<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>331 svenska högstadielärare bedömde i en enkät tio olika förnamn</p><p>på fiktiva elever inom fem dimensioner: framgångsrik, populär</p><p>bland kamrater, social förmåga, maskulin/feminin och</p><p>socioekonomisk status. Namnen valdes enligt följande: två vanliga</p><p>namn, två ovanliga, två namn vanligast bland höginkomsttagare,</p><p>två vanligast bland låginkomsttagare och två av icke-svenskt</p><p>ursprung. Hypoteserna var att förnamnen skulle ha olika</p><p>konnotationer, att detta skulle visa sig inom samtliga fem</p><p>dimensioner samt att vanliga namn och namn typiska för</p><p>höginkomsttagare skulle få en mera positiv bedömning än övriga.</p><p>Undersökningen gav stöd åt samtliga hypoteser.</p><p>Effektmagnituderna var stora. Respondenternas kön, ålder och</p><p>yrkeserfarenhet påverkade vissa bedömningar signifikant men</p><p>effektmagnituderna var små. Resultaten indikerar att</p><p>namnkonnotationer är ett förekommande fenomen även i Sverige,</p><p>åtminstone på högstadiet.</p><p>Nyckelord. Förnamn, lärare, namnkonnotationer.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>In a questionnaire, 331 Swedish junior high school teachers assessed</p><p>ten first names of imaginary students across five dimensions; success,</p><p>popularity, social skills, masculinity/femininity, and socioeconomic</p><p>status. Names were chosen as follows; two common and two</p><p>uncommon names, two names common among high-income groups,</p><p>two common among low-income groups and two names of non-</p><p>Swedish origin. It was hypothesized that these first names would have</p><p>differing connotations in all five dimensions and that common names</p><p>and names common in high-income groups would be judged more</p><p>favourably than the other names. The results support all these</p><p>hypotheses. Effect sizes were large. Respondent sex, age and</p><p>experience affected some results significantly, but effect sizes were</p><p>small. Results indicate that name connotations are a factor in Sweden</p><p>too, at least in junior high school.</p><p>Keywords: First names, teachers, name connotations</p>

Sammanfattning 331 svenska högstadielärare bedömde i en enkät tio olika förnamn på fiktiva elever inom fem dimensioner: framgångsrik, populär bland kamrater, social förmåga, maskulin/feminin och socioekonomisk status. Namnen valdes enligt följande: två vanliga namn, två ovanliga, två namn vanligast bland höginkomsttagare, två vanligast bland låginkomsttagare och två av icke-svenskt ursprung. Hypoteserna var att förnamnen skulle ha olika konnotationer, att detta skulle visa sig inom samtliga fem dimensioner samt att vanliga namn och namn typiska för höginkomsttagare skulle få en mera positiv bedömning än övriga. Undersökningen gav stöd åt samtliga hypoteser. Effektmagnituderna var stora. Respondenternas kön, ålder och yrkeserfarenhet påverkade vissa bedömningar signifikant men effektmagnituderna var små. Resultaten indikerar att namnkonnotationer är ett förekommande fenomen även i Sverige, åtminstone på högstadiet. Nyckelord. Förnamn, lärare, namnkonnotationer. / Abstract In a questionnaire, 331 Swedish junior high school teachers assessed ten first names of imaginary students across five dimensions; success, popularity, social skills, masculinity/femininity, and socioeconomic status. Names were chosen as follows; two common and two uncommon names, two names common among high-income groups, two common among low-income groups and two names of non- Swedish origin. It was hypothesized that these first names would have differing connotations in all five dimensions and that common names and names common in high-income groups would be judged more favourably than the other names. The results support all these hypotheses. Effect sizes were large. Respondent sex, age and experience affected some results significantly, but effect sizes were small. Results indicate that name connotations are a factor in Sweden too, at least in junior high school. Keywords: First names, teachers, name connotations

This thesis examines the naming-practice - particularly that of first-names - among men and women in the earliest tax registers of the 1540's from the northernmost Swedish provinces of Västerbotten and Österbotten. The aim of the thesis is first and foremost to describe, and to some extent explain, the naming-practice of the permanent population, with particular reference to the similarities and differences between the two provinces as far as personal names are concerned, and to their frequency and distribution. It has not, however, been considered possible to any great extent to compare quantitatively naming-practice in first-names with that of names in patronymics. Attention is also paid to contemporary naming-practice in, surrounding areas, especially the northern Lappmarks, and to the names of certain merchants from distant parts who were listed in the Bothnian accounts from the 1540's. The number of listed male first-names is 103 in Västerbotten in 1543 and 72 in Österbotten in 1548. Altogether, these names are borne by 2,217 and 2,787 taxpayers respectively. There was, therefore, a greater variety in naming-practice in Västerbotten, which is chiefly due to the fact that the province had more names of Scandinavian origin. The commonest first-names in Västerbotten are, in order of frequency: Olof,, Jon, Nils, Per, Anders, Lars, and Erik. The corresponding list för Österbotten is: Olof, Jöns, Lars, Per, Anders, Henrik, and Erik. The other male names are generally Scandinavian, and to a lesser extent German. Somewhat surprisingly, the Bothnian sources of this period only list the odd Finnish first-name. In the Västerbotten sources a number of men are listed only by their first-names (names without to-names). Their names were usually rare in the province. This is probably the most important reason why the patronymic is not added as a distinguishing feature at registration. Another rather remarkable method of naming according to the primary sources is what is called here the iterative name. This term refers to names which are both the first-name and the name in the patronymic, e.g. Nils Nilsson. Iterative names are found especially in the outlying areas of a parish. The choice of names there was smaller than in the central and more populous parts of the parishes. There was a strong possibility that a son would in this way happen to have the same name as his father. The investigation of female naming-pratice is based on only 110 names from each of the provinces. The commonest female names both in Västerbotten and Österbotten are, in order of frequency: Margareta, Kerstin (Kristina), Birgitta, Karin (Katarina), and Elin (Helena). Naming-practice in Kemi Lappmark was very heterogenerous, with elements of Finnish, Lapp, church, and Scandinavian names. In Torne lappmark at this time naming-practice was generally the same as on the Gulf of Bothnia. The naming-practice of the merchants was more varied than that of the Bothnian peasantry. An especially noteworthy feature is the occurrence of names of Russian merchants. / digitalisering@umu

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit hat in einer Einstellungsstudie untersucht, welchen Einfluss Einstellungen gegenüber sprachlichen Varietäten und gegenüber der wahrgenommenen ethnischen Herkunft von Sprecher*innen auf die Leistungsbewertung von Schulaufsätzen haben. In Anlehnung an die Debatte um Sprachideologien wurden Einstellungen gegenüber den sprachlichen Varietäten Kiezdeutsch und dominantes Deutsch sowie, aufbauend auf Studien zur Wahrnehmung von sozialer Information über Sprecher*innen, Einstellungen gegenüber türkisch und deutsch markierten Vornamen miteinander verglichen. 157 Lehramtsstudierenden der Universität Potsdam wurde je ein fiktiver Schulaufsatz vorgelegt, der die jeweiligen Einstellungsobjekte sprachliche Varietät und ethnisch markierter Vorname enthielt. Durch einen Vergleich der individuellen Leistungsbewertung der Aufsätze wurde untersucht, welche Unterschiede sich im schulischen Kontext in der Bewertung und damit der Einstellung gegenüber bestimmten Sprecher*innen und ihrem Sprachgebrauch feststellen ließen. Die Studie ergab, dass in den fiktiven Schulaufsätzen Kiezdeutsch stärker sanktioniert wurde als dominantes Deutsch. Dieses Ergebnis konnte verstärkt beobachtet werden, wenn der Schulaufsatz vermeintlich von einer*m Sprecher*in mit türkisch markiertem Vornamen stammte. Die Ergebnisse der Studie lassen vermuten, dass eine Bewertung von Schüler*innen von einer Vorstellung darüber abhängt, wie weit oder nah entfernt der oder die betreffende Schüler*in zur sprachlichen und sozialen Norm steht. / The present master's thesis aimed to investigate whether attitudes towards linguistic varieties and a perceived ethnic background of speakers do influence the grading of school essays. 157 teacher trainees from the University of Potsdam had been asked to each grade an identical school essay which only differed in the attitude items ‘linguistic variety’ and ‘ethnically marked first name’. The study has shown that school essays containing the multiethnolect 'Kiezdeutsch' (Neighborhood German) – which is perceived by the media and the public opinion as a “poorly performed German spoken by adolescents from Turkish immigrant background” – are assessed worse than those containing structures of Dominant German. These results could be observed even more strongly when the essay supposedly came from a speaker who had a Turkish marked first name. The results indicate that the assessment of the performance of children and adolescents in school depends on the perception of how close or far the individual student is situated to the linguistic and social norm.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and elucidate the introduction of new first names and the patterns of name giving from a social perspective based on material from baptismal registers. The region I have chosen to examine is Skellefteå and its surroundings 1791-1890. The point of departure is that the name giving may be considered a symbolic indication of the division between "us" and "them", based on constantly changing taste. During the period under examination, 1791-1890, 71 149 first names occur and 582 of which has been defined as new, i.e. first names that, as far as I know, did not exist in the area before the first example. Seen as the percentage of names occurring within different social groups the largest portion of new first names is introduced by the bourgeoisie and the smallest by the agrarian group. The new first names have been categorised as either a name choice or a name formation, with the former category containing more names than the latter. As regards categories of new names the bourgeoisie predominantly utilize name choice while for the agrarian group name formation predominates. The new pattern of name giving I have examined is the polyname system, which expands from the 18th Century onwards. The custom first grows in the name giving of girls, especially if born into the bourgeoisie. This social group also introduces the custom for the boys. When the custom of giving two names becomes too common in the region the bourgeoisie returns increasingly to one first name for the children, or to three or four names for each child. As regards the order of the new or old names, for boys the old name is generally placed first, especially among the agrarian group, if the two names are even in other respects e.g. have the same number of syllables. Once a new first name has been introduced it has to spread to survive. Of the 582 new names 422 spread and 160 do not. To examine the initial diffusion process from both a social and a geographical perspective 23 names have been chosen as representatives of different patterns of diffusion. The diffusion is described in terms of influence spreading from district to district or influence in the immediate surroundings. These two geographical aspects have been treated from a social perspective, in terms of a heterogeneous or homogenous social diffusion respectively. / digitalisering@umu

The aim of this doctoral thesis is to examine how parents in Sweden at the beginning of the twenty-first century use the process of naming as a resource to contribute to the creation of various identities for both themselves and their child. It is based on a two-component study — a postal survey and qualitative group interviews, both conducted in the city of Göteborg, Sweden — and includes parents with children born during 2007 and 2008. By combining different sources (names, surveys and interviews) and different methods (quantitative and qualitative), this study attempts to elucidate how first names and choices of first names can be given various social meanings. In contrast to previous socio-onomastic studies, this study considers not only whether naming contains any social variation, but also how and why such variation arises. The theoretical framework is a combination of onomastic, sociolinguistic, identity-theoretical and interactional theories. The results demonstrate that parents’ choice of first names for their children is an important social act. Through name choices and discussions of these choices, parents create what is known as social positioning, which in turn contributes to the creation of certain identities both for themselves and their child. A number of resources are identified which are used by parents to create different social positionings. This study also demonstrates how both macro-societal structures and interactional aspects influence this social positioning. Finally, this study argues that the observed social variation is best explained by the parents’ desire to identify with and contribute to the creation of different models for society, in which varying social values and attributes are important.

Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Kapiteln, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten sozialer Identität im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts befassen. Das erste Kapitel analysiert den Effekt früher Nationsbildung. Daten über die Vornamenswahl der Eltern in acht deutschen Städten und die Klassifizierung der Vornamen erlauben es, Veränderungen der nationalen Identität zu fassen. Anhand der Variation in Familien über die Zeit und des Vergleichs von Städten, die 1815 Teil Preußens werden, mit anderen Städten, die außerhalb Preußens blieben, wird der insgesamt positive Effekt ermittelt. Das zweite Kapitel untersucht die Wirkung von Bismarcks Zuckerbrot-und-Peitsche-Politik auf den Wahlerfolg der Sozialdemokratie. Für die empirische Analyse nutze ich Varianz in bereits bestehenden Krankenversicherungen sowie Informationen zu verbotenen Vereinen in einem Differenz-in-Differenzen Ansatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es Bismarck’s Politiken zu steigendem Erfolg für die Sozialdemokratie geführt haben. Das dritte Kapitel untersucht die „Getreideinvasion“ der ersten Globalisierung. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Handelsschocks in der Landwirtschaft die Wirtschaft der ländlichen Kreise in Preußen belasten. Entscheidend ist indes, dass dieser Handelsschock aufgrund starker Arbeitsmigration nicht zu einem entsprechenden Rückgang des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens oder einer Zunahme der politischen Polarisierung führte. Im vierten Kapitel wird Max Webers Hypothese einer protestantischen Ethik überprüft. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass Protestantismus nach 1870 weder für das Einkommensniveau noch für die Ersparnisse oder die Alphabetisierungsraten in den preußischen Kreisen eine Rolle spielte. Stattdessen ist, so das Argument, Nationalismus sowohl für die Interpretation von Webers protestantischer Ethik als auch für deren empirische Überprüfung von entscheidender Bedeutung. / This dissertation is composed of four chapters which deal with various aspects of social identity in 19th century Germany. The first chapter analyzes the effect of nation-building in cities that became part of Prussia in 1815. Data on first name choices by parents in eight German cities allow to elicit changes in national identity. Using within-family variation and comparing cities that become part of Prussia with other cities that stayed outside Prussia identifies the overall positive treatment effect. The second chapter investigates the effect of Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on the electoral success of the socialist party. For identification, I exploit spatial and industry specific variation in treatment intensity due to ex-ante existing local health insurance. The results show that Bismarck failed in reducing the support for the socialist party. The third chapter studies the “grain invasion” – the “China shock” of the first globalization. The empirical results show that trade shocks in agriculture depress the economy of rural counties in Prussia. Crucially, there is no indication of a corresponding decline in income per capita or a rise in political polarization which is attributed to high levels of labor migration. The fourth chapter revisits Max Weber's hypothesis on the role of Protestantism for economic development in its contemporary context. The empirical analysis provides evidence that Protestantism neither mattered for income levels, nor savings, nor literacy rates across Prussian counties after 1870. Instead, the chapter argues that nationalism is crucial for both the interpretation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic and empirical tests thereof. While covering different contexts in 19th century Germany, these chapters are united in dealing with various aspects of social identity – either exploring potential political and economic causes of changes in social identities (chapter 1, 2, and 3) or possible consequences of social identity (chapter 4).