O presente trabalho verifica a forma como a literatura econômica vem tratando da suposta desindustrialização do Brasil, analisando a compatibilidade entre as atuais abordagens e a visão evolucionária da mudança econômica, que combina elementos das teorias neoschumpeteriana e neoinstitucionalista (recuperando o institucionalismo original, do início do século XX). A busca de uma teorização compatível destaca que transformações como a (des)industrialização devem ser tratadas como processos de mudança estrutural gerados a partir da complexa interação entre os ambientes micro e macro de uma economia. Um novo tratamento para o fenômeno é sugerido de forma a apresentar diagnósticos mais úteis e a guiar a formação de políticas públicas em torno dessas transformações. / This work verifies how the economic literature has been working on the supposed Brazilian deindustrialization phenomenon, analyzing its compatibility with the evolutionary approach to economics, understood as a bridge that links Neoschumpeterian and Neoinstitutionalist theories (the latter retrieving Original Institutionalism from early twentieth century). The pursue of a consistent theorization of (de)industrialization and economic evolution stresses that transformations like (de)industrialization must be treated as processes of structural change built from the complex interaction between micro and macro environments of an economy. A new approach is suggested in order to present more useful diagnostics and to guide policy making in the matter of such transformations.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pablo_Jonas_Camilo.pdf: 4420049 bytes, checksum: 506169c0241f1ef47e91bd17e8353b9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / The production, transportation, and industrialization of milk in Paraná undergone substantial institutional, structural, and technological changes over the last decades that promoted changes in spatial dynamics occupied by the milk chain. The agro-industrial companies, for the most part, have undertaken some improvement, incorporating more effective machinery and equipment to maintain competitiveness in their production lines. The demand for greater efficiency exerted on other links in the chain, reaching producers, and transporters generated technological innovations in the processes, machinery, equipment, products and supplies, making it important objects of analysis. The adjustments made in response to the specific challenges led to dynamics to the region. Based on this analysis, this paper presents results of study on the dynamics of capitation and transportation of milk as a result of the development of the dairy industry and milk production, considering the category of socio-spatial training combined with the idea of geographical combinations and dynamic character of the development of the capitalism. / A produção, o transporte e a industrialização do leite no Sudoeste do Paraná passaram por substanciais mudanças institucionais, estruturais e tecnológicas nas últimas décadas que promoveram alterações na dinâmica espacial ocupada pela cadeia produtiva do leite. As empresas agroindustriais, em sua maior parte, têm realizado uma modernização para manter a competitividade, incorporando em suas linhas de produção máquinas e equipamentos mais eficazes; a demanda por maior eficiência, exercida sobre os outros elos da cadeia, atingindo os produtores e transportadores, gerou inovações tecnológicas nos processos, máquinas, equipamentos, produtos e insumos, tornando-se importantes objetos de análise. Os ajustes promovidos em resposta aos desafios propiciaram dinâmicas de reprodução espacial específicas para a região. Partindo-se dessa análise, este trabalho apresenta resultados do estudo sobre a dinâmica da captação e transporte de leite frente ao desenvolvimento da indústria de laticínios e da produção de leite, considerando a categoria de formação socioespacial articulada com a ideia de combinações geográficas e o caráter dinâmico do desenvolvimento do capitalismo.

A evolução do capitalismo ao seu estágio supremo, a universalização das relações sociais capitalistas, implicou em uma ampla transformação da base estrutural dos países periféricos, modificando-lhes a organização social, política e econômica. Esse processo de transformação tem sido comumente denominado de modernização. A modernização pode ser entendida como um conjunto articulado de ações que se desenvolvem nas esferas política, social e econômica, visando dotar o complexo sistêmico que compõe o Estado Nacional, de maior racionalidade e eficiência no que tange aos seus objetivos. Essa racionalidade e eficiência que se expressam através da maior divisão e especialização das funções de todos os setores que compõe o organismo do Estado, é acompanhada pela emergência dos grupos de intelectuais geralmente identificados com os novos e dinâmicos setores produtivos, que inevitavelmente entram em conflito ideológico com a antiga elite intelectual dominante. O conflito ideológico é tido como inevitável, porque reflete a luta pela transferência do poder político de uma elite reconhecida como arcaica, para outra considerada moderna. No Rio de Janeiro de meados do século XIX aos primeiros anos do século XX, este conflito revelouse de forma explícita através das reivindicações dos engenheiros politécnicos, identificados ideologicamente com os interesses industriais nascentes. Nesse sentido, os engenheiros irão defender a reorganização do Estado, que neste trabalho foi estudada em uma das suas características, a reforma urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, então capital do país. O termo reforma aqui empregado, tem um sentido muito mais amplo do que o termo remodelação, e deve ser compreendido como ruptura com o modelo organizacional sócio-econômico, espacial e político até então dominante. Aspecto mais visível dessa ruptura, o saneamento urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, conhecido como Reforma Passos, modificou-lhe profundamente não apenas alguns aspectos fisiográficos, mas toda uma estrutura social e econômica que perdurava desde o período colonial. A velha cidade colonial, entendida como símbolo do atraso, desapareceria, e em seu lugar surgiria a moderna cidade industrial. Conduzida por engenheiros capitalistas e empresários, a Reforma privilegiou demasiadamente os interesses econômicos sem a devida preocupação com a solução dos sérios problemas sociais herdados do Império, tendo-lhes aumentado em alguns sentidos, a intensidade, como o demonstra a crise de moradia verificada no período, a qual não encontrou solução até os dias atuais. / The evolution of capitalism to is supreme stage, as well as the globalization of capitalist social transactions, implied in a big transformation on structural basis of periphery countries, modifying their social, political and economics organizations. This transformation process has been commonly denominated: modernization. The modernization can be understood as an articulated group of actions developed on political, social and economic layers aiming at to endow the complex that composes the State-Nation with more rationality and efficiency when concerning its objectives. The expression of this rationality and efficiency, trough the biggest division and specialization of the functions of all sectors that composes the State, is followed by the emergency of intellectual groups often identified as new and dynamic productive sectors that, inevitably, get in ideological conflict witch the old dominating intellectual elite. The ideological conflict is seen as inevitable because reflects the struggle for the transference of political power form an elite defined as archaic to another one considered as modern. In Rio de Janeiro, around the XIX century in the beginning of the XX, this conflict revealed itself through claims of polytechnic engineers, who would identify ideologically with the emerging industrial interests. In this direction, engineers would stand up for the reorganization of the State, wich in this paper work was studied in one of its characteristics, the urban reform of the city Rio de Janeiro, capital of the country on that time. The term reform here used, has a much more ample meaning than the term remodeling, and must be understood as the rupture with the social, economic, geographic and political organizational patterns. A more visible aspect of this rupture, the urban sanitation of Rio de Janeiro city, Known as Passos Reform, changed not only its physiographic aspects but also the whole social and economic structure wich had lasted since the colonial period. The old colonial city, seen as a symbol of the delay, would disappear to give place to the modern industrial one. Conducted by capitalist engineers and businessmen, the Reform enormously privileged the economic interests without concerning about serious social problems inherited by the Empire time, even increasing them as we can see in the housing crises which continuous until today. Using as reference this historical reality, the proposal of this work is to think over the mental representations, spread out and materialized by these engineers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and on what basis they have developed them, aiming, with this scientific exercise, at correcting past mistakes and to help formulating more fair social urban public politics.

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre os processos de industrialização e de urbanização no município de São Carlos, localizado no Centro- Oeste paulista, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. O recorte temporal enquadra-se na etapa de desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro marcado pela concentração da produção no estado de São Paulo. Nesse período, o nexo econômico da industrialização se impõe à dinâmica urbana. As relações entre industrialização e urbanização da área urbana em São Carlos, no período em tela, foram estudadas em três dimensões: em relação aos processos territoriais; em relação à atuação do poder público no controle e/ou incentivo à instalação de indústrias e em relação à participação dos industriais no processo de expansão urbana. Os objetivos acima expostos foram atingidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento de dados estatísticos, dados secundários, bases cartográficas, entrevistas com empresários, pesquisa em jornais e pesquisa documental nos arquivos da Prefeitura de São Carlos, em especial na Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos. / This dissertation aims to examine the relationships between the processes of industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, located in the Central West of the state of São Paulo, between the 1930s and the 1960s.The period in focus refers to Brazilian stage of industrial development, which is characterized by the concentrate of production in the state of São Paulo. In this period, the nexus of industrialization is imposed on urban dynamics. The relations between industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, were be studied in three dimensions: in relation to territorial processes, in relation to the performance of the government in controlling and / or encouraging the installation of industries and in relation to the participation of the industrial agents in the urban expansion process. The objectives above were achieved through a bibliographical review, statistical and secondary data survey, cartographic databases, interviews with entrepreneurs and research in papers and documental research in the archives of the city of São Carlos, in particular at Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos.

Le développement récent des technologies de fabrication additive par couches (Additive Layer Manufacturing) a généré de nouvelles opportunités en termes de conception. Généralement, une étape d'optimisation topologique est réalisée pour les structures ALM. Cette tâche est aujourd'hui facilitée par des progiciels commerciaux, comme Altair OptiStruct ou Simulia TOSCA. Néanmoins, la liberté accordée par l’ALM est seulement apparente et des problèmes majeurs empêchent une exploitation complète et généralisée de cette technologie.La première lacune importante provient de l'intégration directe du résultat d'un calcul d’optimisation topologique dans un environnement CAO approprié. Quoi qu'il en soit, la géométrie optimisée résultante n'est disponible que sous une forme discrétisée, c'est-à-dire en termes d'éléments finis (FE) obtenus à la fin de l'optimisation. La frontière de la géométrie optimisée n'est pas décrite par une entité géométrique, par conséquent la topologie résultante n'est pas compatible avec les logiciels de CAO qui constituent l'environnement naturel du concepteur. Une phase de reconstruction CAO longue est nécessaire et le concepteur est obligé de prendre une quantité considérable de décisions arbitraires. Souvent la topologie CAO compatible résultante ne répond plus aux contraintes d'optimisation.La deuxième restriction majeure est liée aux exigences technologiques spécifiques à l’ALM qui doivent être intégrées directement dans la formulation du problème d'optimisation: considérer la spécificité de l’ALM uniquement comme un post-traitement de la tâche d’optimisation topologique impliquerait des modifications si importantes de la pièce que la topologie optimisée pourrait être complètement différente de la solution optimisée.Cette thèse propose une méthodologie générale pour résoudre les inconvénients mentionnés ci-dessus. Un algorithme d’optimisation topologique innovant a été développé: il vise à fournir une description de la topologie basée sur des entités NURBS et B-Spline purement géométriques, qui sont nativement CAO compatibles. Dans ce cadre, les analyses éléments finis sont utilisées uniquement pour évaluer les réponses physiques du problème étudié. En particulier, une entité géométrique NURBS / B-Spline de dimension D + 1 est utilisée pour résoudre le problème d’optimisation topologique de dimension D.L'efficacité de cette approche a été testée sur certains benchmarks 2D et 3D, issus de la littérature. L'utilisation d'entités NURBS dans la formulation de l’optimisation topologique accélère considérablement la phase de reconstruction CAO pour les structures 2D et présente un grand potentiel pour les problèmes 3D. En outre, il est prouvé que les contraintes géométriques, comme par exemple les épaisseurs minimale et maximale de matière, peuvent être efficacement et systématiquement traitées au moyen de l'approche proposée. De plus, des contraintes géométriques spéciales (non disponibles dans les outils commerciaux), par exemple le rayon de courbure local de la frontière de la phase solide, peuvent être formulées également grâce à la formulation NURBS. La robustesse de la méthodologie proposée a été testée en prenant en compte d'autres grandeurs mécaniques, telles que les charges de flambement et les fréquences naturelles liées aux modes de vibration.Enfin, malgré la nature intrinsèque de l'algorithme d’optimisation topologique basé sur les NURBS, certains outils ont été développés pour déterminer automatiquement le contour des pièces 2D sous forme de courbe et sous forme de surface dans le cadre 3D. L’identification automatique des paramètres des courbes 2D a été entièrement développée et un algorithme original a été proposé. Les principes fondamentaux de la méthode sont également discutés pour l'identification des paramètres des surfaces limites pour les pièces 3D. / The recent development of Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) technologies has made possible new opportunities in terms of design. Complicated shapes and topologies, resulting from dedicated optimisation processes or by the designer decisions, are nowadays attainable. Generally, a Topology Optimisation (TO) step is considered when dealing with ALM structures and today this task is facilitated by commercial software packages, like Altair OptiStruct or Simulia TOSCA. Nevertheless, the freedom granted by ALM is only apparent and there are still major issues hindering a full and widespread exploitation of this technology.The first important shortcoming comes from the integration of the result of a TO calculation into a suitable CAD environment. The optimised geometry is available only in a discretised form, i.e. in terms of Finite Elements (FE), which are retained into the computational domain at the end of the TO analysis. Therefore, the boundary of the optimised geometry is not described by a geometrical entity, hence the resulting topology is not compatible with CAD software that constitutes the natural environment for the designer. A time consuming CAD-reconstruction phase is needed and the designer is obliged to make a considerable amount of arbitrary decisions. Consequently, often the resulting CAD-compatible topology does not meet the optimisation constraints.The second major restriction is related to ALM specific technological requirements that should be integrated directly within the optimisation problem formulation and not later: considering ALM specificity only as post-treatment of the TO task would imply so deep modifications of the component that the optimised configuration would be completely overturned.This PhD thesis proposes a general methodology to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. An innovative TO algorithm has been developed: it aims at providing a topology description based on purely geometric, intrinsically CAD-compliant entities. In this framework, NURBS and B-Spline geometric entities have been naturally considered and FE analyses are used only to evaluate the physical responses for the problem at hand. In particular, a NURBS/B-Spline geometric entity of dimension D+1 is used to solve the TO problem of dimension D. The D+1 coordinate of the NURBS/B-Spline entity is related to a pseudo-density field that is affected to the generic element stiffness matrix; according to the classical penalisation scheme employed in density-based TO methods.The effectiveness of this approach has been tested on some 2D and 3D benchmarks, taken from literature. The use of NURBS entities in the TO formulation significantly speeds up the CAD reconstruction phase for 2D structures and exhibits a great potential for 3D TO problems. Further, it is proven that geometrical constraints, like minimum and maximum length scales, can be effectively and consistently handled by means of the proposed approach. Moreover, special geometric constraints (not available in commercial tools), e.g. on the local curvature radius of the boundary, can be formulated thanks to the NURBS formulation as well. The robustness of the proposed methodology has been tested by taking into account other mechanical quantities of outstanding interest in engineering, such as buckling loads and natural frequencies.Finally, in spite of the intrinsic CAD-compliant nature of the NURBS-based TO algorithm, some support tools have been developed in order to perform the curve and surface fitting in a very general framework. The automatic curve fitting has been completely developed and an original algorithm is developed for choosing the best values of the NURBS curve parameters, both discrete and continuous. The fundamentals of the method are also discussed for the more complicated surface fitting problem and ideas/suggestions for further researches are provided.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-24T12:23:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Altevir Dias do Prado.pdf: 954608 bytes, checksum: 6ec7e139404969c8989a0f0bc796045e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T12:23:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Altevir Dias do Prado.pdf: 954608 bytes, checksum: 6ec7e139404969c8989a0f0bc796045e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar a discussão a respeito da desindustrialização no Brasil, nos anos 2000. Considerando que a indústria possui um elevado potencial de alavancar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento econômico, sobretudo no que tange ao avanço tecnológico, a desindustrialização pode ser uma ameaça importante para a economia brasileira. Primeiramente, busca-se evidenciar a importância da industrialização no processo de desenvolvimento econômico, destacando a ótica do encadeamento, inovação, produtividade e inserção externa. Na sequência, apresenta-se o conceito teórico do que é a desindustrialização, natural e precoce, à luz dos principais expoentes que estudam o assunto em todo o mundo. Posteriormente, é apresentado um breve histórico de como foi o processo de industrialização no Brasil, a fim de subsidiar, de forma contextualizada, a discussão a respeito da desindustrialização brasileira. Em seguida, recorre-se aos principais autores que já analisaram o fenômeno no Brasil, apresentando, assim, as posições favoráveis e contrárias a que o Brasil está passando por um processo de desindustrialização. Por fim, faz-se uma revisão dos dados, buscando elucidar a questão sob a ótica do emprego, valor adicionado, produtividade, investimento, renda per capita e comércio exterior, através das séries históricas das fontes oficiais. / This dissertation aims to present a discussion of deindustrialization in Brazil in the 2000s. Whereas the industry has a high potential to leverage economic growth and development, especially in terms of technological advance, deindustrialization can be an important threat to the Brazilian economy. Firstly, we seek to highlight the importance of industrialization in the economic development process, emphasizing the perspective of linking innovation, productivity and foreign market. Following, we present the theoretical concept of what deindustrialization is, natural and early in the light of the main exponents who studies the subject in the world. Afterwards we presented a brief history of how the process of industrialization was in Brazil in order to subsidize the discussion of deindustrialization in a contextualized way. Following, we appeal to the main authors who have already studied the phenomenon in the Brazilian economy presenting various existing positions for and against the claims that Brazil is undergoing deindustrialization process. Finally, we make a review of the data seeking to answer the question under the perspective of employment, added value, productivity, investment, per capita income and foreign trade, appealing to historical series of official sources.

This dissertation analyses the industrial transformation of Turkey by focusing on the history of Kayseri&rsquo / s small town Hacilar which has been showed an extraordinary performance in industry and economic development in the last 40 years. However, it is not a general history of industrialization / but a local development story from a traditional rural/ village community to an industrial production zone in relation with the local, national and universal dynamics. In line with the historical materialist conceptual and epistemological frame and against the &ldquo / Calvinist Islam&rdquo / kind theological arguments, this study explains the historical, regional, geographical, economic, social, and cultural reasons and factors of the industrial development of Hacilar in the context of the general industrial history of Turkey.

Looking at it today, it is hard to believe that the now-concrete river bed was once one of the region’s most important rivers. The Los Angeles River was once framed by wide wetlands, forests of oak trees, and was critical in supporting indigenous, Mexican, Spanish, and early Anglo populations. At first glance, many parts of the Los Angeles River look nothing like a river at all. Belying the river’s historical importance, the river today looks far more like a highway than a naturally occurring body of water. While its current appearance may not reflect its centrality in the city’s history, the Los Angeles River is the reason why Los Angeles is located where it is today.

The subject of the conservation and preservation of industrial heritage was started to be handled starting from the middle of 20th Century in Europe. As in Turkey, industrial heritage concept is a subject which is in agenda in last years. Awareness about the subject increased with the help of social movements starting especially with the demolition of Ankara Maltepe Gas and Electric Factory. The Brewery of Ataturk Forest Farm should also be handled not to share the same fate with this example which was witnessed recently. In the years when Ataturk Forest Farm was founded, it was realized that industry is important for the economic development. In this sense, First Five Year Industry Plan, which was prepared with the order of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to accelerate industrialization, was taken into action in 1934 and many industrial complexes were founded according to this plan. The Brewery of Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm is one of the reflections of First Five Year Industry Plan in Ankara. Today, the Brewery of Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm is out of use, ill conditioned and faced with the danger of destruction. Therefore, the brewery of Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm, which is one of the most significant examples of the industrial buildings of the Early Republican Period and located on a debated context like Atat&uuml / rk Forest Farm, should be conserved and handed down the next generations.

In the globalized garment industry (GGI) most clothing is involved in complex networks that exploit both people and the environment. This system is unsustainable yet supported by Canadian consumers, who have become disconnected from their clothing’s production and disposal processes as a result of the development of increasingly complex social and technological systems since the Industrial Revolution. Canadians currently learn about the industry from public portrayals in which the dominant messages are designed by corporations promoting consumption. Nevertheless, growing numbers of consumers are realizing that this system is unsustainable and attempting to take action. This study uses methods based on institutional ethnography to explore the challenges faced by Canadians trying to engage in ethical consumption. Promoting sustainability is seen as requiring broad structural change, which can be supported by individual Canadians seeking to learn about the industry and working with its global stakeholders to build the civil commons.