• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 48
  • 13
  • 10
  • Tagged with
  • 71
  • 71
  • 32
  • 28
  • 28
  • 28
  • 20
  • 18
  • 16
  • 13
  • 12
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Ferroelektrische Lithografie auf magnesiumdotierten Lithiumniobat-Einkristallen

Haußmann, Alexander 17 March 2011 (has links)
Die Ferroelektrische Lithografie ist ein im letzten Jahrzehnt entwickeltes Verfahren zur gezielten Steuerung des Aufbaus von Nanostrukturen auf ferroelektrischen Oberflächen. Hierbei wird ausgenutzt, dass die unterschiedlich orientierte Spontanpolarisation des Materials in den einzelnen Domänen zu einer charakteristischen Variation der Oberflächenchemie führt. Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes zur gezielten und steuerbaren Deposition von Nanostrukturen aus Edelmetallen oder organischen Molekülen. Diese Deposition erfolgte mittels einer nasschemischen Prozessierung unter UV-Beleuchtung auf magnesiumdotierten, einkristallinen Lithiumniobat-Substraten. Als typisches Ergebnis zeigte sich sowohl für in Wasser gelöste Silber-, Gold- und Platinsalze als auch für wässrige Lösungen des organischen Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs Rhodamin 6G eine bevorzugte Abscheidung des Materials an den 180°-Domänenwänden auf der Substratoberfläche. Dabei beginnt die Abscheidung in Form einzelner Nanopartikel innerhalb eines 150−500 nm breiten Streifens parallel zur Domänenwand. Bei fortgesetzter Beleuchtung erfolgt ein weiteres Wachstum der Kristallite bis zur ihrer gegenseitigen Berührung. Damit ermöglicht dieser Abscheideprozess den Aufbau organischer oder metallisch polykristalliner Nanodrähte mit Abmessungen um 100 nm in Breite und Höhe. Die Länge ist lediglich durch die Probenabmessungen begrenzt. Die so erzeugten Strukturen wurden im Rahmen der experimentellen Arbeiten topografisch, elektrisch und optisch charakterisiert. Am Beispiel einzeln kontaktierter Platindrähte konnte dabei deren annähernd ohmsches Leitfähigkeitsverhalten nachgewiesen werden. Zudem reagiert der Widerstand eines solchen Platin-Nanodrahtes sehr sensitiv auf Änderungen des umgebenden Gasmediums, was die Eignung solcher Strukturen für die Integration in künftige Sensorbauelemente unterstreicht. Weitergehende Untersuchungen beschäftigten sich mit der Klärung der Ursachen dieser sogenannten Domänenwanddekoration. Hierzu wurde die Lage der abgeschiedenen Strukturen mit dem zu Grunde liegenden Domänenmuster verglichen. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen wurde dabei eine auf die Domänengrenze zentrierte, symmetrische Bedeckung nachgewiesen. Als Erklärungsansatz wird die Trennung der photoinduzierten Elektron-Loch-Paare durch das elektrostatische Feld der Polarisations- und Abschirmladungen diskutiert. Diese führt zur Ladungsträgerakkumulation und erhöhten chemischen Reaktivität an den Domänengrenzen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 1 Einführung 9 2 Grundlagen 15 2.1 Ferroelektrizität 15 2.1.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften 15 2.1.2 Domänen und Abschirmung 18 2.2 Lithiumniobat 21 2.2.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften 21 2.2.2 Einfluss der Stöchiometrie 23 2.2.3 Hysterese, Domänen und Domänenstrukturierungsverfahren 28 2.2.4 Abbildung von Domänenstrukturen 40 2.3 Domänenspezifische Abscheidung und Ferroelektrische Lithografie 48 2.3.1 Elektrostatik 49 2.3.2 Oberflächenchemie und Ferroelektrische Lithografie 54 2.4 Rasterkraftmikroskopie 65 2.4.1 Piezoresponse-Kraftmikroskopie (PFM) 69 2.4.2 Kelvin-Sonden-Kraftmikroskopie (KPFM) 78 3 Experimentelle Techniken und Messaufbauten 83 3.1 Rasterkraftmikroskope 83 3.1.1 Topometrix Explorer 83 3.1.2 Aist-NT Smart SPM 1000 84 3.2 Optische Mikroskope 86 3.2.1 Jenaval 86 3.2.2 Axiovert 135 87 3.3 Probenmaterial 89 3.4 Photochemische Abscheidung 92 4 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 99 4.1 UV-unterstützte Polung 99 4.2 Photochemische Edelmetallabscheidung 102 4.2.1 Grundlegende Eigenschaften 102 4.2.2 Abhängigkeit von Stöchiometrie und Dotierung des LiNbO3 105 4.2.3 Einfluss von Konzentration und Belichtungszeit 105 4.2.4 Positionsvergleich mit Domänengrenze 114 4.3 Elektrische Charakterisierung von Platindrähten 116 4.3.1 Grundlegende Eigenschaften 116 4.3.2 Nanomechanisches Auftrennen 118 4.3.3 Sensitivität auf Umgebungsmedium 122 4.4 Photochemische Molekülabscheidung 126 4.4.1 Domänenwanddekoration mit Rhodamin 6G 126 4.4.2 Rhodamin 6G auf frisch gepolten Proben 129 4.4.3 Beta-Amyloid-Proteine 137 5 Diskussion 143 5.1 Domänenwanddekoration auf LiNbO3 143 5.1.1 Zusammenfassung der experimentellen Befunde 143 5.1.2 Schlussfolgerungen aus der elektrostatischen Feldverteilung 144 5.1.3 Photochemische Reaktionen bei der Abscheidung 151 5.1.4 Lokale Strommessung an Domänenwänden 153 5.2 Transiente Phänomene auf frisch gepolten Proben 158 5.2.1 UV-induzierte Domänenmodifikation ohne externes Feld 158 5.2.2 Weitere Effekte bei Rhodamin 6G 159 5.3 Beta-Amyloid 161 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 163 6.1 Zusammenfassung 163 6.2 Ausblick 166 Anhang 169 A.1 Elektrostatische Feldverteilung in periodisch gepoltem LiNbO3 169 A.1.1 Unendlich dünne Domänenwände 170 A.1.2 Endliche Domänenwandbreite 172 A.2 Elektrostatisches Potential außerhalb von periodisch gepoltem LiNbO3 175 Literaturverzeichnis 177 Abbildungsverzeichnis 195 Tabellenverzeichnis 199 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 201 Liste der Veröffentlichungen 203 Danksagung 205 Erklärung 207 / Ferroelectric lithography is a method for a controlled assembly of nanostructures on ferroelectric surfaces, which has has been established throughout the last decade. It exploits the characteristic variations in surface chemistry arising from the different orientations of the spontaneous polarisation within the separate domains. The scope of this thesis is the application of that approach for the directed and controlled deposition of nanostructures consisting of noble metals or organic molecules. For this deposition, a wet chemical processing under UV illumination was carried out on magnesium doped lithium niobate single crystals. As a typical result, the decoration of 180° domain walls was observed for aqueous solutions of silver, gold and platinum salts as well as for the dissolved organic fluorescent dye Rhodamine 6G. The deposition starts within a stripe of 150−500 nm in width parallel to the domain wall. Under continuing illumination, the crystallites grow further until they finally touch each other. Using this technique, organic or metallic polycrystalline nanowires with dimensions in the range of 100nm in width and height can be assembled. Their length is only limited by the sample size. These nanostructures were characterised in respect of their topographical, electrical and optical properties. In the case of contacted single platinum wires an electrical conduction was measured, which showed approximately ohmic behaviour. It was also shown that the resistance of such a platinum nanowire is very sensitive to changes in the surrounding gas medium. This emphasises the suitability of such structures for integration in future sensor devices. Further experiments were carried out to investigate the physical background of the observed domain wall decoration. For this, the positions of the deposited structures were compared with the underlying domain structure. Apart from few exceptions, a symmetric deposition centered at the domain wall was observed. As a starting point for explanation, the separation of electron-hole-pairs by the electrostatic field from polarisation and screening charges is discussed. This process leads to charge carrier accumulation at the domain boundaries, thus enhancing the local chemical reactivity.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 1 Einführung 9 2 Grundlagen 15 2.1 Ferroelektrizität 15 2.1.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften 15 2.1.2 Domänen und Abschirmung 18 2.2 Lithiumniobat 21 2.2.1 Allgemeine Eigenschaften 21 2.2.2 Einfluss der Stöchiometrie 23 2.2.3 Hysterese, Domänen und Domänenstrukturierungsverfahren 28 2.2.4 Abbildung von Domänenstrukturen 40 2.3 Domänenspezifische Abscheidung und Ferroelektrische Lithografie 48 2.3.1 Elektrostatik 49 2.3.2 Oberflächenchemie und Ferroelektrische Lithografie 54 2.4 Rasterkraftmikroskopie 65 2.4.1 Piezoresponse-Kraftmikroskopie (PFM) 69 2.4.2 Kelvin-Sonden-Kraftmikroskopie (KPFM) 78 3 Experimentelle Techniken und Messaufbauten 83 3.1 Rasterkraftmikroskope 83 3.1.1 Topometrix Explorer 83 3.1.2 Aist-NT Smart SPM 1000 84 3.2 Optische Mikroskope 86 3.2.1 Jenaval 86 3.2.2 Axiovert 135 87 3.3 Probenmaterial 89 3.4 Photochemische Abscheidung 92 4 Experimentelle Ergebnisse 99 4.1 UV-unterstützte Polung 99 4.2 Photochemische Edelmetallabscheidung 102 4.2.1 Grundlegende Eigenschaften 102 4.2.2 Abhängigkeit von Stöchiometrie und Dotierung des LiNbO3 105 4.2.3 Einfluss von Konzentration und Belichtungszeit 105 4.2.4 Positionsvergleich mit Domänengrenze 114 4.3 Elektrische Charakterisierung von Platindrähten 116 4.3.1 Grundlegende Eigenschaften 116 4.3.2 Nanomechanisches Auftrennen 118 4.3.3 Sensitivität auf Umgebungsmedium 122 4.4 Photochemische Molekülabscheidung 126 4.4.1 Domänenwanddekoration mit Rhodamin 6G 126 4.4.2 Rhodamin 6G auf frisch gepolten Proben 129 4.4.3 Beta-Amyloid-Proteine 137 5 Diskussion 143 5.1 Domänenwanddekoration auf LiNbO3 143 5.1.1 Zusammenfassung der experimentellen Befunde 143 5.1.2 Schlussfolgerungen aus der elektrostatischen Feldverteilung 144 5.1.3 Photochemische Reaktionen bei der Abscheidung 151 5.1.4 Lokale Strommessung an Domänenwänden 153 5.2 Transiente Phänomene auf frisch gepolten Proben 158 5.2.1 UV-induzierte Domänenmodifikation ohne externes Feld 158 5.2.2 Weitere Effekte bei Rhodamin 6G 159 5.3 Beta-Amyloid 161 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 163 6.1 Zusammenfassung 163 6.2 Ausblick 166 Anhang 169 A.1 Elektrostatische Feldverteilung in periodisch gepoltem LiNbO3 169 A.1.1 Unendlich dünne Domänenwände 170 A.1.2 Endliche Domänenwandbreite 172 A.2 Elektrostatisches Potential außerhalb von periodisch gepoltem LiNbO3 175 Literaturverzeichnis 177 Abbildungsverzeichnis 195 Tabellenverzeichnis 199 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 201 Liste der Veröffentlichungen 203 Danksagung 205 Erklärung 207
42

Freezing single molecule dynamics on interfaces and in polymers

Krause, Stefan, Aramendia, Pedro F., Täuber, Daniela, von Borczyskowski, Christian 12 September 2013 (has links)
Heterogeneous line broadening and spectral diffusion of the fluorescence emission spectra of perylene diimide molecules have been investigated by means of time dependent single molecule spectroscopy. The influence of temperature and environment has been studied and reveals strong correlation to spectral diffusion processes. We followed the freezing of the molecular mobility of quasi free molecules on the surface upon temperature lowering and by embedding into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer. Thereby changes of optical transition energies as a result of both intramolecular changes of conformation and external induced dynamics by the surrounding polymer matrix could be observed. Simulations of spectral fluctuations within a two-level system (TLS) model showed good agreement with the experimental findings.
43

Thin films with high surface roughness: thickness and dielectric function analysis using spectroscopic ellipsometry

Lehmann, Daniel, Seidel, Falko, Zahn, Dietrich R.T. 06 March 2014 (has links)
An optical surface roughness model is presented, which allows a reliable determination of the dielectric function of thin films with high surface roughnesses of more than 10 nm peak to valley distance by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry. Starting from histogram evaluation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography measurements a specific roughness layer (RL) model was developed for an organic thin film grown in vacuum which is well suited as an example. Theoretical description based on counting statistics allows generalizing the RL model developed to be used for all non-conducting materials. Finally, a direct input of root mean square (RMS) values found by AFM measurements into the proposed model is presented, which is important for complex ellipsometric evaluation models where a reduction of the amount of unknown parameters can be crucial. Exemplarily, the evaluation of a N,N’-dimethoxyethyl-3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-diimide (DiMethoxyethyl-PTCDI) film is presented, which exhibits a very high surface roughness, i.e. showing no homogeneous film at all.
44

Rolled-Up Vertical Microcavities Studied by Evanescent Wave Coupling and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

Böttner, Stefan 07 May 2015 (has links)
Vertically rolled-up microcavities are fabricated using differentially strained nanomembranes by employing rate and temperature gradients during electron beam evaporation of SiO2. The geometry of the rolled-up tubes is defined by a photo-lithographically patterned polymer sacrificial layer beneath the SiO2 layers that is dissolved to start the rolling. Rolled-up tubes support resonances formed by constructive interference of light propagating along the circumference. Optical studies are performed in the visible spectral range using a micro-photoluminescence (µPL) setup to excite and detect optical modes. Record high quality factors (Q factors) of 5400 for rolled-up resonators probed in PL-emission mode are found and their limits are theoretically investigated. Axial modes can also be supported when an increased winding number in the center is realized by appropriate pattern designs. In addition, higher order radial modes can be confined when atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings are applied. Both types of modes are identified using polarization and spatially resolved µPL maps. Evanescent-wave coupling by tapered fibers and tubes on substrates is the second method used to study light confinement and to demonstrate frequency filtering in ALD coated rolled-up microcavities. Scans are performed by monitoring light from a tunable laser in the range of 1520-1570 nm after transmission through the tapered fiber. Dips in the spectrum are found and attributed to fundamental and axial resonant modes. Moreover, by coupling two tapered fibers to a lifted rolled-up microcavity, a four-port add-drop filter is demonstrated as a future component for vertical resonant light transfer in on-chip optical networks. Simulations show that the subwavelength tube wall thickness limits the Q factor at infrared wavelengths and ALD coatings are necessary to enhance the light confinement. After coating, two linear polarization states are found in experiment and fundamental and axial modes can be selectively excited by coupling the fiber to different positions along the tube axis. Spatially and polarization resolved transmission maps reveal a polarization dependent axial mode distribution which is verified theoretically. The results of this thesis are important for lab-on-chip applications where rolled-up microcavities are employed as high resolution optofluidic sensors as well as for future uses as waveguide coupled components in three-dimensional multi-level optical data processing units to provide resonant interlayer signal transfer.
45

Rolled-up Microtubular Cavities Towards Three-Dimensional Optical Confinement for Optofluidic Microsystems

Bolaños Quiñones, Vladimir Andres 12 August 2015 (has links)
This work is devoted to investigate light confinement in rolled-up microtubular cavities and their optofluidic applications. The microcavities are fabricated by a roll-up mechanism based on releasing pre-strained silicon-oxide nanomembranes. By defining the shape and thickness of the nanomembranes, the geometrical tube structure is well controlled. Micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy at room temperature is employed to study the optical modes and their dependence on the structural characteristics of the microtubes. Finite-difference-time-domain simulations are performed to elucidate the experimental results. In addition, a theoretical model (based on a wave description) is applied to describe the optical modes in the tubular microcavities, supporting quantitatively and qualitatively the experimental findings. Precise spectral tuning of the optical modes is achieved by two post-fabrication methods. One method employs conformal coating of the tube wall with Al2O3 monolayers by atomic-layer-deposition, which permits a mode tuning over a wide spectral range (larger than one free-spectral-range). An average mode tuning to longer wavelengths of 0.11nm/ Al2O3-monolayer is obtained. The other method consists in asymmetric material deposition onto the tube surface. Besides the possibility of mode tuning, this method permits to detect small shape deformations (at the nanometer scale) of an optical microcavity. Controlled confinement of resonant light is demonstrated by using an asymmetric cone-like microtube, which is fabricated by unevenly rolling-up circular-shaped nanomembranes. Localized three-dimensional optical modes are obtained due to an axial confinement mechanism that is defined by the variation of the tube radius and wall windings along the tube axis. Optofluidic functions of the rolled-up microtubes are explored by immersing the tubes or filling their core with a liquid medium. Refractive index sensing of liquids is demonstrated by correlating spectral shift of the optical modes when a liquid interacts with the resonant light of the microtube. In addition, a novel sensing methodology is proposed by monitoring axial mode spacing changes. Lab-on-a-chip methods are employed to fabricate an optofluidic chip device, allowing a high degree of liquid handling. A maximum sensitivity of 880 nm/refractive-index-unit is achieved. The developed optofluidic sensors show high potential for lab-on-a-chip applications, such as real-time bio/chemical analytic systems.
46

In situ Raman-Spektroskopie an Metallphthalocyaninen: Von ultradünnen Schichten zum organischen Feldeffekttransistor

Ludemann, Michael 01 July 2016 (has links)
Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden Signalverstärkungsmechanismen für Raman-Spektroskopie erschlossen und evaluiert. Die als geeignet bewerteten Methoden finden im zweiten Teil ihre Anwendung zur Untersuchung der vibronischen Eigenschaften von dünnen Manganphthalocyaninschichten, die anschließend mit Kalium interkaliert werden. Hierbei sind verschiedene Phasen identifizierbar, die ein ganzzahliges Verhältnis von Kaliumatomen zu Manganphthalocyaninmolekülen besitzen. Im dritten Teil werden die elektrischen Eigenschaften durch die Verwendung dieses Materialsystems als aktives Medium eines Feldeffekttransistors untersucht.:1. Einleitung 2. Theoretische Grundlagen der angewendeten Effekte 3. Experimentelle Details 4. Herstellung, Charakterisierung und Optimierung von Substraten für Raman-Oberflächenverstärkungseffekte 5. Untersuchung zu Verstärkungsmechanismen des Raman-Effekts an dünnen organischen Schichten 6. Interkalation mit Kalium in dünne Schichten aus Manganphthalocyanin 7. MnPc unter Spannungs- und Stromeinfluss - Der Feldeffekttransistor 8. Zusammenfassung Anhang Literatur Abbildungsverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Versicherung Lebenslauf Liste wissenschaftlicher Leistungen Danksagung
47

High Quality Rolled-Up Microstructures Enabled by Silicon Dry Release Technologies

Saggau, Christian Niclaas 24 August 2022 (has links)
Micro-technology relies on a highly parallel fabrication of 2D electronic and/or microelectromechanical devices, where in most cases silicon wafers are used as substrates. In contrast 3D fabrication shows unique advantages, such as footprint reduction or the possibility to obtain additional functionalities. For example, in the case of a sensor, knowledge of the acceleration in all possible directions, the surrounding electric or magnetic field among other quantities can help to determine the exact position of an object in 3D space. To do that it is crucial to retrieve all components of a vector field, which requires at least one out of plane component. In other fields like integrated optics three dimensional structures can enhance the coupling efficiency with free space interactions. As such 3D micro-structures will be crucial for upcoming products and devices. A highly parallel fabrication is required to enable mass-adaption, self-assembly is an emerging technology that could deliver this purpose. Examples of 3D structures created by self-assembly include polyhedrons like cubes, pyramids or micro tubular structures such as tubes or spirals. Following a self assembly scheme, 3D devices would be created through the fabrication of standard 2D structures that are reshaped through a self-assembly step into a 3D object. In this thesis a novel dry release protocol was developed to roll-up strained nanomembranes from a silicon sacrificial layer employing dry fluorine chemistry. This way a wet release is totally circumvented thus preventing damage of the created structures due to turbulent flow or capillary forces. Additionally the developed process enabled the use of standard CMOS deposition and processing tools, leading to a high increase in yield and quality, with yields exceeding 99% for microtubes. Building on the developed technology various devices where fabricated, for example rolled-up micro capacitors at a wafer scale with an increased yield and a low spread of electrical characteristics. For the E12 industrial standard more than 90% of devices behaved within the required performance characteristics. Furthermore the yield and Q-factor of roll-up whispering gallery mode resonators was strongly improved, making it possible to self assemble 3D coupled photonic molecules, which showed a mode splitting exceeding the FSR, as well as hybrid supermodes at points of energy degeneracy.:Contents Bibliographic Record i List of Abbreviations vii List of Chemical Substances ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Microelectromechanical Systems 1 1.2 Strain Engineering 2 1.3 Rolled - Up Nanotechnology 3 1.4 Objective and Structure of the Thesis 5 2 Materials and Methods 9 2.1 Fabrication Techniques 9 2.1.1 Substrates 9 2.1.2 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition 9 2.1.3 Dry Etching12 2.1.4 Deep Reactive Ion Etching 18 2.1.5 Atomic Layer Deposition 19 2.1.6 Lithography 20 2.2 Characterization Techniques 22 2.2.1 Strain Measurement 22 2.2.2 Ellipsometry 23 3 Dry Roll-Up of Strained Nanomembranes 25 3.1 Rolled - Up Nanotechnology 25 3.2 Fabrication 26 3.2.1 Release 29 3.3 Conclusions 33 4 Rolled-UpMicro Capacitors 35 4.1 Micro Capacitors 35 4.2 Fabrication 38 4.3 Characterization 39 4.4 Conclusion 41 5 Optical Micro-Cavities 43 5.1 Optical Micro Cavities 43 5.2 Theorectical Background 45 5.2.1 Quality - factor 49 5.2.2 FDTD 52 6 Optical Microtube Resonators 55 6.1 Optical Whispering Gallery Mode Microtube Resonators 55 6.2 Fabrication 57 6.3 Active Characterization 60 6.4 Conclusions 64 7 Photonic Molecules 65 7.1 Coupled Photonic Systems 65 7.2 Fabrication 68 7.3 Device Characterization 71 7.4 Multimode Waveguides 84 7.5 Conclusions 85 8 Conclusions and Outlook 87 8.1 Conclusions 87 8.2 Outlook 88 Bibliography 91 List of Figures 109 List of Tables 117 A Equipment 119 Cover Pages 121 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 123 Acknowledgements 125 List of Publications 127 List of Presentations 129 Curriculum Vitae 131
48

Simulation der Modendynamik von Fabry-Pérot-Laserdioden unter Berücksichtigung mikroskopischer Effekte

Kuhn, Eduard 28 November 2022 (has links)
In dieser Dissertation werden verschiedene Methoden zur Simulation der Dynamik der optischen Moden einer Fabry-Pérot-Laserdiode diskutiert. Experimentell lässt sich hierbei der Effekt des Modenrollens oder Modenhüpfens beobachten. Hier sind zu einem gegebenem Zeitpunkt nur ein oder zwei longitudinale Moden aktiv, dabei wechseln sich die Moden in einem bestimmten Wellenlängenbereich ab. Eine Erklärung für diesen Effekt sind Vibrationen der Ladungsträgerdichten in den aktiven Schichten bzw. den Quantenfilmen. So werden in der ersten betrachteten Methode die Ladungsträgerdichten bzw. die Besetzungsfunktionen zunächst als ortsabhängig betrachtet, um die Ladungsträger-Vibrationen direkt zu bestimmen. Bei diesem Vorgehen wird eine hohe Rechenzeit benötigt, welche bei einer anderen Methode mithilfe eines effektiven Modenwechselwirkungsterms allerdings erheblich reduziert wird. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass diese beiden Methoden sehr ähnliche Ergebnisse liefern, außerdem wird der effektive Modenwechselwirkungsterm unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Streuprozesse hergeleitet. Bei Strukturen mit mehreren Quantenfilmen oder größeren Stegbreiten spielt der Transport der Ladungsträger von den Kontakten zu den Quantenfilmen eine große Rolle, welcher in dieser Arbeit mithilfe der Drift-Diffusions-Gleichungen untersucht wird. Abschließend wird die Modendynamik mithilfe des Traveling-Wave-Modells simuliert. Im Gegensatz zu den bisher in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Methoden wird das optische Feld hierbei nicht mehr in die einzelnen Moden aufgeschlüsselt, sondern es wird partielle Differentialgleichung gelöst. / In this thesis different methods for the simulation of the mode dynamics in Fabry-Pérot laser diodes are discussed. These laser diodes show the effect of mode rolling, where the currently active longitudinal mode changes over time. This effect can be observed experimentally and can be explained by beating vibrations of the carrier densities in the quantum wells. In the first method used in this work the location dependence of the carrier densities and the distribution functions is considered. This procedure requires a lot of computing time, which is significantly reduced in another method using an effective mode interaction term. In the first part of this thesis it is shown that these two methods give very similar results, and the effective mode interaction term is derived taking into account various scattering processes. For structures with multiple quantum wells or broad ridge widths the transport of the charge carriers from the contacts to the quantum wells is important, which is examined in this work using the Drift-diffusion equations. Finally, the mode dynamics is simulated using the traveling wave model. In contrast to the methods used so far in this work the optical field is no longer broken down into the individual modes, instead a partial differential equation is solved.
49

Entwicklung einer hochauflösenden Kamera für die Mikroskopie mit harter Röntgenstrahlung / Development of a high-resolution x-ray camera for tomography with hard x rays

Patommel, Jens 20 January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Seit mit den Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen dritter Generation hochbrillante Röntgenquellen zur Verfügung stehen, haben sich Vollfeldmikroskopie und Rastersondenmikroskopie mit harter Röntgenstrahlung als besonders nützliche Untersuchungsmethoden etabliert. Insbesondere bei der vergrößernden Mikroskopie mit harter Röntgenstrahlung werden Röntgenkameras mit hoher Anforderung bezüglich der Ortsauflösung benötigt. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wurde ein zweidimensionaler Röntgendetektor für die Mikroskopie mit harter Röntgenstrahlung entworfen, gebaut und im Experiment getestet und charakterisiert. Hauptaugenmerk war dabei ein möglichst hohes Ortsauflösungsvermögen des Detektors verbunden mit einem großen effektiven dynamischen Bereich. Als vielversprechendes Konzept erwies sich dabei die Verwendung eines einkristallinen Szintillators, der mittels einer Mikroskopoptik auf einen CCD-Chip abgebildet wird. Im Experiment stellte sich heraus, dass der im Zuge dieser Diplomarbeit konzipierte Flächendetektor sämtliche an ihn gestellten Anforderungen hervorragend erfüllt. Obwohl ursprünglich für die vergrößernde Tomographie mit harter Röntgenstrahlung entwickelt, findet die Röntgenkamera darüber hinaus beim Justieren nanofokussierender refraktiver Röntgenlinsen in Rastersondenmikroskopen Verwendung. / With the advent of highly-brilliant third generation synchrotron radiation sources, hard x-ray full-field microscopy and hard x-ray scanning microscopy were developed and have been shown to be excellent methods for scientific investigations. Especially for magnified hard x-ray full-field microscopy, there is the need for two-dimensional x-ray detectors with highest demands on spatial resolution and effective dynamic range. In the course of this diploma thesis, such an area x-ray detector with high spatial resolution and large dynamic range was designed and built and then tested and characterized in experiment. The high-resolution x-ray camera consists of a visible light microscope which images the sensitive layer of a single-crystal scintillator on the CCD chip of a CCD camera. A test experiment gave evidence that the x-ray camera actually fulfills all the requirements with regard to spatial resolution, sensitivity and effective dynamic range. Originally, the detector was developed for magnified hard x-ray tomography, but in addition, it is applied for alignment purposes of nanofocusing refractive x-ray lenses in a hard x-ray scanning microscope.
50

On Modeling Elastic and Inelastic Polarized Radiation Transport in the Earth Atmosphere with Monte Carlo Methods / Über die Modellierung elastischen und inelastischen polarisierten Strahlungstransports in der Erdatmosphäre mit Monte Carlo Methoden

Deutschmann, Tim 02 March 2015 (has links) (PDF)
The three dimensional Monte Carlo radiation transport model McArtim is extended to account for the simulation of the propagation of polarized radiation and the inelastic rotational Raman scattering which is the cause of the so called Ring effect. From the achieved and now sufficient precision of the calculated Ring effect new opportunities in optical absorption spectroscopy arise. In the calculation the method of importance sampling (IS) is applied. Thereby one obtains from an ensemble of Monte Carlo photon trajectories an intensity accounting for the elastic aerosol particle-, Cabannes- and the inelastic rotational Raman scattering (RRS) and simultaneously an intensity, for which Rayleigh scattering is treated as an elastic scattering process. By combining both intensities one obtains the so called filling-in (FI, which quantifies the filling-in of Fraunhofer lines) as a measure for the strength of the Ring effect with the same relative precision as the intensities. The validation of the polarized radiometric quantities and the Ring effect is made by comparison with partially published results of other radiation transport models. Furthermore the concept of discretisation of the optical domain into grid cells is extended by making grid cells arbitrarily joining into so called clusters, i.e. grid cell aggregates. Therewith the program is able to calculate derivatives of radiometrically or spectroscopically accessible quantities, namely the intensities at certain locations in the atmospheric radiation field and the light path integrals of trace gas concentrations associated thereto, i.e. the product of the DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) method, with respect to optical properties of aerosols and gases in connected spatial regions. The first and second order derivatives are validated through so called self-consistency tests. These derivatives allow the inversion of three dimensional tracegas and aerosol concentration profiles and pave the way down to 3D optical scattered light tomography. If such tomographic inversion scheme is based solely on spectral intensitites the available second order derivatives allows the consideration of the curvature in the cost function and therefore allows implementation of efficient optimisation algorithms. The influence of the instrument function on the spectra is analysed in order to mathematically assess the potential of DOAS to a sufficient degree. It turns out that the detailed knowledge of the instrument function is required for an advanced spectral analysis. Concludingly the mathematical separability of narrow band signatures of absorption and the Ring effect from the relatively broad band influence of the elastic scattering processes on the spectra is demonstrated which corresponds exactly to the DOAS principle. In that procedure the differential signal is obtained by approximately 4 orders of magnitude faster then by the separate modelling with and without narrow band structures. Thereby the fusion of the separated steps DOAS spectral analysis and subsequent radiation transport modeling becomes computationally feasible.

Page generated in 0.0342 seconds