Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo investigar aspectos específicos da estruturação de produtos educacionais para a capacitação empreendedora de alunos por meio da verificação de como e por que os produtos investigados foram estruturados. Apresenta, como metodologia, o estudo de múltiplos casos, de caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa. Como fundamentação teórica apresenta um levantamento dos conceitos sobre o empreendedorismo, o empreendedor e a capacitação para empreender. A coleta de evidências decorre da investigação de três casos selecionados: Pedagogia Empreendedora; Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos e O Empreendedorismo na Escola. A pesquisa apresenta, como resultado, a identificação dos elementos que compõem a estrutura dos produtos educacionais estudados e a análise comparativa entre esses elementos. Por fim, a análise da estruturação dos produtos educacionais se apresenta como forma de compreensão dos mecanismos utilizados para a capacitação empreendedora. / The objective of this project is to investigate specific aspects of educational products elaboration for the entrepreneur qualification of students by the verification of how and why the investigated products have been structuralized. The method is the study of multiple cases, of exploratory and qualitative character. The theoretical base presents a survey of the concepts on the entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur and the entrepreneur qualification. The evidences came from three selected cases: Pedagogia Empreendedora; Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos and O Empreendedorismo na Escola. The research resulted in the identification of the elements that compose the structure of the educational products and the comparative analysis between these elements. Finally, the analysis of the educational products elaboration allows to understand the mechanisms used for the entrepreneur qualification.

A qualificação profissional de pessoas com deficiência é um tema que vem recebendo maior atenção na pesquisa acadêmica, graças ao surgimento de programas educacionais dedicados à formação profissional destes sujeitos. A formação docente para a área é um fator que merece atenção por apresentar fragilidades que se percebe diante das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos docentes na área no cotidiano escolar. Desta forma, instigou-nos investigar como se constituem os saberes docentes na qualificação profissional de pessoas com deficiência. A origem da proposta situou-se na atuação da pesquisadora como docente em um curso de formação continuada sobre tecnologia assistiva para professores da educação profissional atuantes com alunos com deficiência. Para atender aos objetivos primeiramente foi realizado um estudo teórico organizado da seguinte forma: o capítulo inicial aborda a questão da deficiência e do estigma social, buscando meios para superação desta situação discriminatória; em seguida, o segundo, referiu à qualificação profissional no Brasil, contextualizando historicamente a legislação sobre o tema, buscando informações sobre iniciativas de formação profissional e a contratação de pessoas com deficiência; por fim, o terceiro capítulo constituiu um estado da arte sobre os saberes docentes na educação profissional, através de um levantamento das obras publicadas nos últimos anos. Conceitos como aprendizagem mediada, tecnologia assistiva, compensação social e conhecimento-na-ação foram importantes para a análise dos fenômenos observados. pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, utilizou a metodologia do estudo de caso para investigar junto aos docentes quais saberes se constituem no exercício da prática profissional junto a alunos com deficiência nos cursos de qualificação profissional. Entrevistas e análise de documentos foram realizadas visando atingir os objetivos propostos. A metodologia de análise utilizada foi a análise textual discursiva. Os resultados mostram a importância da constituição dos saberes experienciais e profissionais para a docência na educação profissional para pessoas com deficiência, e apontam para a existência de uma nova categoria de saberes docentes, que não foi considerada previamente pelos teóricos estudados. / The professional qualification of persons with disabilities is a topic that has been receiving increased attention in academic research, thanks to the emergence of educational programs dedicated to vocational training of these individuals. The education of teachers for this area is a factor that requires attention, since it has fragilities that is perceived on the difficulties faced by teachers in the area in the school routine. Thus, instigates us to investigate how constitutes the teachers knowledge in the professional qualification of persons with disabilities. The origin of the proposal is in the actions of the researcher as a teacher in a continuing education course about assistive technology for teachers of vocational education, actants with students with disabilities. To meet the objectives, it was first performed a theoretical study, organized as follows: the first chapter addresses the disability issue and social stigma, seeking ways to overcome this discriminatory situation; then the second, refers to the professional qualification in Brazil, historically contextualizing the legislation on the subject, searching for information on vocational training initiatives and the hiring of persons with disabilities; finally, the third chapter is a state of the art on the teaching knowledge in vocational education, through an inventory of works published in recent years. Concepts as mediated learning, assistive technology, social compensation, knowledge-in-action were important for the analysis of the observed phenomena. The qualitative study, used the case study methodology to investigate with the teachers knowledges which are constituted in the exercise of professional practice with students with disabilities in vocational training courses. Interviews and document analysis were performed to reach the proposed objectives. The analysis methodology used was the discursive textual analysis. The results show the importance of the constitution of experiential and professional knowledge for teaching in vocational education for people with disabilities, and point to the existence of a new category of teaching knowledge, which was not considered previously studied by theorists.

Diplomová práce porovnává postoj ke snižování nezaměstnanosti prostřednictvím aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti v ČR a VB. VB má jednu z nejnižších měr nezaměstnanosti, a proto je zajímavé, porovnávat ji se zemí, která má míru nezaměstnanosti velmi vysokou. První kapitoly se týkají teorie aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti obecně, řešení APZ v každém státě zvlášť, i jaký postoj má k nezaměstnanosti EU. V ostatních kapitolách jsou na základě SWOT analýzy porovnávány silné a slabé stránky a příležitosti a hrozby obou států ? míra nezaměstnanosti, rizikové skupiny, vzdělání, instituce trhu práce aj. Na závěr je nutná komparace obou států a především nastínění určitých doporučení pro ČR.

Public contracts constitute a special method of making contracts, where one side is represented by a public contractor, who intends to expend public funds. There are legal adjustments aimed to make this expenditure effective and economical. The domain of public contracts is also significant for the European Union, and there are standard procedures which should guarantee that subjects from any member state can apply for the public contracts. Consequently the public contracts adjustment is also included in the European law, in the form of directions. The topic of public contracts is a very complex one, therefore in my research I concentrate only on its more important aspects. First, I follow the historic development in this domain and how it was influenced by European law. Then I discuss the main institutes of public contracts, such as the definition of public contract itself, individual assignment procedures, the issue of qualification, methods of offer evaluation and law supervision. In the final part I provide some findings from application practice. Basic conclusions of my work identify the excessively complicated and formal legal regulations, which are often consequence of frequent changes of public contracts legislation, to be a main obstacle for the proper law application. In my opinion, the solution to this situation should consist in stabilizing the legal regulations in its present form. This would mean that the emerging problems could be solved by judicial doctrina.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo investigar aspectos específicos da estruturação de produtos educacionais para a capacitação empreendedora de alunos por meio da verificação de como e por que os produtos investigados foram estruturados. Apresenta, como metodologia, o estudo de múltiplos casos, de caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa. Como fundamentação teórica apresenta um levantamento dos conceitos sobre o empreendedorismo, o empreendedor e a capacitação para empreender. A coleta de evidências decorre da investigação de três casos selecionados: Pedagogia Empreendedora; Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos e O Empreendedorismo na Escola. A pesquisa apresenta, como resultado, a identificação dos elementos que compõem a estrutura dos produtos educacionais estudados e a análise comparativa entre esses elementos. Por fim, a análise da estruturação dos produtos educacionais se apresenta como forma de compreensão dos mecanismos utilizados para a capacitação empreendedora. / The objective of this project is to investigate specific aspects of educational products elaboration for the entrepreneur qualification of students by the verification of how and why the investigated products have been structuralized. The method is the study of multiple cases, of exploratory and qualitative character. The theoretical base presents a survey of the concepts on the entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur and the entrepreneur qualification. The evidences came from three selected cases: Pedagogia Empreendedora; Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos and O Empreendedorismo na Escola. The research resulted in the identification of the elements that compose the structure of the educational products and the comparative analysis between these elements. Finally, the analysis of the educational products elaboration allows to understand the mechanisms used for the entrepreneur qualification.

O perfil de formação do farmacêutico se modificou ao longo do tempo e os currículos das instituições formadoras passaram por alterações no propósito de preparar esse profissional de forma mais adequada, oferecendo, ao farmacêutico, melhores condições para exercer o elenco diversificado de atividades presentes na sua rotina de trabalho, nos diferentes espaços de atuação profissional. Este trabalho objetivou identificar o perfil de formação do farmacêutico das Unidades de Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Ribeirão Preto, caracterizar a frequência com que eles exercem as atividades pertinentes às suas atribuições e determinar a percepção desses profissionais, quanto à sua formação e às suas necessidades de educação continuada. Este foi um estudo exploratório descritivo e analítico, predominantemente quantitativo, do tipo corte transversal, utilizando questionário estruturado contendo duas escalas, sendo uma para identificação das atividades profissionais atualmente exercidas e a frequência deste exercício e a outra para avaliar a percepção do participante sobre a utilidade da sua formação na graduação para o exercício das diversas atividades profissionais. Os resultados revelaram que o farmacêutico que atua nas unidades ambulatoriais do município de Ribeirão Preto é na sua maioria do sexo feminino (84%), com faixa etária entre 25 e 57 anos. A graduação desses profissionais ocorreu entre os anos de 1981 a 2014, sendo 56,8% graduados em instituições públicas, com menor proporção deles tendo formação \"Generalista\" (34%). A formação pós-graduada foi relatada por 90,9% desses farmacêuticos, com destaque para a Especialização (75%). Houve grande variação na frequência com que os farmacêuticos exercem as suas atividades profissionais, predominando, porém, aquelas que implicam em contato direto com o usuário. Houve também grande variação na percepção desses profissionais quanto à utilidade da formação recebida durante o curso de graduação para exercer o elenco de atividades presentes na sua rotina de trabalho, sendo constatadas proporções elevadas de participantes que relataram que não tiveram nenhuma formação para várias delas. Grande parte das atividades mais frequentemente desenvolvidas pelos farmacêuticos participantes deste estudo foram aquelas que, em relação às quais, o curso de graduação foi percebido como tendo maior utilidade. Proporções muito expressivas dos participantes atribuíram graus elevados de necessidade às diferentes atividades de educação continuada. Os dados obtidos indicam a importância do curso de graduação em Farmácia na formação profissional. Essa importância, no entanto, parece ser relativa, visto que a maioria dos farmacêuticos teve formação pós-graduada e percebe as atividades de educação continuada como muito necessárias. A educação profissional constitui, portanto, um contínuo, que se inicia no curso de graduação, completa-se com atividades formais logo após a graduação e se prolonga ao longo do período de atuação do farmacêutico nos serviços de saúde. / Education and training of the pharmacist has been changing over time and, accordingly, curricula of educational institutions have also undergone changes in the purpose of better preparing professionals to work in different occupational spaces. This study aimed at identifying the education and training profile of the pharmacists working in the healthcare services of the Municipal Department of Health, Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The study also aimed at determining the frequency with which they perform their various professional activities, and determining their perceptions regarding the utility of their training in the undergraduate programs and their continuing education needs. This was an exploratory, descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, using a structured questionnaire containing two scales, one to measure the frequency of the various professional activities currently performed and the other to evaluate the participant\'s perception of the usefulness of their undergraduate training in the exercise of their professional activities. Results showed a predominance of female pharmacists (84%), aged between 25 and 57 years. They were graduated between 1981 and 2014, with 56.8% of them graduating in public institutions, with a lower proportion of them having a \"Generalist\" degree (34%). Post-graduate training was reported by 90.9% of them, with the majority (75%) taking the Specialization modality. The frequency with which pharmacists usually perform their various professional activities was rather variable, predominating, however, those activities that imply in direct contact with patients. The perception of the pharmacists about the usefulness of their undergraduate training was also rather variable. However, a high proportion of participants reported that they had no undergraduate training for performing some of their routine professional activities. Many of the activities more frequently performed were those that, in relation to which, the undergraduate course was perceived as having more usefulness. The large majority of the pharmacists participating in this study reported as highly needed a number of different continuing education activities. The results obtained in this study point out to the importance of the undergraduate course in Pharmacy, which however seems to be relative, since the majority of the pharmacists had further postgraduate training and perceive continuing education activities as highly needed. The pharmacist professional education and training must therefore be seen as a continuum, beginning in the undergraduate course, progressing with other formal educational activities shortly after graduation and continuing throughout the professional activity in healthcare services.

Thesis (M.A. (Folklore)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The mini-dissertation investigated the ways in which one qualifies as a traditional healer in Tshivenda. The study has discovered that a person cannot choose to become a traditional healer, he or she is chosen by the ancestors into this profession and they make their wishes known to the person concerned through continuous illness and dreams. Nowadays, there is an increased number of traditional healers in the community. It seems as if the community is confused as to whether all these healers have gone through the proper ways of becoming a traditional healer in Tshivenḓa or they are largely interested in the economic gain.

Les techniques dites de contrôle intelligent, les réseaux de neurones artificiels et la logique floue, sont considérées comme étant potentiellement robustes. Leur implantation digitale permet d'obtenir des solutions compactes et performantes pour certains problèmes difficiles à aborder par des techniques classiques. De telles approches pourraient donc être utilisées pour des applications destinées à fonctionner en environnement sévère (nucléaire ou spatial). <br />L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la robustesse des réseaux de neurones artificiels et du contrôle flou face aux fautes de type "upset" (basculement intempestif du contenu d'une cellule mémoire), afin d'évaluer leur viabilité et leur efficacité pour les traitements effectués à bord des engins spatiaux. Pour ce faire, un ensemble d'expériences a été réalisé sur un réseau de neurones et un contrôleur flou, tous deux dédiés à des applications spatiales réelles : la classification de textures issues d'images satellites et le contrôle des roues d'un "rover" martien. Une méthode originale permettant d'augmenter la performance d'un réseau de neurones quelconque a été développée et appliquée au réseau étudié. Des architectures digitales permettant d'implanter les deux techniques étudiées dans cette thèse ont été embarquées à bord de deux satellites scientifiques. L'un d'eux est en orbite depuis plus d'un an, le lancement du second est prévu fin 1999. <br />Les résultats obtenus, aussi bien des simulations logicielles, des injections matérielles d'erreurs que des tests en accélérateur de particules montrent que les techniques de contrôle intelligent présentent une robustesse significative face aux fautes de type "upset". Les données issues du satellite en orbite confirment ces propriétés, démontrant que certains traitements peuvent être effectués de manière fiable à bord des engins spatiaux à l'aide de réseaux de neurones artificiels digitaux.

Abstract In this study, the theoretical basis of the management of teacher quality in U.S.A. in recent years was examined from several aspects such as human resource management, accountability, and related studies. Based on these measures, the theoretical structures developed in the process of the management changes of teacher quality since 1990s were studied. Secondly, the background and reasons of the reform were analyzed, and some concrete suggestions and methods were concluded from the various U.S. education reports and bills. Then, from realistic points of view, the policies developed by different states during the process of reforms were also probed into. Then, a questionnaire was developed as a tool for data collection. The populations of the questionnaire survey included teachers, school administrators, the members of parents¡¦ organizations, educational scholars, educational authorities, councilors and the representatives of teacher organizations. There were 1,360 samples, which contain 1,050 valid ones. The valid returned percentage was 77.2%. The data were testified through frequency distribution, percentage, means, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, then were analyzed and discussed according to the results. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions were proposed as a result. When reflecting on the present conditions of U.S. teacher quality management, this research probed into five aspects: the access of teacher qualifications, selection and employment, payment and working conditions, assessment and dealing with incompetent teachers. The representatives of parents¡¦ organizations, councilors and elementary school teachers had significant correlation with each other in the perceptions of teachers¡¦ quality management problems and the measures. In addition, this study found that there were diversity in some aspects such as getting payment according to teachers¡¦ actual performances, assessing teachers according to their students¡¦ performance in exams, carrying out teacher career ladder program, and having principals observe in class. Most samples were quite unanimous in other aspects, such as raising the selection criteria of teacher education program, evaluating teacher education programs institutions, establishing professional development schools, setting up nationwide professional educational standard committees, implementing beginning teachers mentoring system, every elementary and secondary school posting reports on educational progress, the government posting nationwide teacher quality assessment report, raising teachers¡¦ basic hours of professional development, helping incompetent teachers improve their teaching methods. Finally, this study will propose several suggestions: 1. The measures of the reform should be taken from all aspects. 2. To select teacher education programs, post reports on teacher quality assessment and strengthen the cultivation and assessment system. 3. To establish the way to assess and report unqualified teachers for dismissal in order to raise the teaching quality. 4. Central government will request each elementary and secondary school to propose each report on teaching quality to raise the efficiency. 5. To set up beginning teachers mentoring system to improve teaching quality. 6. To raise teachers¡¦ professional recognition, correct the unreasonable long teaching hours and class distribution. 7.To give teachers various ways to get professional development to access different certificates to strengthen teaching abilities. 8. Teacher organizations will actively provide advices for education reform. 9. Teacher organizations will initiatively cooperate or participate with central government in the designing of the system in raising teacher quality.

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit privé--Paris 2, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 705-730. Index.