This thesis analyses how public decision-makers can rapidly and sustainably decarbonise their regions, considering the challenge that promoting timely decarbonisation represents. The research was divided into three phases and developed using desk studies and interviews with Project Drawdown (PD) experts, Swedish public officials and researchers. In phase one, PD solutions showed a shortcoming in sustainable operationalisation of global decarbonisation solutions. It was found that they alone could not account for sustainability, and that there is dependency on the context of application and on decision-making processes. In phase two, it was found that sustainability could be embedded in decision-making for decarbonisation through decision support. In the Blekinge example case, several challenges were found, for which sustainable decision support was needed. To respond to this challenge, a Decision Support tool (DST) was created, based on multi-criteria decision analysis. This three-step generic tool provides a relevance assessment to prove the suitability of decarbonisation solutions in the given context, a sustainability assessment to address sustainability challenges, and a prioritisation step for strategic decision-making. The tool was validated to be useful by Swedish policymakers and by international experts. This DST has the potential to support policy-making around the world to decarbonise regions rapidly and sustainably.

In view of the potential threat climate change poses around the globe, countries are pledging to emission reductions to alleviate its consequences. As part of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia set sustainability targets for the energy sector, where one of the biggest emitters is the national power system. Although the country set an ambitious strategy for reducing emissions from electricity generation, it is still dominated by coal consumption and is currently not on track towards meeting its sustainability targets. Policy measures and financial schemes stand as one of the most powerful ways to rapidly reduce emissions in the power system. This paper aims to propose policy measures and financial schemes for the Indonesian decarbonisation scene by analysing its key inefficiencies, the available international policy options and the national power system’s future projections.International examples prove to be useful implementations of the myriad of options when it comes to measures for the power sector. In terms of policy measures, Indonesia could make use of a liberalisation process to induce more competitiveness in the sector and drive down prices, while allowing easier access for private entities to enter the market. A CO2 tax or cap-and-trade system stand as the most effective standalone way to rapidly reduce emissions in the country, as it targets the most emitting sectors of the power system. Incentivising schemes like Feed-in-Tariff or net-metering foster generation technologies which may not be cost-competitive yet and do not have a sizeable role in the power mix now, but could play a big role in lowering emissions in the power system. These measures, however, pose the threat of raising the retail electricity price and ultimately hinder Indonesia’s ability to further develop economically.Financial schemes have the ultimate goal of facilitating access to finance for sustainable generation technologies and lowering risk for project developers. Attracting private and foreign investment is critical for the development of the power system in Indonesia. Using forms of lending like on-lending structure or loan syndication would promote larger spending in the industry while minimising risk. Further use of guarantees would attract a wider range of investments into generation technologies, as they would protect lending entities from potential risks when partaking in projects of this nature. Finally, the country would benefit greatly from the introduction of innovative financial schemes and business plans for the domestic solar energy industry, allowing Indonesia to tap into the great potential it has to disrupt the current state of affairs of the power system. / Med tanke på det potentiella hot som klimatförändringen utgör runt om i världen, lovar länder att minska utsläppen för att mildra konsekvenserna. Som en del av Parisavtalet satte Indonesien upp hållbarhetsmål för energisektorn, där en av de största utsläpparna är det nationella kraftsystemet. Trots att landet satte upp en ambitiös strategi för att minska utsläppen från elproduktion domineras det fortfarande av kolkonsumtion och är för närvarande inte på väg att nå sina hållbarhetsmål. Politiska åtgärder och finansiella system är ett av de mest kraftfulla sätten att snabbt minska utsläppen i kraftsystemet. Det här dokumentet syftar till att föreslå politiska åtgärder och finansiella system för den indonesiska avkarboniseringsscenen genom att analysera dess viktigaste ineffektivitet, de tillgängliga internationella politiska alternativen och det nationella kraftsystemets framtida prognoser.Internationella exempel visar sig vara användbara implementeringar av de otaliga alternativen när det gäller åtgärder för kraftsektorn. När det gäller politiska åtgärder skulle Indonesien kunna använda sig av en liberaliseringsprocess för att skapa mer konkurrenskraft inom sektorn och pressa ner priserna, samtidigt som privata enheter lättare kan komma in på marknaden. En CO2-skatt eller ’cap-and-trade’-system är det mest effektiva fristående sättet att snabbt minska utsläppen i landet, eftersom det är inriktat på de mest utsläppande sektorerna i kraftsystemet. Incitamentsystem som ’Feed-in-Tariff’ eller ’net-metering’ främja generationstekniker som kanske inte är kostnadskonkurrenskraftiga ännu och som inte spelar en betydande roll i kraftmixen nu, men som kan spela en stor roll för att minska utsläppen i kraftsystemet. Dessa åtgärder utgör dock ett hot om att höja detaljhandelns elpris och i slutändan hindra Indonesiens förmåga att utvecklas ekonomiskt.Finansiella system har det yttersta målet att underlätta tillgången till finansiering för hållbara generationsteknologier och minska risken för projektutvecklare. Att locka till sig privata och utländska investeringar är avgörande för utvecklingen av kraftsystemet i Indonesien. Att använda former av utlåning som ’on-lending’-struktur eller lånesyndikering skulle främja större utgifter i branschen samtidigt som risken minimeras. Ytterligare användning av garantier skulle locka till sig ett bredare utbud av investeringar i produktionsteknik, eftersom de skulle skydda långivande enheter från potentiella risker när de deltar i projekt av denna karaktär. Slutligen skulle landet dra stor nytta av införandet av innovativa finansiella system och affärsplaner för den inhemska solenergiindustrin, vilket gör att Indonesien kan utnyttja den stora potential det har att störa det nuvarande tillståndet i kraftsystemet.

Decarbonisation of different energy sectors of society is becoming a pressing issue globally withnumerous legislations and objectives being set to decarbonise electrical grids worldwide. Somehave already been met; however, islanded grids still heavily rely on fossil fuels to meet their electrical demand due to the weakness of their grid and limited available space forcing them to use space-efficient technologies such as diesel generators. This is the case of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Spain) which produces 80-90% of its electricity from fossil fuels. This study will analyse the feasibility of decarbonising the electrical grid of Fuerteventura using a decentralised grid system with wind, solar, and battery storage to achieve 100% renewable generation. To select the best hybrid energy system for the case study, a 9-step methodology has been presented and followed in which both descriptive (qualitative) and quantitative data have been used to provide the background knowledge of the study and the inputs for the analysis which is done using the microgrids optimisation model HOMER. The analysis aims to understand the grid and renewable resources on the island to later develop the different scenarios to be reviewed. The three different scenarios, wind-battery, solar-battery, and wind-solar-battery were modelled and simulated using the latest HOMER software. Results showed reduced LCOE and capital costs in the wind-solar-battery scenario compared to the wind-battery and solar-battery scenarios due to increased use of wind and lower capacity of installed batteries needed. Space availability was shown to be a problem for the scenarios using wind as the turbines would occupy 5% of the islands surface. Environmental and visual impacts would also be noticeable under the wind-battery and wind-solar-battery scenarios as the entire island is a Biosphere Nature Reserve and is a well-known touristic destination for natural virgin beaches. Additionally, the results showed that all 3 scenarios had excess electricity values above 50% of the total electrical production and still experienced some capacity shortages. To solve this, diversification of the generation and storage facilities, implementation of DSM (Demand side management) and V2G (Vehicle-to-grid), and interconnection of the islands is proposed with the latter being the most realistic solution. The study concludes the wind-solar-battery is the most technological and economically feasible solution although several issues need to be addressed for a similar project to be implemented on a real island.

This study explored how social aspects for stakeholder engagement are being addressed and incorporated in climate action plans (CAPs). This focus was chosen to address the knowledge gap in research on social conditions for climate action which has been found to provide barriers to achieving deep decarbonisation. The thesis conducted a case study of two cities, Copenhagen (Denmark) and Stockholm (Sweden). Each city’s CAP was analysed through a thematic document analysis that explored through what measures each city aim to achieve stakeholder engagement for local climate action.    Five overarching themes were identified through a literature review and used as an analysis framework: citizen engagement, private sector engagement, stakeholder collaboration, awareness development and advocacy. For both CAPs, the results showed an extensive variation for measures that contributed to each theme. The main findings were that measures should focus on developing collaborations, partnerships, networks, knowledge, awareness, skills, green procurement policies and stricter environmental regulations to support the level of stakeholder engagement needed for deep decarbonisation. Also, to focus on advocation measures, as well as measures aimed at developing knowledge and support to accelerate systematic change. In addition, it was found that cities need to focus on ensuring higher levels of equity and formalize extended citizen involvement for more inclusive and fair transitions. Findings also highlighted similarities and differences between the two CAPs, what lessons could be learned from these and connected these findings to how climate action could be further developed.

With increasing recognition that reducing carbon emissions from energy in the UK will make a significant contribution to the mitigation of anthropogenic climate change, and with carbon budgets forged following the Climate Change Act 2005 looking unlikely to be met, it is clear that sectoral changes are required to catalyse the decarbonisation process. Alongside the need for this industry to be at the forefront of decarbonisation, the energy sector needs to diversify and employ more women, Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME), LGBT and disabled people, as well as those from different social classes and varied educational backgrounds. In short, the energy industry in the UK presently has a diversity issue that transcends being an image problem; it is hampering progress. This masters’ thesis explores how the dual aims of decarbonisation and diversifying the workforce can aid one another, and the extent to which greater diversity within the energy sector could actually be the key to decarbonisation. Using transcripts from the interviews I conducted with eight individuals, as well as meta- analysis of existing data that examines the impacts of diversity in various industries, the ways in which greater diversity in the energy sector has the potential to be positive for decarbonisation are explored. Further, this paper also examines barriers to diversity, proposing a series of recommendations for industry and policy makers in order to create an energy sector that is more diverse. These recommendations can be found in the next steps section of the paper, which aims to provide guidance for those wishing to make the composition of their organisation more representative of wider society.

The thesis analyses the state of the United Kingdom's climate policies and it particularly focuses on the question, how these policies are determined by its institutional system, that is majoritarian democracy. Theoretically majoritarian democracies generally have a weaker record in the environmental policy and the thesis aims to research, if and how the features of majoritarian democracies in reality influence the policy outcomes. The thesis focuses on the two party system, that often produces adversary and inconsistent politics and the pluralist system of the interest groups that tends to give better possibilities to the economically powerful actors such as business and energy groups. The base for the analysis will be the climate policies during the last twenty years and the performance and general discours of two main governing parties. Thesis also takes a closer look on the cases of Climate Change Act and Energy Act 2015 and their ability of the interest groups to achieve their goals. The thesis concludes that the combination of the institutional system with the low salience of the topic for the main parties poses significant obstacles and limitations to an active and progressive climate politics.

It is known that the decarbonization of our economy is crucial for our quest to mitigate climate change and build a sustainable society. Governments are reviewing strategies to eliminate, or at least minimize, the release of carbon emissions into the atmosphere. These efforts are not limited to national energy networks, but also extended to industry and other carbon-intensive sectors. In general, the Pulp & Paper industry is regarded as bio-based and relatively sustainable since most of its raw materials are recycled or come from biogenic sources. However, this is an energy-intensive industry, and even though bioenergy covers most of the energy needs at pulp plants, recycled paper mills do not count on the same resources and rely heavily on fossil fuels to power their operations. This study was performed to assess and compare different decarbonization pathways available for a recycled paper mill. For this, operational data was gathered to characterize the thermal and electric demands and assess locally available resources. Simultaneously, scientific literature was consulted to assemble a technology portfolio, from which the most suitable technologies were selected. Carbon capture and storage, electrification, and hydrogen were chosen to be tested, under different scenarios, using an energy modelling software. Finally, the combinations were evaluated and compared. It was found that under ideal conditions it is possible to achieve an emissions reduction of almost 100% via electrification and hydrogen-based options. However, this would represent a significant increase in the operating cost of the energy system and would depend on the development of the necessary infrastructure. The most promising alternative for this site was a combination of electrification and green electricity purchase agreements. However, further work is needed to improve the efficiency of the energy use and generation, to achieve a carbon-neutral operation without incurring elevated costs. / Det är känt att avkarboniseringen av vår ekonomi är avgörande för vår strävan att mildra klimatförändringarna och bygga ett hållbart samhälle. Regeringar ser över strategier för att eliminera, eller åtminstone minimera, utsläpp av koldioxid i atmosfären. Dessa ansträngningar är inte begränsade till nationella energinät, utan sträcker sig även till industrin och andra kolintensiva sektorer. Massa- och pappersindustrin är biobaserad och relativt hållbar eftersom de flesta av dess råvaror återvinns eller kommer från biogena källor. Detta är dock en energiintensiv industri, och även om bioenergin täcker det mesta av energibehovet vid massafabrikerna, räknar inte återvunnet pappersbruk med samma resurser som är starkt beroende av fossila bränslen för att driva sin verksamhet. Denna studie utfördes för att bedöma och jämföra olika avkolningsvägar tillgängliga för ett återvunnet pappersbruk. För detta samlades operativa data in för att karakterisera de termiska och elektriska kraven och bedöma lokalt tillgängliga resurser. Samtidigt konsulterades vetenskaplig litteratur för att sammanställa en teknologiportfölj, från vilken de mest lämpliga teknologierna valdes ut. Kolavskiljning och lagring, elektrifiering och väte valdes ut för att testas, under olika scenarier, med hjälp av en mjukvara för energimodellering. Slutligen utvärderades och jämfördes kombinationerna. Man, fann att det under ideala förhållanden är möjligt att uppnå en utsläppsminskning på nästan 100 % via elektrifiering och vätebaserade alternativ. Detta skulle dock innebära en betydande ökning av driftskostnaden för energisystemet och skulle bero på utvecklingen av den nödvändiga infrastrukturen. Det mest lovande alternativet för denna plats var en kombination av elektrifiering och köp av grön el. Det krävs dock ytterligare arbete för att effektivisera energianvändningen och energiproduktionen, för att uppnå en koldioxidneutral drift utan förhöjda kostnader.

Cette recherche s’intéresse à l’efficacité des registres communicationnels actuels dans une perspective de mobilisation des consommateurs dans la sobriété carbone. Afin d’examiner l’efficacité de ces registres, quatre études ont été menées, i.e. une « méthode-Q » et trois expérimentations. Les deux premières études visent à explorer le rôle des représentations visuelles (i.e. images) et linguistiques (i.e. contenus sémantiques) utilisées pour désigner le changement climatique dans la transmission des préoccupations, des perceptions et des intentions envers la décarbonisation. La troisième étude cherche à expliquer l’effet de l’exploitation de la saillance de mortalité dans ces registres (i.e., anxiogènes vs. informatives) sur les choix de consommation pro-environnementaux (vs. pro-matérialistes). La dernière étude cherche à confirmer qu’une saillance de mortalité, quel que soit son origine (e.g. le changement climatique ou les attaques terroristes) est générateur en majorité des choix de consommation pro-matérialistes (vs. pro-environnementaux). En s’appuyant sur les résultats des ces études, nous mettons en lumière, tout d’abord, la nécessité de modifier ces registres afin de réduire leurs effets négatifs et/ou contreproductifs. Ensuite, la nécessité d’adopter une stratégie de segmentation de la communication selon la vision culturelle du monde dominante des individus pour les engager dans une lutte effective contre le changement climatique. / This research focuses on the effectiveness of climate change communications in order to engage the consumer behaviour in carbon sobriety. To examine this effectiveness, four studies were carried out, i.e., a “Q-method” research and three experiments. The first two studies aim to explore the role of visual representation of climate change and semantic expressions, used to describe this phenomenon in conveying perceptions and attitudes towards decarbonisation. The third study aims to explain the impact of the type of communication (anxiety induced vs. informative) on consumption choices (pro-materialistic vs. pro-environmental). The last study seeks to confirm that mortality salience, whatever its origin is (e.g., climate change or terrorist attacks), generates mostly pro-materialistic consumption choices (vs. pro-environmental). Based on the results of these studies, we highlight, firstly, the necessity to modify these registers in order to reduce their negative and/or counterproductive effects. Secondly, the necessity to adopt a segmentation strategy of communication according to the cultural worldviews of individuals to engage them in an effective fight against the climate changes.

Quel cadre économique et réglementaire à long terme (2030-50) pour soutenir la transition énergétique des carburants fossiles vers l’hydrogène dans le secteur européen des transports ? Cette recherche combine les approches théoriques et empiriques pour répondre aux trois questions suivantes :1. Comment concevoir des politiques de soutien adaptées pour pallier les imperfections de marché lors du déploiement de technologies de mobilité hydrogène ?2. Comment modéliser les coûts d’abattement en tenant compte des effets d’apprentissage (LBD) ?3. Comment définir la trajectoire optimale de déploiement quand le LBD et la convexité des coûts d’investissement sont présents ?L’article ‘Transition vers un Système de Transport de Passagers à Hydrogène : Analyse Politique Comparée’ passe au crible des politique de soutien destinées à résoudre les imperfections de marché dans le déploiement de la mobilité hydrogène. L’article effectue une comparaison internationale entre les instruments en faveur du déploiement des véhicules. Les indicateurs ex post d’efficacité des politiques sont développés et calculés pour classifier les pays selon leur volontarisme dans la promotion des véhicules à piles à combustible (FCEV). Aujourd’hui le Japon et le Danemark apparaissent comme les meilleurs fournisseurs d’un environnement favorable au déploiement de la mobilité hydrogène. Les autorités locales introduisent de solides instruments prix (tels que des subventions et des exemptions fiscales) pour rendre le FCEV plus attractif par rapport à son analogue à essence et coordonnent le déploiement de l’infrastructure hydrogène sur le territoire.L’article ‘Modélisation des Coûts d’Abattement en Présence d’Effets d’Apprentissage : le Cas du Véhicule à Hydrogène’ présente un modèle de transition du secteur des transports d’un état polluant à un état propre. Un modèle d’équilibre partiel est développé pour un secteur automobile de taille constante. L’optimum social est atteint en minimisant le coût de la transition du parc automobile au cours du temps. Ce coût comprend les coûts privés de production des véhicules décarbonés (sujets aux effets d’apprentissage) ainsi que le coût social des émissions de CO2 qui suit une tendance haussière exogène. L’article caractérise la trajectoire optimale qui est un remplacement progressif des véhicules polluants par les décarbonés. Au cours de la transition, l’égalisation des coûts marginaux tient compte de l’impact des actions présentes sur les coûts futurs via l’effet d’apprentissage. L’article décrit aussi une trajectoire sous-optimale où la trajectoire de déploiement serait une donnée exogène : quelle serait alors la date optimale de début de la transition ? L’article présente une évaluation quantitative de la substitution des FCEV aux véhicules à combustion interne (ICE). L’analyse conclut que le FCEV deviendra une option économiquement viable pour décarboner une partie du parc automobile allemand à l’horizon 2050 dès que le prix du carbone atteindra 50-60€/t.L’article ‘Le rôle des Effets d’Apprentissage dans l’Adoption d’une Technologie Verte : le Cas LBD Linéaire’ étudie les caractéristiques d’une trajectoire optimale de déploiement des véhicules décarbonés dans le cas où les effets d’apprentissage et la convexité sont présents dans la fonction de coût. Le modèle d’équilibre partiel de Creti et. al (2015) est utilisé comme point de départ. Dans le cas LBD linéaire la trajectoire de déploiement optimale est obtenue analytiquement. Un apprentissage fort induit une transition antérieure vers les véhicules verts dans le cas d’une convexité faible et une transition ultérieure dans le cas d’une convexité forte. Ce résultat permet de revisiter le projet H2 Mobility en Allemagne. Un effet d’apprentissage plus fort et une accélération du déploiement aboutissent à une transition moins coûteuse et une période de cash flow négatif plus courte. / What economic and policy framework would foster a transition in the European transport sector from fossil fuels to hydrogen in the long term (2030-50)? This research combines empirical and theoretical approaches and aims to answers the following questions:1. How to design appropriate policy instruments to solve inefficiencies in hydrogen mobility deployment?2. How to define abatement cost and an optimal launching date in the presence of learning-by-doing (LBD)?3. How to define an optimal deployment trajectory in presence of LBD and convexity in investment costs?The paper ‘Transition Towards a Hydrogen-Based Passenger Car Transport: Comparative Policy Analysis‘ draws a cross-country comparison between policy instruments that support the deployment of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). The existing policy framework in favour of FCEV and hydrogen infrastructure deployment is analysed. A set of complementary ex-post policy efficiency indicators is developed and calculated to rank the most active countries, supporters of FCEV. Denmark and Japan emerge as the best providers of favourable conditions for the hydrogen mobility deployment: local authorities put in place price-based incentives (such as subsidies and tax exemptions) making FCEV more financially attractive than its gasoline substitute, and coordinate ramping-up of their hydrogen infrastructure nationally.The paper ’Defining the Abatement Cost in Presence of Learning-by-doing: Application to the Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle’ models the transition of the transport sector from a pollutant state to a clean one. A partial equilibrium model is developed for a car sector of a constant size. In this model the objective of the social planner is to minimize the cost of phasing out a stock of polluting cars from the market over time. The cost includes the private cost of green cars production, which are subject to LBD, and the social cost of carbon, which has an exogenous upward trend. During the transition, the equalization of marginal costs takes into account the fact that the current action has an impact on future costs through LBD. This paper also describes a suboptimal plan: if the deployment trajectory is exogenously given, what is the optimal starting date for the transition? The paper provides a quantitative assessment of the FCEV case for the substitution of the mature Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. The analysis concludes that the CO2 price should reach 53€/t for the program to start and for FCEV to be a socially beneficial alternative for decarbonizing part of the projected German car park in the 2050 time frame.The impact of LBD on the timing and costs of emission abatement is, however, ambiguous. On the one hand, LBD supposes delaying abatement activities because of cost reduction of future abatement due to LBD. On the other hand, LBD supposes starting the transition earlier because of cost reduction due to added value to cumulative experience. The paper ‘The Role of Learning-by-Doing in the Adoption of a Green Technology: the Case of Linear LBD’ studies the optimal characteristics of a transition towards green vehicles in the transport sector when both LBD and convexity are present in the cost function. The partial equilibrium model of (Creti et al., 2015) is used as a starting point. For the case of linear LBD the deployment trajectory can be analytically obtained. This allows to conclude that a high learning induces an earlier switch towards green cars in the case of low convexity, and a later switch in the case of high convexity. This insight is used to revisit the hydrogen mobility project in Germany. A high learning lowers the corresponding deployment cost and reduces deepness and duration of the, investment ‘death valley’ (period of negative project’s cash flow). An acceleration of exogenously defined scenario for FCEV deployment, based on the industry forecast, would be beneficial to reduce the associated transition cost.

In order to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement, there is a need to significantly reduce emissions from energy-intensive industries, iron and steel included. One promising technology with the potential to reduce the emissions related to iron and steelmaking to basically none is direct reduction with fossil free hydrogen, which requires large amounts of fossil free electricity. This master thesis explores the conditions for this technology in a European context with an energy perspective as the main focus. Three primary steel producing countries in Europe are chosen as focus countries; Germany, France and Italy. The findings of the study conclude that neither of the focus countries is an optimal sociotechnical fit for hydrogen-based direct reduction for iron and steel production at present. France is the country with the best conditions from a solely energy perspective but lacks some important factors for an enabling environment for technology transfer. Germany on the other hand have the most promising characteristics for an enabling environment but still face large challenges when it comes to power sector decarbonisation. In order to overcome the barriers and create an enabling environment it is key that energy and industry transitions are aligned, that a policy framework that supports these transitions is in place and that key actors representing all aspects of the transition cooperate; from industry to research, academia, policymakers and others. The findings also show that the current locations of the primary steel plants are in many cases not where the most favourable conditions for renewable power generation are and given the renewable capacity and transmission limitations of today, merely switching to a hydrogenbased process is not likely viable. A future configuration could be decentralised value chains where the different processes are located where there are optimal conditions e.g. that either hydrogen or sponge iron is produced where there are favourable power conditions and then transported to steel plants for the remaining processes in the value chain. / För att nå målen uppsatta i Parisavtalet behöver energiintensiva industrier kraftigt minska sina utsläpp, däribland järn- och stålindustrin. Direktreduktion med fossilfri vätgas är en teknologi med potential att minska utsläppen från järn och ståltillverkning till praktiskt taget noll men kräver stora mängder fossilfri el. Detta examensarbete undersöker de energimässiga förutsättningarna för denna teknik i en europeisk kontext. Tre länder som producerar primärstål är utvalda som fokusländer i studien; Tyskland, Frankrike och Italien. Resultaten av studien visar att inget av de utvalda länderna i dagsläget har optimala sociotekniska förutsättningar för tekniken. Frankrike är det land med de bästa energimässiga förutsättningarna men saknar några viktiga faktorer för att vara en möjliggörande socioteknisk miljö. Tyskland å andra sidan har de mest lovande förutsättningarna för en lämplig socioteknisk miljö men står inför utmaningar när det kommer till energisystemet och tillgången på fossilfri el. För att skapa förutsättningar för denna teknik är det viktigt med koordinerade omställningar i energisektorn och industrin, policys som möjliggör dessa omställningar samt ett väl fungerande samarbete mellan industrin, akademin, beslutsfattare och andra viktiga aktörer. Studien visar också att de platser där nuvarande stålverk för primärstål finns inte har de bästa förutsättningar för förnybar elproduktion och att en vätgasbaserad process inte är optimal, baserat på den förnybara kapaciteten och de transmissionsbegränsningar som finns idag i elsystemet. Det finns istället möjlighet till decentraliserade värdekedjor, där varje process placeras där de mest lämpliga förhållandena finns. Detta kan exempelvis innebära att vätgas eller järnsvamp produceras där tillgången till fossilfri el är god, för att sedan transporteras till stålverken för de resterande processtegen.