Over the last decades the use of technology has drastically increased and its influence on services has been rising constantly (Meuter et al., 2005; Bitner et al., 2010; Rust and Huang, 2014). The digital revolution has paved the way for new predictive service concepts that are linked to the contents of this dissertation. Despite the many studies that have been conducted (e.g., Allmendinger and Lombreglia, 2005; Hubert et al., 2019; Kabadayi et al., 2019; Kashef et al.,2021; Klein et al., 2018; Timeus et al., 2020) and the amount of literature on this subject (e.g., Rehse et al., 2016; Pena-Rios et al., 2018; Paschou et al., 2018), there are still many gaps in the current status of its research. The industry is constantly introducing new phraseology to create unique selling propositions, such as service 4.0 in the automotive sector, which has not yet been scientifically defined. Against this backdrop, the first step of this dissertation was to define the wording “service 4.0” in the automotive context and to compare it with the fairly more common wording of “smart service”. By analysing interviews with knowledgeable respondents, the first out of four research papers describe the characterising components of service 4.0 and demands a unification of the wordings service 4.0 and smart services. Therefore, the further studies and associated papers use the expression 'smart services'. Additionally, the first study gives an overview of what practitioners expect of this kind of service in the automotive context. However, the development and implementation of new services require knowledge about customers’ needs and expectations to establish the services successfully. This leads to the question, what do customers actually expect of a predictive service in the automotive sector or a car workshop? Research paper II followed these thoughts and analysed interviews and a group discussion with consumers of different ages, genders, levels of education and origins in Germany. Based on the expectations, it introduced five categories of consumers’ and provides an overview of obstacles to the acceptance of smart services. The results of the qualitative studies reveal that many of the obstacles and expectations are concerned with data safety and trust. Furthermore, the results show that perceived transparency seems to influence trust. While the results of research paper II show the different influencing factors of trust in connection with the acceptance of smart services, research paper III tries to develop a new framework that reflects these relations. To do so, a quantitative study was conducted based on a sample of more than 1,000 consumers’ who answered the questionnaire. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model, the developed framework explains the connection between perceived transparency, privacy risks, perceived security, perceived control and initial trust. Furthermore, the results help to better understand the variance of perceived usefulness by employing the construct of initial trust. Moreover, the construct of perceived firm transparency has a strong influence on initial trust. The final research paper employed a qualitative research design to describe in detail the obstacles to the acceptance of smart services. It explored two main obstacle categories and one subcategory that describe why customers reject smart services and what their concerns are. Finally, research paper IV used an experiment to explore whether video clips can be used to increase the perceived firm transparency and control. The results of the empirical study show, that video clips seem to increase the perceived firm transparency and control. Therefore, the combined results of research papers III and IV could be a powerful tool for practitioners enabling them to increase initial trust and acceptance of smart services through the use of video clips. This article presents an overview the conducted studies and summarizes the results. Furthermore, it summarizes the underlying theories and builds a theoretical framework. All in all, this dissertation deepens the understanding of the acceptance of smart services using the example of the automotive sector, and the results should be valuable from a theoretical as well as from a practical point of view.:Summary I Overview of Research Papers III Table of Contents IV Table of Figures VI Table of Tables VII Acronyms and Abbreviations VIII Preface of the Author IX PART A: Introductory Overview of Dissertation 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Relevance of the Research Topic and Identification of Research Deficits 4 3. Theoretical and Conceptual Background 6 3.1 Future Services 6 3.2 Smart Service Research 9 3.3 Diffusion of Innovations Theory 10 3.4 Theory of Reasoned Action 12 3.5 Technology Acceptance Model 13 3.6 Theoretical Framework and Literature Overview of Initial Trust 20 4. Research Design 23 4.1 Qualitative Sample 23 4.1.1 Data Collection 23 4.1.2 Sample Details 24 4.1.3 Data Validation 26 4.2 Quantitative Sample 26 4.2.1 Data Collection 26 4.2.2 Sample Details 29 4.2.3 Data Validation 31 5 Summary of Research Papers 33 5.1 Summary of Research Paper I 34 5.2 Summary of Research Paper II 36 5.3 Summary of Research Paper III 38 5.4 Summary of Research Paper IV 42 6 Amalgamation of Studies and Results 44 7 Implications for Research and Practice 48 7.1 Theoretical Implications 48 7.2 Recommendations for Further Research 49 7.3 Practical Implications 50 8 Conclusion 52 9 References 54 PART B: Research Papers XI Research Paper I XII Research Paper II XXI Research Paper III XXXIII Research Paper IV LXI PART C: Annexes

Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Kapiteln, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten sozialer Identität im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts befassen. Das erste Kapitel analysiert den Effekt früher Nationsbildung. Daten über die Vornamenswahl der Eltern in acht deutschen Städten und die Klassifizierung der Vornamen erlauben es, Veränderungen der nationalen Identität zu fassen. Anhand der Variation in Familien über die Zeit und des Vergleichs von Städten, die 1815 Teil Preußens werden, mit anderen Städten, die außerhalb Preußens blieben, wird der insgesamt positive Effekt ermittelt. Das zweite Kapitel untersucht die Wirkung von Bismarcks Zuckerbrot-und-Peitsche-Politik auf den Wahlerfolg der Sozialdemokratie. Für die empirische Analyse nutze ich Varianz in bereits bestehenden Krankenversicherungen sowie Informationen zu verbotenen Vereinen in einem Differenz-in-Differenzen Ansatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es Bismarck’s Politiken zu steigendem Erfolg für die Sozialdemokratie geführt haben. Das dritte Kapitel untersucht die „Getreideinvasion“ der ersten Globalisierung. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Handelsschocks in der Landwirtschaft die Wirtschaft der ländlichen Kreise in Preußen belasten. Entscheidend ist indes, dass dieser Handelsschock aufgrund starker Arbeitsmigration nicht zu einem entsprechenden Rückgang des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens oder einer Zunahme der politischen Polarisierung führte. Im vierten Kapitel wird Max Webers Hypothese einer protestantischen Ethik überprüft. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass Protestantismus nach 1870 weder für das Einkommensniveau noch für die Ersparnisse oder die Alphabetisierungsraten in den preußischen Kreisen eine Rolle spielte. Stattdessen ist, so das Argument, Nationalismus sowohl für die Interpretation von Webers protestantischer Ethik als auch für deren empirische Überprüfung von entscheidender Bedeutung. / This dissertation is composed of four chapters which deal with various aspects of social identity in 19th century Germany. The first chapter analyzes the effect of nation-building in cities that became part of Prussia in 1815. Data on first name choices by parents in eight German cities allow to elicit changes in national identity. Using within-family variation and comparing cities that become part of Prussia with other cities that stayed outside Prussia identifies the overall positive treatment effect. The second chapter investigates the effect of Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on the electoral success of the socialist party. For identification, I exploit spatial and industry specific variation in treatment intensity due to ex-ante existing local health insurance. The results show that Bismarck failed in reducing the support for the socialist party. The third chapter studies the “grain invasion” – the “China shock” of the first globalization. The empirical results show that trade shocks in agriculture depress the economy of rural counties in Prussia. Crucially, there is no indication of a corresponding decline in income per capita or a rise in political polarization which is attributed to high levels of labor migration. The fourth chapter revisits Max Weber's hypothesis on the role of Protestantism for economic development in its contemporary context. The empirical analysis provides evidence that Protestantism neither mattered for income levels, nor savings, nor literacy rates across Prussian counties after 1870. Instead, the chapter argues that nationalism is crucial for both the interpretation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic and empirical tests thereof. While covering different contexts in 19th century Germany, these chapters are united in dealing with various aspects of social identity – either exploring potential political and economic causes of changes in social identities (chapter 1, 2, and 3) or possible consequences of social identity (chapter 4).

Der Austausch von Waren, Dienstleistungen und Arbeitskräften wird im Falle von politischen Konflikten gestört. Im Palästinensisch-Israelischen Konflikt macht die Machtasymmetrie die palästinensische Wirtschaft abhängig von Israels Politik. Obwohl dieser Konflikt wegen seiner Gewalt und seinen politischen Entwicklungen in den Medien viel beachtet wird, wurden politische Optionen in den Bereichen Handel und Arbeitsmärkte und deren Auswirkungen auf die palästinensische Ökonomie bislang wenig untersucht und bewertet. Dies ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, die sich auf die Ökonomie des Westjordanlands konzentriert. Diese Arbeit macht vier Beiträge zur Wissenschaft: Der erste ist die Entwicklung der ersten Sozialrechnungsmatrix für das Westjordanland. Der zweite ist die empirische Analyse von Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Arbeitsmarktbedingungen in Gleichgewichtsmodellen. Der dritte ist die Anwendung einer verschachtelten Nutzen-Funktion, die die Vorteile von linearen Ausgabesystemen und konstanter Elastizität von Substitutionsfunktionen kombiniert. Schließlich hat diese Arbeit wichtige politische Implikationen für die Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde (PA). In Bezug auf die Arbeitsmärkte wird gezeigt, dass es für die PA sinnvoll ist eine verstärkte palästinensische Beschäftigung in Israel anzustreben. Dabei sollten die negative Auswirkungen von aus Israel zufließendem Arbeitseinkommen („Holländische Krankheit“) gelindert werden. Dies könnte die PA durch Besteuerung von palästinensischer Beschäftigung in Israel und Schaffung von Anreizen zur Erhöhung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit erreichen. In Bezug auf den Handel zeigt diese Arbeit, dass das die PA eine liberale, nicht diskriminierende Handelspolitik verfolgen sollte. Da Israel auch in Zukunft wohl der dominierende Handelspartner für das Westjordanland bleiben wird, sollte die PA die freiest mögliche Mobilität von Gütern und Dienstleistung zwischen dem Westjordanland und Israel anstreben. / The movement of goods, services and labour is disrupted when conflicts arise. In the case of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the asymmetry of power between the two parties leaves the Palestinian economy vulnerable to policies implemented by Israel. While this conflict attracts considerable media attention for its violence and political developments, the assessment of the economy-wide implications of trade and labour market policy options on the Palestinian economy is understudied. Exploring these implications is the objective of this thesis, focusing on the West Bank economy. This thesis makes four contributions to science. The first original contribution is the development of the first social accounting matrix for the West Bank. Second, this thesis contributes to the current state of knowledge by assessing empirically the implications of different labour market conditions in general equilibrium models. Third, this thesis contributes to model development by adopting a nested utility function combining the benefits of linear expenditure systems and constant elasticity of substitution functions to depict household preferences. Finally, this thesis has important policy implications for the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Seen the limited development options in the West Bank, it is interesting for the PNA to seek an increased Palestinian employment in Israel in order to improve the welfare of Palestinian households. Meanwhile, the “Dutch disease” effects of labour income inflow from Israel can be mitigated by collecting a tax on Palestinians employed in Israel and incentivising the private sector to invest and create employment opportunities in the domestic market. With respect to trade, this thesis finds that the West Bank would be better off with a liberal and non-discriminatory trade policy. As Israel will remain the main trade partner for the West Bank, the PNA should seek the freest possible movement of goods and services between the West Bank and Israel.