Objetivo: Verificar se há diferença entre o consumo habitual de folato entre mães de crianças com Síndrome de Down e mães de crianças sem malformações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle, com um total de 100 mães das quais 50, incluídas no grupo caso, apresentavam filhos com Síndrome de Down e 50, consideradas grupo controle,tinham filhos sem malformações congênitas. Aplicou-se um questionário de consumo habitual de alimentos contendo questões relativas à classificação sócio-econômica e ao consumo de alimentos-fonte e alimentos fortificados com esta vitamina. Todas participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Entre as variáveis analisadas, somente a quantidade de ácido fólico consumida habitualmente e a idade no momento do nascimento do filho, diferiram-se significantemente entre os grupos. Mães caso consumiram em média 359,1 μg/dia (dp ± 91,9) de folato, enquanto as mães do grupo controle, 425,5 μg/dia (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). A idade que tiveram seus filhos foi no grupo caso 27, 5 anos (dp± 4,8) de e no grupo controle de 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Somente 3,4% das entrevistadas relataram uso de ácido fólico ou polivitamínicos de forma periconcepcional ou em algum momento da gestação. Conclusões: Embora pelo presente estudo tenha havido diferença significativa entre o consumo de folato no grupo caso e no controle é importante que não se descarte possíveis fatores bioquímicos envolvidos e aqui não avaliados. / Objective: Check if exists difference between the usual consumption of folate in mothers of children with Down Syndrome and in mothers of children without congenital abnormalities. Methods: A case-control study was accomplished, with a sample of 100 mothers from which, 50 had children with Down Syndrome and 50, considered group control, children without congenital abnormalities. A questionnaire of quantitative frequency was applied containing questions related to the socioeconomic class and the food-source consumption, and foods fortified with folic acid. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form. Results: Among the variables in analysis, only the daily amount of folic acid consumed and the age that the mothers had their babies were significant different between the two groups. Mothers of children with Down Syndrome consumed 359,1 μg/day (dp ± 91,9) of folate, while the mothers of control group consumed, 425,5 μg/day (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). The age that they had their babies were in group case 27, 5 years (dp± 4,8) and in the control group, 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Only 3,4% of the interviewee related use of folic acid or others vitamines before or during the pregnancy. Conclusion: Although in the present study has been a significant difference between the consumption of folate in the case group and in the control, is important not to discard possible biochemical factors involved and here not evaluated.

Objetivo: Verificar se há diferença entre o consumo habitual de folato entre mães de crianças com Síndrome de Down e mães de crianças sem malformações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle, com um total de 100 mães das quais 50, incluídas no grupo caso, apresentavam filhos com Síndrome de Down e 50, consideradas grupo controle,tinham filhos sem malformações congênitas. Aplicou-se um questionário de consumo habitual de alimentos contendo questões relativas à classificação sócio-econômica e ao consumo de alimentos-fonte e alimentos fortificados com esta vitamina. Todas participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Entre as variáveis analisadas, somente a quantidade de ácido fólico consumida habitualmente e a idade no momento do nascimento do filho, diferiram-se significantemente entre os grupos. Mães caso consumiram em média 359,1 μg/dia (dp ± 91,9) de folato, enquanto as mães do grupo controle, 425,5 μg/dia (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). A idade que tiveram seus filhos foi no grupo caso 27, 5 anos (dp± 4,8) de e no grupo controle de 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Somente 3,4% das entrevistadas relataram uso de ácido fólico ou polivitamínicos de forma periconcepcional ou em algum momento da gestação. Conclusões: Embora pelo presente estudo tenha havido diferença significativa entre o consumo de folato no grupo caso e no controle é importante que não se descarte possíveis fatores bioquímicos envolvidos e aqui não avaliados. / Objective: Check if exists difference between the usual consumption of folate in mothers of children with Down Syndrome and in mothers of children without congenital abnormalities. Methods: A case-control study was accomplished, with a sample of 100 mothers from which, 50 had children with Down Syndrome and 50, considered group control, children without congenital abnormalities. A questionnaire of quantitative frequency was applied containing questions related to the socioeconomic class and the food-source consumption, and foods fortified with folic acid. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form. Results: Among the variables in analysis, only the daily amount of folic acid consumed and the age that the mothers had their babies were significant different between the two groups. Mothers of children with Down Syndrome consumed 359,1 μg/day (dp ± 91,9) of folate, while the mothers of control group consumed, 425,5 μg/day (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). The age that they had their babies were in group case 27, 5 years (dp± 4,8) and in the control group, 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Only 3,4% of the interviewee related use of folic acid or others vitamines before or during the pregnancy. Conclusion: Although in the present study has been a significant difference between the consumption of folate in the case group and in the control, is important not to discard possible biochemical factors involved and here not evaluated.

Objetivo: Verificar se há diferença entre o consumo habitual de folato entre mães de crianças com Síndrome de Down e mães de crianças sem malformações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle, com um total de 100 mães das quais 50, incluídas no grupo caso, apresentavam filhos com Síndrome de Down e 50, consideradas grupo controle,tinham filhos sem malformações congênitas. Aplicou-se um questionário de consumo habitual de alimentos contendo questões relativas à classificação sócio-econômica e ao consumo de alimentos-fonte e alimentos fortificados com esta vitamina. Todas participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Entre as variáveis analisadas, somente a quantidade de ácido fólico consumida habitualmente e a idade no momento do nascimento do filho, diferiram-se significantemente entre os grupos. Mães caso consumiram em média 359,1 μg/dia (dp ± 91,9) de folato, enquanto as mães do grupo controle, 425,5 μg/dia (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). A idade que tiveram seus filhos foi no grupo caso 27, 5 anos (dp± 4,8) de e no grupo controle de 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Somente 3,4% das entrevistadas relataram uso de ácido fólico ou polivitamínicos de forma periconcepcional ou em algum momento da gestação. Conclusões: Embora pelo presente estudo tenha havido diferença significativa entre o consumo de folato no grupo caso e no controle é importante que não se descarte possíveis fatores bioquímicos envolvidos e aqui não avaliados. / Objective: Check if exists difference between the usual consumption of folate in mothers of children with Down Syndrome and in mothers of children without congenital abnormalities. Methods: A case-control study was accomplished, with a sample of 100 mothers from which, 50 had children with Down Syndrome and 50, considered group control, children without congenital abnormalities. A questionnaire of quantitative frequency was applied containing questions related to the socioeconomic class and the food-source consumption, and foods fortified with folic acid. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form. Results: Among the variables in analysis, only the daily amount of folic acid consumed and the age that the mothers had their babies were significant different between the two groups. Mothers of children with Down Syndrome consumed 359,1 μg/day (dp ± 91,9) of folate, while the mothers of control group consumed, 425,5 μg/day (dp± 104,3), (p=0,001). The age that they had their babies were in group case 27, 5 years (dp± 4,8) and in the control group, 25,4 (dp ±5,3), (p=0,042). Only 3,4% of the interviewee related use of folic acid or others vitamines before or during the pregnancy. Conclusion: Although in the present study has been a significant difference between the consumption of folate in the case group and in the control, is important not to discard possible biochemical factors involved and here not evaluated.

Orientador: Sergio Tonini Button / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarioLuizNunesda_D.pdf: 5214131 bytes, checksum: d3b65bf8a08ad05e43b1a4cb009f56b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O processo Laminação Transversal com Cunha (conhecido em inglês como cross wedge rolling ou CWR) consiste na conformação plástica de produtos por meio de ferramentas em forma de cunhas fixadas em placas planas, côncavas ou convexas ou ainda em rolos de equipamentos de laminação. Apesar das vantagens desse processo associadas à elevada produtividade e minimização das perdas de matéria-prima, o surgimento do defeito interno denominado Mannesmann exige uma inspeção cuidadosa das peças produzidas. Esse defeito tem sua origem no centro das peças laminadas e suas causas ainda não estão totalmente identificadas. Baseando-se no método de elementos finitos, simulações numéricas em três dimensões do processo CWR foram estudadas utilizando-se o programa de simulação MSC Superform para analisar-se a influência das variáveis geométricas (ângulos de conformação e de estiramento e redução relativa) e de processo (temperatura de pré-aquecimento e velocidade de laminação) no aparecimento desse que é considerado o principal defeito do processo. Ensaios experimentais em equipamento existente no Laboratório de Conformação Mecânica da Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica também foram realizados abrangendo as mesmas variáveis citadas para a simulação. Os dados obtidos nestes ensaios foram confrontados com os das simulações para se estudar as possíveis causas do defeito e também para se avaliar o grau de representatividade do processo pelo programa de simulação. Concluiu-se que sob o critério de análise da deformação máxima equivalente, à medida que se aumenta a redução relativa e diminuem-se o ângulo de conformação e a velocidade de processo aumenta-se a probabilidade de ocorrência dos defeitos internos. Tanto nas simulações como nos ensaios práticos, não se notou uma tendência definida para a variável temperatura com relação à sua influência na formação dos defeitos internos / Abstract: Cross-wedge rolling (CWR) is a metal forming process in which wedge shaped tools are assembled to rollers, and concave or convex plates. Despite the advantages of this process associated with high productivity and reduction of raw materials, the formation of an internal defect, called Mannesmann, requires a careful inspection of the rolled parts. This defect has its origin in the center of the rolled pieces and its causes are not yet fully identified. Based on the finite element method, numerical simulations of the CWR process in three dimensions were studied using the simulation software MSC Superform, in order to analyze the influence of some geometric (forming and stretching angles and relative reduction) and process (initial temperature and speed process) variables on the formation of this that is considered the main defect of the process. Tests were also performed in an experimental equipment available in the Mechanical Forming Laboratory of the School of Mechanical Engineering covering the same variables cited for the simulation. The data from these tests were confronted with simulation results to determine the possible causes of the defect and also to evaluate the agreement of these results. From the analysis of the maximum equivalent strain, the higher relative reduction and smaller forming angle and process speed values the higher probability that the internal defects occur. It was not noticed a good trend about the influence of the initial temperature on the formation of the internal defects / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

L'étude présente les méthodes pour identifier et simuler les défauts de fabrication tridimensionnels. Les méthodologies ont été élaborées sur la base des travaux antérieurs, tels que la méthode de simulation MMP (Model of Manufactured Part) présentée par F. Villeneuve et F. Vignat, associée à la méthode de la double mesure présentée par S. Tichadou.Dans cette thèse, la première méthode proposée, basée sur la méthode des petits déplacements (TPD) est présentée et permet l'identification des défauts de fabrication. Cette méthode permet de distinguer les défauts d'usinage et les défauts de positionnement d'un lot de pièces au cours d’un processus de fabrication. Les résultats obtenus dans cette méthode représentent les dispersions géométriques des pièces usinées. En outre, une méthode d’analyse modale de défauts a été réalisée pour analyser les défauts de forme d'une pièce mesurée sur une MMT avec un nombre restreint de points de mesure (10 points sur chaque surface usinée). Les résultats montrent que les modes des défauts de forme sont obtenus correctement (bombé, ondulation, vrillage, etc.)En raison de l'importance du rôle du défaut de positionnement dans la qualité d'un produit en cours de fabrication, ensuite deux indicateurs simples ont été proposés pour évaluer la qualité globale d’un montage de fixation de pièces.Par ailleurs, un modèle permettant de simuler les défauts de positionnement d'une pièce fixée sur un mandrin à trois mors a été développé. Le modèle final de simulation est une combinaison de trois méthodes: plan d’expérience, simulation par éléments finis, et simulation de Monte Carlo. Pour la méthode des plans d’expérience, trois facteurs, qui sont supposés être les plus importants dans les défauts de positionnement, sont utilisés dans le modèle. Les résultats obtenus à partir des simulations sont exprimés sous forme de distributions et de paramètres statistiques caractéristiques. Ceux-ci sont ensuite utilisés pour effectuer les simulations en appliquant la méthode de Monte Carlo.Enfin, un modèle global est proposé, pour simuler la gamme de fabrication d’une pièce fraisée. Ce modèle permet de vérifier la gamme choisie avec des tolérances fonctionnelles de la pièce imposée. De plus, cette méthode permet de vérifier une gamme de fabrication en garantissant les tolérances fonctionnelles imposées ou une utilisation inverse qui permet de déterminer les tolérances garantissant un nombre de pièces usinées hors des zones de tolérance. / The research presents methodologies to identify and simulate manufacturing defects in three-dimension. The methodologies have been developed based on the previous works, such as the MMP (Model of Manufactured Part) simulation method presented by F. Villeneuve and F. Vignat, and the double measurement method is presented by S. Tichadou.In this thesis, the first proposed method based on the Small Displacement Torsor (SDT) concept is presented for identification of manufacturing defects. This method allows distinguishing the machining defects and positioning defects of a batch of parts during a process plan. The results obtained in this method represent geometric dimension errors of machined parts. In addition, we applied the parameterization method, which is usually used to analyze form defects of a part measured on a CMM with hundreds of measurement points, to complete the analysis of the form defects with a restricted number of measurement points (10 points on each machined surface). Even though this number appears to be low, the modes of the form defects are almost obtained (comber, undulation, twist, etc).Because of the important role of the positioning defect in the quality of a product during manufacturing, we then propose two simple indicators for evaluating the global quality of a fixture.Furthermore, we developed a model for simulating positioning defects of a workpiece fixed on a three-jaw chuck. The model is a combination of three methods: design of experiments, finite element simulation, and Monte Carlo simulation. Three factors, which are assumed to be the most important in positioning defects, are used in this model. Based on the simulated results, the influences of these factors are estimated. The results obtained from simulations can be expressed by form of distributions or statistical parameters. These allow using simulation of tolerance analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation.Finally, a model is developed based on MMP for tolerance analysis. This model allows us to verify a given process plan with functional tolerances of the machined part by determination of a number of machined parts out of tolerance zones or determine functional tolerances of a batch of machined parts based on a given process plan (without functional tolerances) and a number of rejected parts per million.

Depuis des années, le silicium est le semiconducteur principalement utilisé dansl’industrie électronique et photovoltaïque. Intensivement étudié depuis plusieursdécennies, ses propriétés sont essentiellement connues, mais de nouvelles questionsviennent se poser. En particulier, une meilleure connaissance des nombreux défauts etimpuretés ainsi que leurs propriétés et leur impact sur les performances des dispositifsà base de Si est souhaitable.Ce travail couvre un éventail de problèmes liés aux défauts ponctuels en interactionau moyen de calculs dits de premiers principes (Density Functional Theory).Une première partie est dédiée à l’impact du dopage sur la diffusivité de l’oxygèneinterstitiel. Les coefficients de diffusion obtenus en fonction de la température sonten très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux ce qui démontre la validité dela méthodologie appliquée. Nous avons montré que l’augmentation de la diffusivitédans le silicium dopé bore se produit par un mécanisme de transfert de charge depuisle dopant de type p.Une deuxième partie se rapporte aux différents complexes de défauts ponctuels etleur thermodynamique, leur cinétique, et leurs propriétés optiques. La formation de cescomplexes peut être induite expérimentalement par une irradiation par des électrons.Plus généralement, ils apparaissent aussi dans des environnements opérationnelsparticuliers comme le spatial. Ici, nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale etthéorique combinée pour identifier l’impact du dopage isovalent (C, Ge) et du codopage(C-Ge, C-Sn, C-Pb) sur la production de différents complexes (VOi, CiOi,CiCs), qui sont électriquement et optiquement actifs.Enfin, une attention particulière a été portée à la paire de défaut carbone-carboneet ses propriétés. Récemment, il a été établi que le silicium fortement dopé en carboneprésente des propriétés d’émission laser. Ici nous avons cherché à étudier les formespossibles du complexe et leurs propriétés, afin de comprendre lequel est présentexpérimentalement. / Since many years, silicon is the primary semiconductor material in electronic andphotovoltaic industry. Intensively studied through decades, its properties are essentiallyknown, however new questions keep arising. We need to achieve deep insightinto the numerous possible defects and impurities properties as well as their impacton the performances of the Si based devices. This work covers a range of problemsrelated with point defects interaction of both types long range and short range bymeans of parameter free first principles calculations.The former refers to the impact of heavy doping on diffusivity of interstitialoxygen species. The obtained diffusion coefficients as a function of temperature arein a very good agreement with experimental results that demonstrates the validityof the applied methodology. We showed that the enhanced diffusivity in B-dopedsilicon occurs through a charge transfer mechanism from the p-type dopantThe latter accounts for the various point defect complexes and their thermodynamic,kinetic, and optical properties. Formation of these complexes can beinduced by electron irradiation of Czochralski silicon. This aspect is of extremeimportance for particular operational environment. Here, we performed a combinedexperimental-theoretical investigation to identify the impact of isovalent doping (C,Ge) and co-doping (C-Ge, C-Sn, C-Pb) on the production of different complexes(VOi, CiOi, CiCs, etc.), which are electrically and optically active.Finally, particular attention is addressed to the carbon-carbon defect pair and itsproperties. Recently, it was established that heavily carbon doped silicon elucidateslasing properties. Here we aimed to revisit the possible forms of the complex andtheir properties, in order to associate one of them with light emitting G-centre,observed in experiments.v

This thesis carried out an analysis of various aspects of liability for defects in the contract of sale under the New Civil Code. The text discusses general liability and displays special treatment contracts. The thesis includes a division of defects, deals with a liability for defects focused on the sale contract and a contract for work. Further specification party beneficiary rights of defective performance and other rights to the settlement of total loss. There are given rights principles and procedures of the defects of the complaint procedure. The text contains rules on liability for defects in international trade. The thesis is the comparison of new and old legislation, the most significant changes and an overview of the consequences of changes to the consumer.

No description available.

A content of this thesis is an analysis of a steel castings production mismatch in Tatra Metallurgy foundry. Most common defects found on castings are gas holes. Thesis shows a theoretical research on casting defects caused by gases in steel castings. It also describes melting and degassing problematics of molten steel and procedures to reduce gas contents. The last part of theoretical research describes oxidation of steel in contact with silica mold. Practical part of thesis analysis production of steel castings to determine the cause of origin of gas holes. Main attention is paid to mold mixture, chemical composition, casting temperatures and casting time. The last chapter metallographically analysis two defected castings to determine the origin of defects. Main attention is paid to shape and chemical composition of gas holes and to morphology of steel inclusions.

Diploma thesis deal with definnig the casuses of stell castings defects in the DSB EURO s.r.o Foundry. The main target is to optimise technological parameters for avoiding the surface casting defects. The first stage is the identification of the defects, describing of the main reasons and mechanic. Defect quantification is make from measuring of area and volume of the mended defects. In association with surface defects, the number of the crackings was observed. Finally there are suggested correction actions based on the previous investigation.