Mestre -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 2003. / SAUDE PUBLICA.

In this thesis we introduce a half-wavelength loop antenna for operation as an internal antenna for mobile phones. First, we introduce a single loop antenna for single-band operation (eg., UMTS band), and experimental and simulated results are presented. Next, we introduce a dual-band loop structure which covers the operating bandwidths of the GSM/DCS dual-band mobile phone. The proposed dual-loop antenna is studied, especially for the effects between the two loops of the antenna. Both of the single-loop and dual-loop antennas have the characteristics of generating similar surface currents on the ground plane with that of the conventional monopole and planar inverted-F mobile phone antennas.

Cannabinoids suppress Th1 immunity in a variety of models including infection with the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila (Lp). To examine the cellular mechanism of this effect, mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were studied following infection and drug treatment. DCs produced high levels of IL-12p40 following Lp infection. THC suppressed this cytokine response in a concentration-dependent manner and the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyolglycerol and virodhamine less potently suppressed cytokine production. DCs expressed mRNA for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), CB2, and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1); furthermore, inhibition of Gi signaling by adding pertussis toxin completely attenuated the suppression induced by low concentrations of THC but not at high concentrations. In addition, the THC suppression was partially attenuated in DC cultures from CB1 and CB2 knockout mice and in cultures from normal mice co-treated with THC and cannabinoid receptor antagonists. Cytokine suppression was not attenuated by pretreatment with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, suggesting that Gi signaling and cannabinoid receptors, but not TRPV1, are involved in THC-induced suppression of DC potential to polarize the development of naïve T cells to be Th1 cells. Besides IL-12, THC suppressed other DC polarizing characteristics such as the expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, as well as the Notch ligand Delta 4. However, THC treatment did not affect other DC functions such as intracellular killing of Lp and Lp-induced apoptosis. Testing the capacity of THC to suppress DC polarizing function with T cells showed that DCs infected in vitro with Lp were able to immunize mice when injected prior to a lethal Lp infection; however, the immunization potential along with Th1 cytokine production was attenuated by THC treatment of the cells at the time of in vitro infection. In addition, THC-treated and Lp-infected DCs poorly stimulated primed splenic CD4 T cells in culture to produce IFN-gamma (IFN-y); however, this stimulating deficiency was reversed by adding recombinant IL-12p40 protein to the cultures. In conclusion, the data suggest that THC inhibits Th1 polarization by targeting essential DC functions such as IL-12p40 secretion and the maturation and expression of co-stimulatory and polarizing molecules.

O sistema nervoso simpático (SNS) inerva a maioria dos órgãos linfoides e durante situações de estresse, por meio da liberação da noradrenalina de seus ramos eferentes, emitem sinais capazes de modular as repostas imunes. Nossa hipótese foi de que esta via poderia alterar a função de células dendríticas (DCs) derivadas de monócitos humanos, uma vez que receptores adrenérgicos já foram demonstrados em DCs murinas e pelo fato de que as estas células são chave na iniciação de respostas imunes adaptativas, bem como indutoras de tolerância. Desta forma, DCs diferenciadas a partir de monócitos sanguíneos provenientes de doadores saudáveis tratadas com ligantes adrenérgicos foram analisadas quanto a expressão de marcadores de membrana, atividade fagocítica, apresentação antigênica em ensaio de reação mista de linfócitos, expressão gênica de marcadores de diferenciação e ativação, bem como produção de citocinas. Os resultados revelaram que as DCs apresentam transcritos apenas para o adrenoceptor β2, e esta expressão é similar à de macrófagos, mas inferior a de linfócitos. A análise dos marcadores fenotípicos de membrana, atividade fagocítica, apresentação antigênica e produção de citocinas não mostraram alterações nas células tratadas com agonistas adrenérgicos. No entanto, o tratamento com ligantes adrenérgicos foi capaz de alterar a expressão dos genes CD40, CD80, CD83, CXCL1, TGFB1, FCGR3A, CCR7 e CCL5 em DCs e macrófagos estimulados com LPS ou TNF-α. Embora os efeitos dos ligantes adrenérgicos não tenham sido fortemente evidenciados nos testes realizados, os resultados sugerem que pequenas alterações podem ser provocadas pela ligação das catecolaminas em DCs, sugerindo que estas possam ser moduladas pelo SNS, modificando as respostas imunes / The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervates most of the lymphoid organs and during stress situations, by releasing norepinephrine from its efferent branches, emit signals capable of modulating immune responses. Our hypothesis was that this pathway could alter the function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), since adrenergic receptors have already been demonstrated in murine DCs, and by the fact that these cells are key in initiating adaptive immune responses as well as tolerance inducers. Thus, differentiated DCs from blood monocytes from healthy donors treated with adrenergic ligands were analyzed for expression of membrane markers, phagocytic activity, antigenic presentation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay, gene expression of differentiation and activation markers and cytokine production. The results revealed that DCs present transcripts only for the β2 adrenoceptor, and this expression is similar to that observed in macrophages, but lower than what it is found in lymphocytes. The analysis of phenotypic membrane markers, phagocytic activity, antigenic presentation and cytokine production did not revealed any changes in the cells treated with adrenergic agonists. However, treatment with the adrenergic ligands was able to alter the expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CXCL1, TGFB1, FCGR3A, CCR7 and CCL5 genes in DCs and macrophages stimulated with LPS or TNF-α. Although the effects of adrenergic ligands have not been strongly demonstrated in the tests performed, the results suggest that small changes can be caused by the binding of catecholamines in DCs, suggesting that they can be modulated by the SNS, modifying immune responses.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Aufbau einer neuartigen Anlage zur breitbandigen Messung zeitaufgelöster Fluoreszenzspektren durch Summenfreqnzbildung ("Fluorescence Upconversion") beschrieben. Breitbandig heißt hier, dass der spektrale Bereich von 425 bis 610 nm (Delta nu = 7200 1/cm) in einem einzigen Messgang erfasst wird. Die Zeitauflösung der Messung liegt nach Dispersionskorrektur bei 100 fs. Die Erfüllung der geometrischen und optischen Randbedingungen ("Phase matching") für die Summenfrequenzbildung über einen so breiten spektralen Bereich wurde durch die Wahl eines dünnen, niederdispersiven, nichtlinearen Kristalls (KDP, 100 mikrometer) und eines infraroten Torpulses ermöglicht. Erste Messungen wurden an einem System durchgeführt, dessen Fluoreszenzverhalten aus der Literatur sehr gut bekannt ist, Coumarin 153 in Acetonitril. Aus der dynamischen Stokes-Verschiebung wurde die Solvations-Korrelations-Funktion für Acetonitril bestimmt. Die aus der Literatur bekannten Werte wurden reproduziert. Daraus wurde geschlossen, dass mit der Apparatur zuverlässig gemessen werden kann. Als zweites System wurde 4-Dimethylamino-4'-cyanostilben (DCS) in Acetonitril untersucht. Aus der Literatur ist es bekannt für duale Fluoreszenz: unmittelbar nach der Anregung des Moleküls wächst eine Fluoreszenzbande an und schwindet wieder, während gleichzeitig zur ersten rotverschoben eine neue Bande anwächst. Mit Messungen der zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenz bei verschiedenen Schichtdicken und der zeitaufgelösten Absorption sowie quantenmechanischen Rechnungen konnte dieses Phänomen auf eine starke Absorptionsbande im ersten elektronisch angeregten Zustand zurückgeführt werden. DCS besitzt also nur scheinbar duale Fluoreszenz. Bei genügend geringer Schichtdicke ist es möglich das wahre Emissionsverhalten zu beobachten, nämlich eine von der Lösungsmittel-Antwort bestimmte dynamische Rotverschiebung. / In this work a new experimental design is presented that allows upconversion of a fluorescence band in a broad range of 7200 1/cm without readjusting optical elements, thus allowing measurements with a single pump-gate scan. This broad phase matching could be achieved by utilizing a thin, nonlinear optical crystal (KDP, 100 mikron) and an infrared gate wavelength. The setup provides a time-resolution of 100 fs. First measurements were performed on a system which emission behaviour has been extensively described in literature, the laser dye coumarin 153 (c153)in acetonitrile. From dynamical Stokes-shift the solvation correlation function of acetonitrile could be obtained. Data known from literature were reproduced. From this it was concluded that with this new setup measurements can be performed reliably. The second system investigated was 4-dimethylamino-4'-cyanostilbene (dcs) in acetonitrile. In literature it was discussed in terms of dual fluorescence: immediately after excitation of the dye an first emission band rises in the blue and decays while synchronously a second band rises at longer wavelengths. By measuring time-resolved fluorescence at different sample thickness, time-resolved absorption as well as quantum mechanical calculations dual emission could be excluded, instead a new explanation was found. A strong transition from the S$_1$ state to higher states overlaps with the transient emission signal. The optical density of this transition scales with concentration, thickness of the sample and intensity of the pump-pulse. If the optical density is high then re-absorption gives the impression of dual emission; but if it is kept low then the true spectral behaviour of DCS can be revealed: pure solvation dynamics.

O sistema nervoso simpático (SNS) inerva a maioria dos órgãos linfoides e durante situações de estresse, por meio da liberação da noradrenalina de seus ramos eferentes, emitem sinais capazes de modular as repostas imunes. Nossa hipótese foi de que esta via poderia alterar a função de células dendríticas (DCs) derivadas de monócitos humanos, uma vez que receptores adrenérgicos já foram demonstrados em DCs murinas e pelo fato de que as estas células são chave na iniciação de respostas imunes adaptativas, bem como indutoras de tolerância. Desta forma, DCs diferenciadas a partir de monócitos sanguíneos provenientes de doadores saudáveis tratadas com ligantes adrenérgicos foram analisadas quanto a expressão de marcadores de membrana, atividade fagocítica, apresentação antigênica em ensaio de reação mista de linfócitos, expressão gênica de marcadores de diferenciação e ativação, bem como produção de citocinas. Os resultados revelaram que as DCs apresentam transcritos apenas para o adrenoceptor β2, e esta expressão é similar à de macrófagos, mas inferior a de linfócitos. A análise dos marcadores fenotípicos de membrana, atividade fagocítica, apresentação antigênica e produção de citocinas não mostraram alterações nas células tratadas com agonistas adrenérgicos. No entanto, o tratamento com ligantes adrenérgicos foi capaz de alterar a expressão dos genes CD40, CD80, CD83, CXCL1, TGFB1, FCGR3A, CCR7 e CCL5 em DCs e macrófagos estimulados com LPS ou TNF-α. Embora os efeitos dos ligantes adrenérgicos não tenham sido fortemente evidenciados nos testes realizados, os resultados sugerem que pequenas alterações podem ser provocadas pela ligação das catecolaminas em DCs, sugerindo que estas possam ser moduladas pelo SNS, modificando as respostas imunes / The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) innervates most of the lymphoid organs and during stress situations, by releasing norepinephrine from its efferent branches, emit signals capable of modulating immune responses. Our hypothesis was that this pathway could alter the function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), since adrenergic receptors have already been demonstrated in murine DCs, and by the fact that these cells are key in initiating adaptive immune responses as well as tolerance inducers. Thus, differentiated DCs from blood monocytes from healthy donors treated with adrenergic ligands were analyzed for expression of membrane markers, phagocytic activity, antigenic presentation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay, gene expression of differentiation and activation markers and cytokine production. The results revealed that DCs present transcripts only for the β2 adrenoceptor, and this expression is similar to that observed in macrophages, but lower than what it is found in lymphocytes. The analysis of phenotypic membrane markers, phagocytic activity, antigenic presentation and cytokine production did not revealed any changes in the cells treated with adrenergic agonists. However, treatment with the adrenergic ligands was able to alter the expression of CD40, CD80, CD83, CXCL1, TGFB1, FCGR3A, CCR7 and CCL5 genes in DCs and macrophages stimulated with LPS or TNF-α. Although the effects of adrenergic ligands have not been strongly demonstrated in the tests performed, the results suggest that small changes can be caused by the binding of catecholamines in DCs, suggesting that they can be modulated by the SNS, modifying immune responses.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka varför korttidsfrånvaron hade ökat inom hemtjänsten i en offentlig organisation med fokus på den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Studien bygger på nio intervjuer som analyserades genom en grundläggande kvalitativ metod. Resultatet visar att de anställda upplevde tidspressade arbetsdagar där arbetsbelastning generellt ansågs vara för hög. Det fanns inte alltid tid till att utföra arbetsuppgifterna under ordinarie arbetstid och inga marginaler fanns för de oväntade händelser som ofta uppkom i arbetet. De anställda upplevde att gemenskapen i arbetsgruppen var god men kände en ensamhet under arbetsdagen och önskade mer gemensam tid tillsammans. Det var skilda meningar om ledarskapet och stödet från chefen. Några av de anställda önskade mer stöd och uppmuntran samt att arbetet utöver vårdarbetet skulle uppskattas mer medan andra var nöjda. Slutsatsen var att korttidsfrånvaron hade ökat på grund av den höga arbetsbelastningen, en stressig arbetsmiljö samt långa arbetsperioder utan ledighet. / The purpose of the study was to examine why the short-term absence had increased within home care in a public organization with focus on the psychosocial work environment. The study is based on nine interviews and the data were analyzed using a basic qualitative research. The results shows that the employees experienced time-pressured working days where the workload generally was considered to be too high. There was not always time for them to perform their duties during normal working hours and there were no margins for the unexpected events that often arose in the work. The employees felt that the community of the workgroup was good but felt a loneliness during the working day and wanted more shared time together. The conclusion was that the short-term absence had increased due to the high workload, a stressful work environment, and long periods of work without time off.

BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) i Gävle är ett av de världsledande företagen inom tillverkning av vätskekartong. För att fortsatt vara ett ledande företag arbetar de dagligen med förbättringsförslag för att utveckla och öka fabrikens säkerhet och tillgänglighet. Detta examensarbete innehåller ett av många förbättringsförslag på avdelningen, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB har en tydlig önskan om att åtgärda ett känt problem som kan leda till förödande ekonomiska konsekvenser.  Examensarbetet har bestått av att införa en automatisk nedkylningssekvens av mesaugnen, med fokusområde på säkerhet och programmering. Säkerhet är ett brett område och arbetsuppgifterna har avgränsats till automationsnära uppgifter för att hålla sig inom tidsramen på tio veckor. För att hålla samma kontinuitet och standard hos BK har programmeringen utgått från att använda nuvarande programmeringsspråk funktionsblocks diagram i styrsystemet AC450 från ABB.  Metoden som har använts i arbetet är aktionsforskning som innehöll planering, riskanalys och dokumentation för att minimera och eliminera tänkbara risker, relaterade till personsäkerhet och maskinutrustning.  Målsättningen med examensarbetet var att ha en fungerade, säker och pålitlig nedkylningssekvens. För att optimera processen, avlasta processoperatören och förbättra arbetsmiljön i kontrollrummet genom att automatisera ett arbetsmoment. Simuleringen har påvisat att nedkylningssekvensens funktion uppfyller BK önskan. På grund av fabriksstopp under examensarbetets tidsram har idrifttagning blivit försenat och provkörningen har flyttats fram. / BillerudKorsnäs AB (BK) in Gävle is one of the world-leading companies in the manufacture of liquid board. To continue to be a leading company, they work daily with improvement proposals to develop and increase the factory's safety and availability. This thesis contains one of many improvement proposals in the department, Lut och Kraft. BillerudKorsnäs AB has a clear desire to remedy a known problem that can lead to devastating financial consequences.  The degree project has consisted of introducing an automatic cooling sequence of the lime kiln, with a focus area on safety and programming. Security is a broad area and the tasks have been limited to automation-related tasks to stay within the time frame of ten weeks. To maintain the same continuity and standard at BK, the programming has been based on using the current programming script function block diagram in the control system AC450 from ABB.  The method that has been used in the work is action research that included planning, risk analysis and documentation to minimize and eliminate possible risks, related to personal safety and machine equipment.  The goal of the degree project was to have a functional, safe, and reliable cooling sequence. To optimize the process, relieve the process operator and improve the working environment in the control room by automating a work step. The simulation has shown that the function of the cooling sequence fulfills the BK desire. Due to a factory shutdown during the degree project's time frame, commissioning has been delayed and the test drive has been moved forward.

Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) sont des cellules spécialisées dans la présentation de l'antigène aux lymphocytes (CPAs), capables d'initier des réponses immunitaires adaptatives et ce sont également les acteurs majeurs de la présentation croisée des antigènes exogènes par le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité de classe I (CMH-I). Les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de la présentation croisée ont beaucoup été étudiés, mais des questions importantes restent à élucider. Notre laboratoire a précédemment montré que la pré-incubation à basse température des DCs déficientes pour TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) normalise l’expression de molécules du CMH-I à la surface et la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés par une voie dépendante du protéasome, suggérant que les phagosomes pourraient être dotés d’un transporteur alternatif pour importer les peptides générés dans le cytosol par le protéasome. Comme la source de CMH-I chargés par cette voie reste incertaine, il est possible que le rôle de TAP dans la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés soit indirect et limité à fournir les molécules de CMH-I disponibles pour un chargement pendant leur recyclage. Ainsi, notre objectif était de déterminer le rôle exact de TAP dans le transport de peptides à l'intérieur du phagosome et d'évaluer le rôle de TAP-L (TAP-like), un transporteur lysosomal ATP-dépendant avec une fonction putative dans la présentation antigénique. Nous avons mis au point une technique de transport des peptides par cytométrie en flux (phagoFACS) et montré que TAP est présent dans les phagosomes des DCs et est capable de transporter des peptides ayant une forte affinité pour TAP d'une manière ATP-dépendante. Cette technique permet l'exclusion des phagosomes ayant un défaut d’intégrité membranaire, obtenus lors de la préparation des phagosomes, et apporte une preuve directe de l'accumulation du peptide à l'intérieur des phagosomes. Les paramètres affectant cette accumulation sont la maturation phagosomale et la présence de molécules CMH-I liant le peptide. De façon surprenante, en l'absence de TAP, le peptide SIINFEKL dérivé de l’ovalbumine ayant une affinité intermédiaire pour TAP est transporté de manière ATP-dépendante dans le phagosome. Ceci est cohérent avec l’hypothèse suggérant la présence d'un autre transporteur de peptide dans les phagosomes des DCs. Nous avons utilisé la même technique pour évaluer la fonction physiologique de TAP-L dans le transport de peptides et montré que TAP-L est présent dans les phagosomes et serait responsable de l’import de peptides dans ces vésicules. Nos résultats suggèrent aussi que TAP-L semble jouer un rôle dans la présentation croisée des antigènes phagocytés à basse température. Ceci a été observé dans des DCs déficientes pour TAP et TAP-L, indiquant que les deux transporteurs pourraient coopérer pour assurer l’import des peptides dans les phagosomes. Nous avons également pu démontrer un rôle de TAP-L dans la présentation de l’antigène par CMH-II. Ces résultats nous encouragent à explorer les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces fonctions pour comprendre la contribution relative de chaque transporteur de peptides dans la présentation antigénique. / Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells, capable of activating resting T cells and of initiating primary and stimulating memory immune responses. DCs can efficiently use internalized antigens for presentation by major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules: a phenomenon referred to as “cross-presentation.” Cross-presentation is important in priming of CD8+ T-cell responses to a variety of pathogens and to tumors as well as in immune tolerance to self and in autoimmunity. The molecular and cell biological mechanisms underlying cross-presentation have been studied intensively but important issues remain unclear. Our laboratory has previously shown that the pre-incubation of TAP-deficient DCs at low temperature normalized surface MHC-I expression and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens in a proteasome-dependent pathway. This suggested that phagosomes might harbor an alternative peptide transporter to import peptides generated by cytosolic proteasome complexes. As the source of MHC-I loaded in this pathway remains unclear, it is possible that the principal or partial role of TAP in proteasome-dependent cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens is to provide recycling cell surface class I molecules. Our aim was to assess the exact role of TAP in peptide transport into phagosomes and to examine the role of the transporter associated with antigen processing-like (TAP-L), a lysosomal transporter with a putative function in antigen presentation. We have developed an assay of peptide transport using flow cytometry (phagoFACS) and shown that TAP is present in DC phagosomes and capable of transporting at least peptides with high affinity to TAP in an ATP-dependant manner. Using this assay, which allowed for eliminating background due to leaky vesicles, we were able to provide direct evidence of peptide accumulation inside phagosomes. ATP-dependant peptide accumulation inside phagosomes was affected by phagosomal maturation and by the presence of a peptide-binding MHC class I-molecule. Surprisingly, in the absence of TAP, another peptide transporter may be able to transport a peptide with intermediate affinity to TAP, namely the ovalbumin peptide SIINFEKL, in an ATP-dependant manner. We used the same technique to assess the function of TAP-L in peptide transport and found that TAP-L may be involved in peptide import into phagosomes. Additional results suggest that TAP-L plays a role in MHC-II presentation and cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens at low temperature. The latter was shown in DCs lacking both transporters, suggesting that TAP and TAP-L might cooperate to ensure peptide import into phagosomes. The mechanisms underlying these functions should be explored to understand the relative contribution of each peptide transporter to antigen presentation.

The Smurfit Kappa Piteå is Europe's largest paper mill for Kraftliner. [1] The factory contains of both a sulphate mill and a paper mill including two paper machines. In a sulphate mill, pulp is produced by boiling wood chips with liquor that contains active chemicals such as Na2S and NaOH. There is a cost saving in chemical recycling instead of replacing used chemicals with new ones. In order for boiling pulp and have the process of recycling of chemicals to work optimally, the various liquids must maintain certain values and concentrations. It takes a lot of time and resources when the operators have to do it manually, and therefore the process owner has invested in a process analyzer that is physically connected to the pipes where the chemicals pass to automatically take out samples and analyze them. However, the analyzer has very big problems with crystallization of transportation pipes, valves that get stuck, and the only unit that provides information about the problems is a HMI-display located next to the factory's soda boiler. This place next to the soda boiler is an unpleasant area to stay at. That is one of the reasons that it often takes a long time from the analyzer encounters a problem until someone discovers the problem and contacts the accurate service department to fix the problem. The availability of the analyzer thus needs to be developed. The analyzer had its own PLC with control signals for valves and sensors. Those signals were picked out and sent through a PROFIbus DP to the operators ordinary control system ABB 800Xa. Also, a process image of the analyzer was designed and a number of functions for detecting and reporting problems were implemented. Each valve and sensor received its own faceplate with associated alarms. Now the operators could, with this user-friendly system, more quickly detect problems and address them to the right maintenance department. By interviewing the operators who work with the analyzer, it was made possible to measure the use of creating a new process image as a tool for troubleshooting. Many operators say in the interviews that they feel that the new process image makes them more aware of operational malfunctions of the analyzer that require action. However, some of the mechanical weaknesses in the design that cause these problems still remains, and must be fixed. / Smurfit Kappa Piteå är Europas största pappersbruk för Kraftliner. [1] De har både ett sulfatbruk och ett pappersbruk med två egna pappersmaskiner. I ett sulfatbruk tillverkas pappersmassa genom att koka träflis med vitlut som innehåller aktiva kokkemikalier såsom Na2S och NaOH. Det finns en kostnadsbesparing i kemikalieåtervinning istället för att ersätta förbrukade kokkemikalier. För att kokning av pappersmassa och återvinning av kemikalier ska fungera optimalt måste de olika vätskorna hålla vissa styrkor och koncentrationer. Det kostar tid och resurser när operatörerna gör det manuellt, därför har processägaren investerat i en processanalysator som är fysiskt ansluten till de ledningar där de viktiga kemikalierna transporteras för att automatiskt ta ut prov och analysera dessa. Analysatorn har dock problem med kristallisering av ledningar, ventiler som fastnar samtidigt som den tillhörande HMI-displayen ger knapphändig information om problemen. Därtill är HMI-displayen placerad i anslutning till fabrikens sodalutpanna, och är besvärlig att komma åt. Det tar ofta lång tid från det att analysatorn stöter på problem tills dess att någon upptäckt det, samt adresserat rätt avdelning för att avhjälpa felet. Tillgängligheten för analysatorn behövde förbättras. Analysatorns styrsignaler för dess ventiler och sensorer plockades ut och skickades via en PROFIbus DP till operatörernas ordinarie styrsystem. Därefter designades en processbild som visualiserade hur analysatorn ser ut, och ett antal funktioner för att upptäcka och rapportera problem implementerades. Varje ventil och sensor fick sin egen faceplate med tillhörande larm. Detta för att möjliggöra att operatörerna med ett användarvänligt system, snabbare upptäcka problem och adressera dem till rätt underhållsavdelning. Genom att intervjua operatörer som jobbar på det processavsnitt där analysatorn står placerad kan det konstateras att målet att designa en ny processbild, samt använda den och dess funktioner som ett verktyg för att snabbare upptäcka och adressera problem fungerar. Många operatörer säger i intervjuerna att de upplever att den nya processbilden gör dem mer uppmärksamma på driftstörningar av analysatorn som kräver åtgärder. Däremot så kvarstår en del av de mekaniska svagheter i konstruktionen som orsakar dessa problem.