Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Batista Viana.pdf: 1915368 bytes, checksum: 79630d4c574807c29d9309d11a82fe4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to demonstrate the foundations that support the place of defendant class actions in the Brazilian legal system despite any legislative amendment. For both, were prepared and legal research literatures, using inductive methods, historical and comparative, so that, by national and foreign literature, could be considered the most important reasons to validate the place of collective actions passive. The first chapter is devoted to an overview of class actions from the Ancient Age to the present day to explain why the defendant class action was not developed. It was foreshorten a brief history on the subject in law the U.S. and Brazil, and on this, were still addressed the aspects which are the main theme. The second chapter is an overview of the mapping class actions in several orders foreign to demonstrate that the relevance of the issue is not exclusively Brazilian. Even were moot the concept and some classifications of defendant class actions, and were presented the foundations of several orders that support the defense of defendant class actions in our country without any legislative change. The last chapter focused on the analysis of some procedural issues crucial to the place of defendant class actions, such as adequacy of representation and the res judicata, and the proposals of legal rules for defendant class actions / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar os fundamentos que respaldam o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a despeito de qualquer alteração legislativa. Para tanto, foram elaboradas pesquisas bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, utilizando-se dos métodos indutivo, histórico e comparativo, para que, por meio da literatura especializada nacional e estrangeira, pudessem ser analisados os fundamentos mais relevantes para validar o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas. O primeiro capítulo é destinado a fazer um apanhado geral das ações coletivas desde a Idade Antiga até os dias atuais a fim de explicar por que a ação coletiva passiva não foi adequadamente desenvolvida. Também foi realizado um breve escorço histórico sobre o tema na legislação norte-americana e brasileira, e, quanto a esta, ainda foram abordadas as principais nuances que revestem o tema. No segundo capítulo foi traçado um panorama geral das ações coletivas passivas em vários ordenamentos jurídicos alienígenas para demonstrar que a relevância do tema não é exclusividade brasileira. Ainda foram trazidos à baila o conceito e algumas classificações das ações coletivas passivas, bem como foram apresentados os fundamentos de diversas ordens que sustentam a defesa das ações coletivas passivas em nosso ordenamento sem nenhuma alteração legislativa. O último capítulo centrou-se na análise de algumas questões processuais determinantes para o cabimento das ações coletivas passivas, como é o caso da representação adequada e da coisa julgada, bem como das propostas legais de regramento para as ações coletivas passivas

Role of Plea Bargainingin the US The aim of this thesis is to explain to the reader the term Plea Bargaining, to explain the principles of this legal institute and its role in the penal system of the United States of America. The Author does not only describe the Plea Bargaining, but also analyses the institute thoroughly, accenting its positive and negative aspects, considering the point of view of the particular participants of the process. Last but not least, the thesis contains the author's critical evaluation. The institute of Plea Bargaining appears in the common law system from the second half of the nineteenth century, while evincing a quantitative growth in the long term. Currently, it is being used in the absolute majority of penal proceedings, and a change in this trend can in no way be expected in the closest future - therefore, this institute shall be considered as absolutely indispensable for the law of the United States of America. Despite its wide use, its application also gives rise to negative emotions. Relatively often, there are opinions appearing, questioning its legitimacy and legality, for Plea Bargaining is not regulated in the statute law and is not only directly contrary to the Constitution of the United States of America, but also to multiple international treaties on...

Globally, the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a period of major reforms in criminal law which are connected with the effort to find new methods to deal with crime and to replace or at least complement some inflexible procedures in administration of criminal cases. More and more attention is being paid to alternative proceedings before the court and alternative punishments in criminal cases. The Czech Republic has not fallen behind in the developments. My work seeks to map the options of alternative punishments, with a focus on community service. My work also deals with the legal framework for punishments in form of community service in selected countries. I will also mention the institute of Probation and Mediation Service. The work also points to the prepared amendment to the Criminal Code in connection with community service punishments. The research in my work is divided into two parts. The first part is a quantitative survey of opinions of the general public and the other part is a qualitative survey of opinions of professionals, such as judges, policemen and officers of the Probation and Mediation Service. The main objective of the work is to learn about the general public attitudes to and awareness of application and implementation of alternative punishments. I tried to find out which punishments would be preferred by the general public. Another objective of this work has been to survey opinions of professionals in respect to application and implementation of alternative punishments. In the first survey three of my hypotheses have been confirmed and two have been disconfirmed. Based on results of the secod part of the survey I have devised three hypotheses. The results of my work have shown that although the general public has a certain level of awareness of the issue, the knowledge is very superficial. The general public has demonstrated a significant degree of tolerance and benevolence to persons with alternative punishments. Professionals mostly approve the existing legal framework for the alternative punishments. They find the definition of these punishments in the Criminal Code adequate and they believe that alternative punishments have been used sufficiently. The work will serve as a general overview of the issue.

Magister Legum - LLM

Cyberspace produces friction when the law is implemented by domestic courts using 'state-laws'. These laws are based on a ‘physical presence’ of an individual within the territory. It elevates conflicts relating to cyberspace jurisdiction. This research examines private international law complications associated with cyberspace. The paradigm of libel that takes place within the domain of social media is used to evaluate the utility of traditional laws. This research is conducted using ‘black-letter’ methodology, keeping in mind the changes constituted by the Defamation Act 2013. It pinpoints that the instantaneous nature of social media communication demands an unambiguous exercise of 'personal-jurisdiction', beyond the doctrine of territoriality. An innovation to the code of Civil Procedure is recommended to revise the process of service for non-EU defendants. The permission to serve a writ via social networks (or to the relevant Embassy of the defendant’s domicile state), can accelerate the traditional judicial process. This thesis can be utilised as a roadmap by libel victims for preliminary information. It contributes to the knowledge by discovering that the thresholds under Section 1 and Section 9 of the Defamation Act 2013 overlap with the conventional ‘forum-conveniens’ tests. This crossover is causing legal uncertainty in the application of existing rules to the digital libel proceedings. Section 1 and Section 9 thresholds do not fulfil the purpose of eliminating ‘libel-tourism’ and maintaining a balance between speech freedom and reputation rights. They raised the bar for potential victims and restricted their rights to justice. It is proposed that the traditional ‘conveniens test’ must be used for social media libel victims to produce legal certainty in cyberspace defamation.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da aplicação do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho. Tal princípio caracteriza-se pelo caráter restritivo da atuação judicial, vinculando a prolação de sentença aos limites da lide. A problemática centra-se no entendimento do conceito de lide, ora entendido simplesmente como pedido, ora como a matéria fática e jurídica levada aos autos, permitindo-se ao magistrado conhecer de pedidos não formulados expressamente, desde que os fatos a eles pertinentes tenham sido discutidos nos autos. A partir da Teoria Instrumentalista do Processo, que admite este modo de resolução de conflitos como um meio para a efetividade do Direito Material, buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de flexibilização do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho, tendo em vista que o estudo deste princípio revelou que a doutrina e a jurisprudência civil e trabalhista já permitem sua relativização ou mitigação em determinados casos, em especial quando se trata da aplicação de norma de ordem pública, uma das características do Direito Material do Trabalho. Ademais, considerando as questões linguísticas implicadas na formulação da pretensão da parte e da sentença, foi feita pesquisa jurisprudencial no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, de modo a identificar as relações hermenêuticas estabelecidas entre o pedido e a decisão final neste tribunal. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 149 decisões em que se discute a existência ou não de julgamento além dos limites da lide, destacando-se os casos em que o tribunal considerou desnecessária a formulação de pedido expresso para a concessão de direito trabalhista / The purpose of this dissertation is to study the use of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process. This principle is defined by the restrictive aspect of the acts of the judge, binding the sentence to the matters under dispute. The core discussion lies on the identification of such matters, which can be seen as simply the pleadings expressed by the parties or as all the matters in connection with the facts merely mentioned by them. The latter position would allow the judicial authority to pronounce a sentence addressing additional matters that were not expressly pleaded by the parties. Based on the idea that the due process of law is an instrument to achieve effectiveness of legal commands, on the already accepted exception of this principle when it comes to public order rules, and also on the assumption that labor law is of public order, this dissertation analyzed the possibility of disregarding the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process in order to enhance the legal award. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a wide research on the website of the superior labor court (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) was carried out in order to verify the hermeneutical relations between the pleadings and the dispositions of the judicial decision. Bearing such an objective in mind, 149 decisions on the alleged violation of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita were selected and analyzed, focusing on those awards in which the court considered irrelevant the existence of an express pleading in order to grant or deny a specific labor right.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da aplicação do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho. Tal princípio caracteriza-se pelo caráter restritivo da atuação judicial, vinculando a prolação de sentença aos limites da lide. A problemática centra-se no entendimento do conceito de lide, ora entendido simplesmente como pedido, ora como a matéria fática e jurídica levada aos autos, permitindo-se ao magistrado conhecer de pedidos não formulados expressamente, desde que os fatos a eles pertinentes tenham sido discutidos nos autos. A partir da Teoria Instrumentalista do Processo, que admite este modo de resolução de conflitos como um meio para a efetividade do Direito Material, buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de flexibilização do princípio da congruência no Processo Individual do Trabalho, tendo em vista que o estudo deste princípio revelou que a doutrina e a jurisprudência civil e trabalhista já permitem sua relativização ou mitigação em determinados casos, em especial quando se trata da aplicação de norma de ordem pública, uma das características do Direito Material do Trabalho. Ademais, considerando as questões linguísticas implicadas na formulação da pretensão da parte e da sentença, foi feita pesquisa jurisprudencial no sítio eletrônico do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, de modo a identificar as relações hermenêuticas estabelecidas entre o pedido e a decisão final neste tribunal. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 149 decisões em que se discute a existência ou não de julgamento além dos limites da lide, destacando-se os casos em que o tribunal considerou desnecessária a formulação de pedido expresso para a concessão de direito trabalhista / The purpose of this dissertation is to study the use of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process. This principle is defined by the restrictive aspect of the acts of the judge, binding the sentence to the matters under dispute. The core discussion lies on the identification of such matters, which can be seen as simply the pleadings expressed by the parties or as all the matters in connection with the facts merely mentioned by them. The latter position would allow the judicial authority to pronounce a sentence addressing additional matters that were not expressly pleaded by the parties. Based on the idea that the due process of law is an instrument to achieve effectiveness of legal commands, on the already accepted exception of this principle when it comes to public order rules, and also on the assumption that labor law is of public order, this dissertation analyzed the possibility of disregarding the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita in individual labor process in order to enhance the legal award. In addition to the theoretical analysis, a wide research on the website of the superior labor court (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) was carried out in order to verify the hermeneutical relations between the pleadings and the dispositions of the judicial decision. Bearing such an objective in mind, 149 decisions on the alleged violation of the Principle of Ne Ultra et Extra Petita were selected and analyzed, focusing on those awards in which the court considered irrelevant the existence of an express pleading in order to grant or deny a specific labor right.

The theme of my diploma thesis is the efficiency of the probation supervision of the system of justice. My aim is to inform wheather and in which way the probation supervision helps to reduce the risk of crime's relapse. This diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is theoretical whereas the second one is practical. In the theoretical paragraph I explain the aims and reasons of probation supervision. The wide scope of taking advantages of this care is also mentioned. I describe all activities connected with the above. The pecularities of youngters's probation supervision are pointe dout, as well. Last but not least I inform about the course of the probation supervision and try to compare alternative sanctions to the imprisonment. A statistic survey of probation supervision in last few years makes a part of my thesis, too. The second part of my thesis is based on my practice in the centre of probation and mediation care. I mention the results of my research among the members of the working team in the above organisation and social worker's for youngsters and adults. I inform about their points of view of this care and connected probléme and thein cooperation. The next paragraph show the way of life of several clients of probation and mediation care. I inform about their situation, crime,...

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten befand sich die Rechtsstellung des Beschuldigten in einem Wandel. Zunächst fand ab 1949 ein Ausbau des Rechtsstaats verbunden mit einem Ausbau der Rechtsstellung des Beschuldigten statt. Ab Mitte der 70er-Jahre zeichnete sich dann jedoch eine Tendenzwende ab, die sich bis heute durch drei maßgebliche Entwicklungslinien kennzeichnet: 1. Die Vereinfachung und Beschleunigung des Strafverfahrens durch 11 Schwerpunktgesetze. 2. Die Terrorismusbekämpfung und Bekämpfung von OK durch 10 Schwerpunktgesetze und ab den Terroranschlägen vom 11. September 2001 durch viele weitere Änderungen. 3. der Opferschutz durch 8 Schwerpunktgesetze. Dadurch erlitt die Rechtsstellung des Beschuldigten massive Einschränkungen. Diese nachteiligen Auswirkungen für den Beschuldigten müssen auf nationaler Ebene wieder ausgeglichen werden. Insbesondere ist hierfür eine Stärkung der Beschuldigtenstellung im Ermittlungsverfahren erforderlich. Auch auf europäischer Ebene befindet sich die Rechtsstellung des Beschuldigten im Wandel. Eine Vereinheitlichung und Stärkung der Beschuldigtenrechte erfolgte erst durch das 2009 vom Europäischen Rat beschlossene Stockholmer Programm. Dies führte nachfolgend zu einer Stärkung der Rechte des Einzelnen durch den Erlass einer Reihe von Richtlinien, die dann auch in Deutschland umgesetzt wurden. Immer mehr wurden die aufgezeigten Entwicklungslinien aber auch auf EU-Ebene verfolgt, wodurch die nationale Gesetzgebung maßgeblich beeinflusst wurde. Und es bestehen auf EU- Ebene weiterhin noch Lücken, weil kein einheitlicher Mindeststandard an Beschuldigtenrechten geschaffen wurde. Dabei stößt auch die 2017 geschaffene Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft, die mittlerweile ihre Arbeit aufgenommen hat, auf Bedenken. Deshalb muss auch auf EU-Ebene über Reformmöglichkeiten diskutiert werden. Vor allem durch die Einrichtung einer unionsrechtlich institutionalisierten Europäischen Strafverteidigung. / Over the past decades, the legal position of the accused has undergone significant changes. Beginning in 1949, there was an expansion of the rule of law alongside an enhancement of the rights of the accused. Yet, from the mid-1970s, a shift began that continues today, characterised by three significant developments: 1. The simplification and acceleration of criminal proceedings through 11 key legislative acts. 2. Counterterrorism and organised crime measures through 10 key legislative acts, with numerous additional changes following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. 3. Victim protection through 8 key legislative acts. As a result, the legal status of the accused has faced considerable limitations. These adverse effects must be counterbalanced at the national level, particularly through the strengthening of the position of the accused during investigations. At the European level, the legal status of the accused is also undergoing transformation. The unification and strengthening of the rights of the accused was only initiated by the Stockholm Programme, adopted by the European Council in 2009. This subsequently led to the enhancement of individual rights through the enactment of a series of directives, which were then implemented in Germany. Moreover, these outlined trends have increasingly been pursued at the EU level, significantly influencing national legislation. Nevertheless, gaps still exist at the EU level, as no uniform minimum standard of rights for the accused has been established. The European Public Prosecutor's Office, established in 2017 and now operational, also faces concerns. Therefore, discussions regarding reform possibilities must also occur at the EU level, particularly through the establishment of a union law-institutionalised European defence for the accused.

Cette thèse a pour objet l'obligation de sécurité en matière la responsabilité contractuelle à la lumière du droit français et du droit libyen. La recherche tend à répondre aux questions suivantes : Qu'entend-on par sécurité des produits médicaux ? Sur quel fondement juridique peut-on justifier cette obligation ? Quelles sont les difficultés d'application de cette obligation pour traiter les problèmes de produits de santé ? C'est quoi le produits de santé ? Et Le droit de la responsabilité civile libyen est-il parfaitement adapté à la protection de la victime des produits de santé comme dans le droit de la responsabilité français ? Ce questionnement a conduit l'auteur à développer une analyse approfondie de l'obligation de sécurité en manière de la responsabilité contractuelle et le droit de la santé français et libyen. Dans la première partie de la thèse, on constate que la notion d'obligation de sécurité, y compris en matière de la responsabilité contractuelle, a connu une évolution majeure par rapport à l'époque précédant. En fait, l'apparition de la notion d'obligation de sécurité est ancienne puisqu'elle a été créée en France le 21 novembre 1911 à l'occasion du contrat de transport. Elle peut être définie comme « l'obligation de veiller à la sécurité d'une personne ou d'un bien, qui peut être une obligation de résultat ou de moyen ». Certains codes du monde proche-oriental ont adopté la résolution que la Cour de cassation française a prise en 1911 dans le domaine du transport de personnes, comme l'Egypte et le Liban. En 1956, la Cour d'Appel à Alexandrie a conformé l'obligation de sécurité dans le domaine du transport de personnes / This thesis focuses on the safety obligation regarding contractual liability in the light of French law and Libyan law. Research tends to answer the following questions: What is safety of medical products? On what legal basis can we justify that obligation? What are the difficulties in applying this requirement to address issues of health products? What is the health products? The law and civil liability Libya is it perfectly suited to the protection of the victim of health products as in the French liability law? This questioning has led the author to develop a thorough analysis of the safety obligation by way of contractual liability and health law French and Libyan. In the first part of the thesis, we see that the notion of bond security, including with respect to contractual liability, has experienced a major change from the time before. In fact, the emergence of the concept of safety obligation is old since it was founded in France 21 November 1911 at the contract of carriage. It can be defined as "the obligation to ensure the safety of any person or property which may be an obligation of result or means." Some codes of Near Eastern world have adopted the resolution that the French Supreme Court has taken in 1911 in the transportation of persons, such as Egypt and Lebanon. In 1956, the Appeal Court in Alexandria has complied with the requirement of safety in the transportation of persons. Similarly, in Lebanon in the Code of Obligations and Contracts provides in Article 688 that the contract of carriage of persons is the responsibility of the carrier's obligation to lead the traveler, unharmed, to the destination