Uganda’s economy is agro-based; although the country is land locked it has great potential for industrial development. It is well endowed with natural resources and salubrious climate, but with little success in transforming its agricultural and mineral wealth into processed commodities for local, regional and international markets. The Uganda’s National Development Plan 2010- 2014 and Uganda Vision 2040 call for a transformed Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years. To achieve this goal, Ugandan economy needs to be industrialized. This need is one of the identified strategic bottlenecks. Various strategies and action plans have been developed to steer the country’s economy towards sustainable development and increased competitiveness but with little success. It has been recognized globally that economic development depends heavily on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are the prime source of new jobs and play a crucial role in income generation as well as in industrialization processes. However, most small businesses fail within their early stages of operation mainly due to under-capitalization and / or lack of proper management and business skills. Globally, through business incubators, start-ups and SMEs have been significantly enhanced to overcome their initial and critical stages of development. Business incubators have been tried in Uganda but not in a successful way. An Open Innovation Business Incubator is a physical or virtual environment that combines the attributes of open innovation and business incubation concepts in creating and supporting new start-ups. This research aimed at understanding more of the situation in Uganda, how the innovation systems and incubators are managed in other countries and to design a model for how to create better conditions for incubators in Uganda and similar low-income countries and stimulate industrial development. The proposed model has adopted an open innovation approach and a list of suggestions and recommendations has been made. Different methodological tools and participatory approaches were utilized in the process of undertaking the study to achieve the objectives. Data were collected through literature review, analysis of relevant theories such as industrialization, entrepreneurship, science, technology and innovation, business incubation, triple helix and clusters theory, open innovation, and public private partnerships. Review of Government reports and policy documents, discussions with industrial and incubation experts, surveys, focus group discussions and case studies were done. Useful ideas were obtained from seminars and conferences. Research findings indicated that: • There are hardly any graduate incubatees in Uganda, thus there is a need to foster partnerships and synergies between government, private sector/non-government organizations and academia for open incubation, • All incubators in Uganda focus on incubatees developing technologies and products but not on business models , • Open innovation incubators combined with entrepreneurial oriented strategies can effectively support start-ups and SMEs but requires strong mutual trust amongst actors, • Through public-private partnerships and open innovation incubators, industrial transformation can be stimulated.

This dissertation explores the impact of international trade on the geographic location of manufacturing activities and on regional productivity growth patterns within countries. This study develops models of trade with monopolistic competition in the context of a two-region country. It also provides empirical estimates of the e ect of tari policy on the distribution of industrial activities and on productivity growth di erentials across Colombia's regions. The rst essay investigates the consequences of trade liberalization for the distribution of manufacturing activities between large and small cities. It presents an extension of the Melitz (2003) model of trade with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous rms where producers' location and export market participation decisions depend on their productivity. As a country's exposure to trade shifts, rms and output are reallocated between large and small urban areas. Data from Colombia's manufacturing sector lend support to theoretical predictions concerning tari reduction's impact on the repartition of industrial activities between metro- and nonmetropolitan areas in this country. The second essay extends the New Economic Geography, Footloose-Capital model to examine the e ect of commercial policy on the distribution of industrial activities between regions within a country. This study aims at distinguishing theoretical cases with regard to the nature of the trade policy change or to the source of asymmetry between regions. It shows that trade liberalization can have adverse consequences for the manufacturing sector of a small or isolated region under bilateral liberalization, but a positive impact under unilateral trade liberalization. The third essay adapts the Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) model of trade with monopolistic competition, heterogeneous rms, and variable mark-ups to analyze the relationship between trade openness, regional market size, and regional aggregate industry performance. It demonstrates that the impact of trade liberalization on aggregate industry productivity growth varies across regions as a function of regional market size and proximity to foreign markets. A larger region experiences a greater increase in aggregate productivity through intra-industry reallocation of market shares. Similarly, a region with better access to international markets enjoys a higher productivity growth from tari reduction. Empirical evidence is obtained from the Colombian manufacturing sector.

Several studies have examined the life of William Small but only in respect to certain phases of his life, particularly Small's connections to Thomas Jefferson, James Watt, or the Birmingham Lunar Society. In 1758 William Small was recruited for the post of professor of mathematics at the College of William and Mary. From 1760 through 1762, he was Thomas Jefferson's only professor at the College of William and Mary. In 1764 Small returned to England and, with the assistance of Benjamin Franklin and others, became physician and scientific advisor to Matthew Boulton, a wealthy industrialist. Small, Boulton, and Erasmus Darwin established the celebrated Birmingham Lunar Society, which played an important role in the industrialization of Britain in the late eighteenth century. In 1767, Small met James Watt and thus began a collaboration that produced the steam engine. While American scholars have concentrated on Small's influence on Thomas Jefferson, British scholars have focused on Small's role in the Birmingham Lunar Society or his role in the development of the steam engine. This study examines Small's life in its entirety. Areas of Small's life overlooked by previous studies include his early life and education, the substance of his teaching career at the College of William and Mary, and his medical career. The true extent of Small's influences and the connections that he maintained between British and American intellectuals can only be seen by examining his life in its entirety. This study sought to bring together the disparate elements of Small's life in order to make clearer his place in history.

D.Com. (Economics) / The South African economy has deteriorated over the past two decades which has resulted In, amongst others, a lower economic growth rate with Increased unemployment. To Increase the general standard Of living, growth and development have become of the utmost Importance. To speed up this process, South Africa needs a new approach to growth and development. The approach suggested In this study, combines the "orthodox approach", which concentrates on maximum growth, with the "basic needs approach", which concentrates on the elimination of poverty. The "combined approach" thus concentrates on (a) the dynamic sectors In the economy which are considered as growth sectors, (b) those sectors which contribute to the elimination of poverty and general soclo-economic requirements and, finally, (c) Implement a structural adjustment programme which will create a suitable climate in which sectors In (a) and (b) can flourish. The manufacturing sector is responsible for approximately 24% of the added value of the South African economy. Given the "combined approach" to development, this sector has the potential to make an even more important contribution to South Africa's economic growth and development. To optlmlse this contribution, one needs to know the potential contribution of each manufacturing sector In relationto certain aspectsof development. There is not much specific specific data available on the manufacturing sectors in South Africa. In order to analyse the various manufacturing sectors, the research partially required the compilation of the data series used In the evaluation process. The data provided by this study has never before been available to this extent in SouthAfrica. The potentia_I contribution of the sectors was evaluated according to specific aspects of development, namely: import replacement; export promotion; inward industrialisation; the effective use of resources; productivity; relative viability; job creation; and, finally, the redistribution of growth between race groups and between regions. The sectors were, according to each aspect of development, graded as leading, average and lagging sectors. Through a compilation of the various modules, the general position of the manufacturing sectors In terms of growth and development can be determined as leading, average or lagging. The grouping does, however, only serve as an indication and does not provide the final answer.

No description available.

Scania is well known for its agriculture, previously the region consisted of mostly agricultural landscape and farming. Scania is the wealthiest part in Sweden of agricultural landscape and stands out from the rest of the country’s landscape. In the late eighteenth century the industrialization came to the region and the agriculture developed in pace with the industry. Most previous studies have described the evolution from agriculture to industrialization and urbanization of the region but seemed to fail to investigate the embedded drivers that drove the transformation. Therefore this study investigated embedded drivers during the period from agriculture to industrialization in the region of Scania. The result showed that factors of agricultural transformation, social change and entrepreneurship were the key embedded drivers for transformation.

La France s’est engagée à diviser par quatre ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre entre 1990 et 2050. Cela impose une réduction considérable de la consommation d’énergie des bâtiments. En particulier, il faut réaliser des travaux de rénovation énergétique dans 500 000 logements par an. Actuellement, les rénovations sont réalisées de manière artisanale. La plupart des travaux sont effectués manuellement sur chantier avec une qualité de la mise en œuvre souvent insuffisante. Les délais sont rarement respectés et les coûts dérivent au cours du projet. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, ce travail de recherche propose d’industrialiser la rénovation. D’un point de vue technique, l’industrialisation consiste à concevoir et mettre en œuvre des solutions constructives qui s’adaptent à chaque bâtiment et assurent la maîtrise de la qualité. D’un point de vue organisationnel, elle vise à définir un processus de rénovation complet ainsi que les acteurs, outils et méthodes associés. Cette thèse présente à la fois le produit (système constructif) et le processus d’industrialisation. Le système constructif est basé sur des panneaux multifonctionnels de grandes dimensions qui sont préfabriqués en usine et fixés sur les façades extérieures des bâtiments. Il réduit fortement le temps de mise en œuvre sur chantier, mais il impose de connaître précisément la géométrie des façades existantes. Pour cela, une technique de relevé tridimensionnel sans contact peut être utilisée pour créer rapidement une maquette numérique des bâtiments existants. Celle-ci servira pour les études énergétiques, structurelles, et architecturales et pour la configuration. Ensuite, un configurateur est proposé pour aider l’utilisateur à choisir les options des panneaux et réaliser leur calepinage (choix de leurs dimensions et positionnement sur les façades). Il permet d’éditer la gamme de montage des panneaux et un devis précis. D’autre part, un outil d’estimation est proposé pour établir les devis et planning initiaux d’après les études préliminaires. Cet outil sera alimenté par le retour d’expérience du configurateur. Enfin, un outil d’optimisation est présenté pour planifier le chantier en fonction du plan de charge des fabricants de panneaux et des ressources nécessaires pour la mise en œuvre. La fonction objectif peut comporter plusieurs critères, dont la minimisation de la durée du chantier, des stocks et de la durée de location des engins de levage. / Divide by four its greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2050 is one of the France’s commitments. A significant reduction in the energy consumption of buildings is therefore required. In particular, 500,000 dwellings per year must be energetically renovated. Currently, renovations are carried out with traditional methods. Most of the work is done manually on-site, often with a poor implementation quality. The deadlines are rarely met and the costs deviate during the project. To solve these problems, this research work puts forward to industrialize the renovation. From a technical point of view, industrialization consists in designing and implementing constructive solutions, which suit each building and ensure quality control. From an organizational point of view, it consists in defining a complete renovation process as well as the associated actors, tools and methods. This thesis presents both the product (construction system) and the industrialisation process. The construction system is based on large multifunctional panels that are prefabricated and fixed outside the buildings’ façades. It greatly reduces the on-site implementation time. However, a precise geometry of the existing façades is needed. To do so, a three-dimensional remote survey can be used to create quickly the building information modelling of the existing buildings. This one will be used for the energetic, structural and architectural studies and for the configuration. Then, a configurator is proposed to assist the user to choose the panel options and to make their layout plan (determination of their dimensions and position on the façades). It edits the panels’ assembly plan and an accurate quotation. Besides, an estimation tool is proposed to provide the initial estimate and work schedule based on the preliminary studies. This tool will be supplied with the configurator’s feedback. Finally, an optimization tool is presented to plan the renovation works according to the workload schedule of the panel’s manufacturers and the implementation resources. The objective function can have several criteria, including the minimization of the works duration, the stock and the duration of the lifting equipments rental.

The thesis focuses on the industrial sector of the chinese economy that is important for its performance not only for the domestic but also for the international market. The first chapter is dedicated to liberalization processess and beginnings of industrialization after 1978. The following chapter, which starts with the accession of China to the WTO and ends with the year 2010, concentrates on five-year plans, statistics and recent trends that describe this period of time. The task of the last chapter is to present various expectations concerning the future development of industry in terms of contemporary and newly started changes to the chinese economy.

[pt] A modernidade surge no Brasil, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, pelas mãos de um pequeno grupo de arquitetos e transforma a cidade em alvo de reportagens nas mais importantes revistas de arquitetura do mundo. A Europa e os Estados unidos acompanham, entre perplexos e estupefatos, a adesão de um país com um governo autoritário e de tradição conservadora, na longínqua América do Sul, a propostas tão inovadoras. Dentre esses pioneiros estão os Roberto, três irmãos arquitetos, que, a partir de um entendimento de que a arquitetura moderna teria de ter os processos industriais incorporados aos seus métodos projetivos e construtivos, desenvolvem uma obra bastante diversificada com foco, principalmente, no mercado privado da construção civil. Na fase inicial da arquitetura moderna brasileira, da década de trinta à década de cinqüenta, apoiados na crença do poder transformador da forma moderna, articulam, com ampla liberdade formal e apurado controle sobre todos os componentes de suas edificações, uma poética que contrapõe a padronização, exigida pelos procedimentos industriais, à singularidade, numa operação que parece acusar o descompasso entre a realidade social do Brasil e a modernidade pretendida pela elite intelectual, política e financeira da época. / [en] Modernity appears in Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro, through the hands of a small group of architects and transforms the city into the target of the most important Architecture Magazines worldwide. Europe and The US watch, both perplexed and surprised, a country commanded by an authoritarian government and marked by a conservative tradition adhere to such innovative proposals. Among those pioneers are The Roberto Brothers, three architects and brothers who, believing that modern architecture must have its projective and constructive methods within industrial process, they develop a diversified work structured, mainly, in the civil construction private market. From the 30´s to the 50´s, during the initial phase of the Modern Brazilian Architecture, The Robertos, based on the belief of the transforming power of the modern shape and using the freedom of shape and wise control upon all the components of their constructions, articulate a measure which opposes standardization, demanded by industrial procedures, to singularity - in an operation that seems to show the abyss between the social reality of the country and the modernity sought by the intellectual, political and economic elite at the

Haiphong, ville portuaire située au bord du fleuve Cửa Cấm et de la rivière Tam Bạc, faisait partie du réseau de la protection de la côtière du Nord-Est du Tonkin depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Par la conquête du Tonkin, grâce à la découverte de la voie fluviale, les Français ont identifié une porte d’entrée pour pénétrer en Chine méridionale. Ils y construisirent un centre économique à la fin du XIXe siècle, qu’ils développèrent dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. La liaison ferroviaire du port de Haiphong avec l’arrière-pays et ses nombreux gisements, a permis de confirmer sa position de grand port au Tonkin où, à l’époque coloniale, les agences commerciales exportaient et importaient la plupart des marchandises du Vietnam. Profitant des infrastructures prévues pour le commerce, les industriels français ont implanté leurs usines à Haiphong sur la base de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles et de la main-d’œuvre locale, et ont pu bénéficier des privilèges que le gouvernement du Protectorat leur accordait. Ayant commencé par les ateliers de constructions navales et mécaniques, la fabrique d’huilerie et savonnerie, les sociétés françaises ont ensuite installé de grandes usines de ciments, de coton, à la fin du XIXe siècle. Les deux mises en valeur des colonies françaises en Indochine, de 1897 à 1929, ont impulsé la création d’usines à Haiphong dans divers domaines : industrie de constructions navales et mécaniques, industrie chimique, industrie de transformation de produits minéraux et matériaux, etc., par des industriels français, chinois et aussi vietnamiens. En 1929, Haiphong était devenu un grand centre industriel et commercial du Tonkin. / Haiphong, a port city located along the Cửa Cấm and Tam Bạc river, was part of the network of coastal Northeast Tonkin from the early nineteenth century. Through the conquest of Tonkin, with the discovery of the waterway, the French have identified a gateway to penetrate southern China. They built a European city, an economic center during three last decades of the nineteenth century, they developed in the first half of the twentieth century. The railway connection from the port of Haiphong with the hinterland and its many deposits, allowed confirm its position as the great port of Tonkin where, in colonial times, commercial agencies exported and imported the majority of goods of Vietnam. Taking advantage of the planned infrastructure for trade, French manufactures have located their factories in Haiphong based on the exploitation of natural resources and the local workforce, and were able to benefit from the privileges that the protectorate government accorded them. Having begun by the workshops of naval and mechanical constructions, the manufacture of oil mill and soap, the French companies were subsequently installed the large factory of cement, of cotton, in the late nineteenth century. Two highlighted from the French colonies in Indochina, from 1897 to 1929, have encouraged the creation of factories in various domain in Haiphong: industry of naval and mechanical construction, chemical industry, processing industry of minerals and materials products, etc., by French manufacturers, Chinese and Vietnam also. In 1929, Haiphong had become a great industrial and commercial center of Tonkin.