100 µM, respectively, and a moderate and competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9, with IC50 value equal to 40.85 µM and Ki value equal to 50.60 µM. The capability of GRA to inhibit CYP3A4 was evaluated using two different substrates. GRA showed to be a moderate and competitive dose- dependent inhibitor of this isoform and also a mechanism-based time-dependent inhibitor with potential of inactivation comparable to irinotecan, a clinically significant mechanism-based inhibitor. IC50 and Ki values obtained using nifedipine as substrate were 78.09 µM and 48.71 µM, respectively, and inactivation kinetics parameters were KI= 6.40 µM, kinact= 0,037 min-1 e Clinact= 5.78 mL min-1 µmol-1. On the other hand, IC50 and Ki values using midazolam as substrate were 48.87 µM and 31.25 µM, respectively, and the values of inactivation kinetics parameters were KI= 31.53 µM, kinact= 0,049 min-1 and Clinact= 1.55 mL min-1 µmol-1. With respect to CYP2E1, it was observed that GRA increases its activity significantly from a concentration of 4 µM. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that there is no risk of DDI between GRA and drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, while for CYP2C9, although GRA is a moderate inhibitor of this isoform, the risk is low. Finally, for drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 there is risk of DDI and this should be carefully monitored in humans, mainly because CYP3A4 is an isoform responsible for catalyzing the metabolism of most drugs in use.

Orientadores: Maricilda Palandi de Mello, Fernanda Caroline Soardi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lusa_AnaLeticiaGori_D.pdf: 4582728 bytes, checksum: a14d0d0453e90b4a59cb02532b21d83b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Hiperplasia congênita da Adrenal (HCA) é uma das doenças mais comuns com herança autossômica recessiva. Uma das causas é a deficiência da 21-hidroxilase que surge por mutações no gene CYP21A2. O desequilíbrio na síntese de cortisol causa um estímulo excessivo das glândulas adrenais pelo hormônio adrenocorticotrópico (ACTH) e, consequentemente, à hiperplasia da glândula e ao aumento na síntese de andrógenos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo clonar e expressar variantes do gene CYP21A2 e, avaliar as variantes enzimáticas da 21-hidroxilase quanto à atividade residual, comparando suas formas nativa e mutantes. Foi também realizado o estudo in silico para se comparar as estruturas das enzimas 21-hidroxilase e 3?-hidroxiesteróide desidrogenase tipo 2 (HSD3B2) avaliando o impacto das alterações provocadas por mutações sobre a estrutura da proteína nativa. Para a enzima 21-hidroxilase, as mutações analisadas quanto à atividade foram: p.Ser113Phe, p.Pro267Leu, p.Val358Ile, p.Arg426Cis e, as combinações p.Ile172Asn+p.Val358Ile e p.Val281Leu+p.Arg426Cis. Nos testes de atividade enzimática, as enzimas com as mutações p.Val358Ile e as combinações p.Ile172Asn+p.Val358Ile e p.Val281Leu+p.Arg426Cis apresentaram valores de atividade residual compatíveis com a forma perdedora de sal. Por outro lado, a enzima com a mutação p.Pro267Leu apresentou atividade residual maior que 50%, compatível com mutações da forma não clássica. As mutações p.Ser113Phe e p.Arg426Cis, por sua vez, apresentaram atividade residual entre 2 e 7% que, em relação aos controles utilizados, foram correspondentes à forma clássica virilizante simples. Os modelos estruturais gerados para as enzimas 21-hidroxilase portadoras da deleção p.(Gln389_Ala391del) e das mutações individuais ou combinadas acima citadas foram comparados ao da enzima nativa. Estudo similar foi realizado com enzimas HSD3B2 nativa e portadoras de duas mutações, p.Pro222Gln e p.Pro222Thr, relacionadas à forma perdedora de sal da deficiência de HSD3B2. Esse estudo demonstrou boa correlação das mutações encontradas nos pacientes com os seus fenótipos tanto no que diz respeito à atividade enzimática quanto às alterações estruturais. Assim, ficou demonstrado que este tipo de abordagem é eficaz para a avaliação dos aspectos funcionais de mutações inéditas / Abstract: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most common hereditary autosomal recessive diseases. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is one important cause of the disease and results from mutations in CYP21A2 gene. The unbalance in cortisol synthesis leads to excessive stimulation of adrenal glands by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), consequently, to adrenal hyperplasia and excessive androgen synthesis. The present study aimed to obtain and express CYP21A2 clones carrying sequence variations and to evaluate 21-hydroxylase enzymatic residual activities of variant enzymes in comparision to the wild-type. In silico studies were also performed to compare the structure of 21-hydroxylase and 3?-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSDB2) evaluating the impact of mutations upon the native structure of the enzymes. Residual activity analyses for 21-hydroxylase enzyme comprised the mutations p.Ser113Phe, p.Pro267Leu, p.Val358Ile and the combined mutations p.Ile172Asn+p.Val358Ile and p.Val281Leu+p.Arg426Cys. The assays indicated that p.Val358Ile and p.Ile172Asn+p.Val358Ile and p.Val281Leu+p.Arg426Cys reduced CYP21A2 activity to levels corresponding to the salt wasting form. Whereas the enzyme bearing p.Pro267Leu mutation showed residual activity higher than 50% indicating a nonclassic mutation. Conversely, p.Ser113Phe and p.Arg426Cys mutations showed residual activities that varied between 2% and 7% that, compared to controls, corresponded to simple virilizing form. Structural models generated for 21-hydroxylase enzyme with p.(Gln389_Ala391del) and each individual or combined mutations cited above have been compared to the native enzime. Similar study was performed with HSD3B2 enzyme in its native and mutated formas with p.Pro222Gln e p.Pro222Thr that are related to the salt wasting form of HSD3B2 deficiency. This study demonstrated a good genotype-phenotype correlation in patients either for residual activities or for structural changes. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that such analyses are effective to evaluate functional aspects for novel mutations / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Les insectes ont développé un système chimiosensoriel gustatif leur permettant de discriminer les stimuli sensoriels indispensables à leur survie et à leur reproduction. Afin d’être efficace, le système gustatif doit être sensible et permettre une élimination rapide des molécules sensorielles afin d’éviter la saturation des récepteurs et ainsi assurer la détection et l’intégration des signaux chimiosensoriels. Présentes dans l’espace péri-récepteur, les enzymes du métabolisme des xénobiotiques (EMX), impliquées principalement dans la détoxication des organismes, pourraient avoir un rôle central dans la modification et/ou l’arrêt du signal sensoriel en catalysant la biotransformation de ces molécules et en favorisant leur élimination.Afin d’analyser l’implication des EMX dans les processus chimiosensoriels, nous avons centré notre étude sur le rôle potentiel des Cytochromes P450 (CYP), dans la perception et le métabolisme de la caféine chez Drosophila melanogaster. Nous avons identifié plusieurs CYP dont l’expression est fortement modulée dans les organes sensoriels et dans le corps par la caféine. L’inhibition ciblée de l’expression de certains CYP dans les neurones sensoriels provoque une perturbation de la perception de la caféine, mettant ainsi en évidence le rôle crucial de ces enzymes dans les mécanismes chimiosensoriels. En parallèle, nous avons caractérisé le métabolisme de la caféine chez la drosophile puis, nous avons mis en évidence l’implication directe de CYP6d5 dans la dégradation de la caféine en théobromine.L’ensemble de ces travaux montre pour la première fois, l’implication directe des cytochromes P450 dans les mécanismes de perception sensorielle et dans le métabolisme de la caféine chez la drosophile. / Insects have developed a gustatory system, allowing them to detect sensory molecules essential to their survival and their reproduction. In order to be efficient, the gustatory system must be sensitive, allowing a rapid elimination of sensory molecules in order to avoid the receptor saturation and insuring the detection and the integration of chemosensory signals.Located in the peri-receptor environment, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (EMX), mainly implicated in detoxification, could have a crucial role in the modulation of the sensory signal by catalyzing the biotransformation of sensory molecules and promoting their elimination.To analyze the involvement of XME in chemosensory processes, we focused our project on the putative role of Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in caffeine sensory perception and metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. We identified several CYP, which the expression is strongly modulated in sensory organs and in the body by caffeine. The specific-targeted silencing of some CYP expression in sensory neurons leads to an alteration of caffeine perception, revealing the crucial role of these enzymes in chemoperceptive processes. In parallel, we characterized the caffeine metabolism in Drosophila, and highlighted a direct involvement of CYP6d5 in the degradation of caffeine into theobromine. This work shows for the first time, a direct implication of cytochromes P450 in sensory perception mechanisms and in the metabolism of caffeine in Drosophila.

Seventeen Cree anti-diabetic herbal medicines and eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been examined for their potential to cause interactions with drugs, which is considered as a major reason for adverse drug effects. Specifically, the effect of these natural health products was examined on major Phase I drug metabolism enzymes including cytochrome P450, human carboxylesterase-1 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. Several of these natural health products have the potential to cause adverse drug effect through the inhibition of major drug metabolism enzymes. The results indicated that 7 Cree medicines plant extracts inhibited CYP3A4 activity, and 3 of them have been proven to cause potent mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4. Seven of eight Traditional Chinese Medicines have been identified as strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; the ethanol extract of Goji has identified as a potent inhibitor for CYP2C9 and 2C19. Goji juice showed universal inhibitory effects on most of the tested enzymes except flavin-containing monooxygenases 3.