During the Great Depression of the 1930s, millions of Americans suffered from long term unemployment and subsistence poverty while the federal government's New Deal attempted to address the problems of poverty. But the rural poor were affected by a kind of chronic poverty that would prove more difficult to address with government-run relief efforts. Because traditional methods of relief from poverty were embedded in the socioeconomic culture of rural America, it was not always possible to apply the same federal relief methods in the countryside as in the urban areas of the nation. The rural poor stood to benefit from modern social relief services and, for a brief period, it seemed as if those services would become available for their benefit. However, as I argue in this dissertation, economic conservatism hindered the potential effectiveness of the two-year federal emergency relief program. From 1933 to 1935, the United States federal government backed the unprecedented expenditure of billions of dollars in direct emergency relief. Abiding the advice of prominent social workers, the government created an emergency relief program to address the alarming needs of impoverished Americans. These programs affected those who suffered the effects of long term unemployment and those trapped in rural poverty. The federal government created social welfare policies that had the power to ease the misery of those forced to subsist at the bottom. Government benefits and impoverished beneficiaries met through social work. For a brief span of time, the New Deal emergency relief period of early 1933 to mid-1935 offered an opportunity for social workers to promote a nationalized system of social welfare. This is an understudied aspect of American history, and is the focus of this dissertation.

New Deal Art Now offers a sampling of the breadth of the Works Progress Administration and Federal Art Projects (WPA/FAP), calling attention to the skills, histories, and social identities of an extraordinarily diverse spectrum of professional and amateur artists funded by the United States federal government during the Great Depression. The New Deal, a major economic stimulus initiative that ran from 1935-1943, included the Works Progress Administration Federal One Projects, encompassing fine art, music, theater, writing, and design. These projects provided economic support and cultural enrichment to hundreds of thousands of Americans, in the form of jobs, entertainment, and education in the arts. New Deal Art Now seeks to reframe a period of United States artistic production that is often narrowly cast in exhibitions and their related literature on the subject. The theme of diversity is explored through several critical lenses, such as questioning the relationship between art and artifact, considering that many creative works of the New Deal function as both. The majority of the exhibited artworks are juxtaposed against one another to challenge the designations that contemporary material culture traditionally assigns them. Showcasing 48 objects in total, the exhibits include painting, sculpture, educational models, archival film, and archival audio, which are juxtaposed alongside contemporary paintings, photography, and music, created in conjunction with this exhibition. By situating these works (as well as the very categories of amateur and professional, art and artifact, museum and archive, past and present) in productive relation to one another this exhibition argues for the significance of all of these works and artists to the diverse history of twentieth-century American art.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the Agricultural Adjustment Wheat Reduction Program functioned in North Dakota from May of 1933 to January of 1936, why it ran so smoothly, and why it was such a success within the state. By using county Extension Agent reports that date from the time period this thesis uses an extensive number of primary sources that have not been used before. These reports, along with farmer journal accounts, newspaper articles, and Agricultural Adjustment Administration reports show that North Dakota wheat farmers openly embraced the policies of the Wheat Reduction Program and participated in it in higher numbers than any other state in the nation. The farmers embraced the program because the drought and economic depression they were facing left let them little choice, but also because the program did not seek to radically alter the structure of wheat farming in North Dakota.

This dissertation examines the long term effects of population control initiatives brought to the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico to reveal the connections between insular reform programs and the constraints placed on reproductive autonomy for Puerto Rican women in a colonial setting. The history of these interventions exposes how various interest groups including mainland reformers, the Catholic Church, Puerto Rican nationalists and socialists, and colonial intermediaries obscured the damage done to Puerto Rico through poor colonial management during the first thirty years of U.S. occupation by shifting the blame for Puerto Rico’s problems to the supposedly dangerous reproductive habits of poor and working class Puerto Rican women. In all cases, overpopulation discourse and the production of knowledge claims regarding Puerto Rican sexuality, reproduction, population control as a tool of modernization contributed heavily to these pressure groups’ appeals to legitimacy of rule over the island throughout the century. In less than fifty years the conflation of birth control practices, eugenic ideology, and population control legislation would transform Puerto Rico into a social science/contraceptive laboratory, having such a profound impact on the trajectory of birth control culture that a 1981 fertility survey showed that over one third (39%) of the island’s women were sterile. By analyzing the production of this distorted representation of insular conditions and reproduction trends in Puerto Rico during this early phase of U.S. control over the island, this dissertation explores how the convergence of modernizing reform initiatives, population control policy, social science, and overpopulation discourse contributed to the colonial domination of Puerto Rican women’s reproductive autonomy and transformed their into sites of colonial encounters despite living in a nation which denies its own colonial status and history.

This study was developed to provide information about the relationship of principals' use of Bolman and Deal's (1991) four frame model of leadership to student achievement. The collection and analysis of student Florida Comprehensive Assessment Testing (FCAT) data over a 2 year period served as a measure to indicate whether or not an increase in reading mean scale score occurred from 2004 to 2005. Comparative analysis of both sets of data using multiple regressions was used to determine if there was a relationship between the self-reported leadership orientations of the principals and student achievement. In addition, the study was intended to contribute to the quantitative data produced concerning the use of the four frames, multi-framing and reframing by elementary and secondary leadership. Principals in this study were surveyed concerning their use of the structural, human resource, political and symbolic frames of leadership using the Leadership Orientations (Self) instrument constructed by Bolman and Deal (1990). The only restriction concerning usability of the returned survey was that the principal had to be at the same school during the 2004 and 2005 school years. Of the 52 surveys returned, 42 (73%) formed the population for this study. This study found that the human resource frame was used most often but that 59% of the elementary teachers and 93% of the secondary teachers multi-framed on a regular basis. The study also found that that the use of the political frame and symbolic frame has increased. The self-reported data indicated no difference in effectiveness as a leader or as a manager, unlike previous data which indicated that leaders and managers worked from different frames to effect organizational policies. The analysis of data also indicated that there was no difference in frame use between elementary and secondary principals. The data indicated no relationship between the principals' frame usage and student achievement as measured by increases in FCAT Reading mean scale scores for the years 2004 and 2005. The implications of this finding are that there are other variables than use of the four frame model that contribute to an increase in FCAT mean scale scores. These emergent factors within and without the organization that is the public school system transcend what the data show in this case. Based on the findings of this study and supported by the literature review, it appears that school organizations could benefit leadership practice and possibly student achievement by providing training in the political and symbolic frames. It might also be perceived from the data, which indicated no relationship between principals' frame usage and student achievement, that leadership might begin to foster awareness of how successful principals' identify emergent patterns in the system. This ability to guide the diverse and constantly changing educational landscape toward positive adjustments in the system may be best served by those who are most adept at multi-framing and reframing to ensure student achievement.

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This thesis examines how Naval Air Station (NAS) Sanford impacted the nearby city economically, demographically, and socially during World War II. City commission minutes, newspapers, and census data highlight the efforts of city leaders and their cooperation with the federal government to get a naval base established at Sanford. Thereafter, it assesses the ways in which a naval base garnered economic and demographic development, and organizing among African Americans in a southern city.

The Swedish Armed Forces have experienced a series of fundamental reorganizations during the 20th and 21st centuries. This study investigates the inquiry into the Leadership and Authority Organization for Defence (LEMO) introduced in 1991, one of the pivotal restructuring efforts undertaken by the Swedish Armed Forces, which resulted in the transformation of the Armed Forces into an agency within the government. An exploratory qualitative textual analysis was undertaken to address the research question, guided by the structural and symbolic perspectives outlined by Bolman and Deal (2019).  The study reveals that the decision to allow branch commanders to retain both responsibility and rank, coupled with the absence of a higher staff function, led to reduced efficiency in the workflow. Consequently, the Chief of Defence was burdened with assessments that should have been conducted by the Chief of staff of the Headquarters. This reduction in leadership adversely affected joint operations within the Swedish Armed Forces.

Den här magisteruppsatsen behandlar två perspektiv på ledarskap som jag kallar för statiskt och kulturellt. Det statiska perspektivet handlar om att betrakta ledarskapskompetenser som oföränderliga och därför samma i alla situationer. I kontrast till detta står det kulturella perspektivet som handlar om att betrakta ledarskapskompetenser som processer.  Syftet i den här uppsatsen är att påvisa att dessa två ledarskapsperspektiv förekommer och att i en empirisk kontext pröva de här perspektiven för att se om och hur de får stöd av deltagarna i studien. Genom den hermeneutiska metoden har jag intervjuat fem deltagare som är svenska ledare med många års erfarenhet av ledarskap. De respresenterar olika branscher och företag. Tillsammans med deltagarna och med stöd av Hofstedes kulturdimensionsteori samt Bolman & Deals ledarskapsteori har resultatet i den här studien visat att både det statiska och det kulturella perspektivet får stöd av deltagarna. Detta visar sig genom deltagarnas upplevelser och beskrivningar av tre centrala teman; ledarskapet generellt, det svenska ledarskapet och respondenternas ledarskap. / This master´s thesis examines two perspectives of leadership what I would call the static leadership model and the cultural leadership model. The first model is about seeing leadership competence in terms of unchangeable regardless of situation. The second model sees leadership competence like a process; witch means to consider that leadership competence change depending on the situation.  The aim of this study is firstly to detect that these two leadership models do exist and secondly to examine if the participants in this study supports these leadership models and how they do it. Through the hermeneutic method I have interviewed five participants who are Swedish leaders with many years of leadership experiences. They represent different companies and sectors. Using the leadership experiences of the participants and the cultural dimension theory of Hofstede and the leadership theory of Bolman & Deal I have come to the conclusion that the participants do support both the static leadership perspective and the cultural leadership perspective. Through the participant’s experiences and descriptions of these three themes: leadership in general, the Swedish leadership and the leadership of the participants it becomes clear that they support these leadership models.