Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade entre os alunos do primeiro ao sexto ano do curso de medicina da FMUSP e como manifestam a resistência na busca por auxílio psicológico. Método: aplicação dos Inventários de Depressão (BDI) e Ansiedade de Beck (BAI) e Questionário aos alunos matriculados no ano de 2012 na Faculdade de Medicina da USP, bem como do Teste de Apercepção Temática àqueles que preencheram os critérios de resistência à busca de auxílio psicológico. Resultados: Dos 1.034 alunos matriculados na graduação em 2.012, 439 (42,46%) responderam adequadamente o BAI e BDI, sendo que desses, 13,4% sujeitos apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade em nível Leve e 5,5% em nível Moderado. Dentre os 437 Inventários de Depressão respondidos, 16,0% indicaram nível Leve e 4,1% Nível Moderado de depressão. Não houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros em relação aos níveis de depressão e ansiedade encontrados. Dos 82 sujeitos que apresentaram ansiedade em nível Leve e Moderado, 56 (68,3%) afirmaram ter demanda por algum tipo de serviço em saúde mental, mas apenas 12 (14,5%) estavam em tratamento. Dos 87 sujeitos que apresentavam sintomas depressivos em nível Leve e Moderado, 58 (66,7%) apresentaram demanda para tratamento psicológico e somente 17 (19,6%) estavam em terapia. Foram enviadas 109 Cartas-convites aos sujeitos que revelaram interesse em buscar auxílio psicológico e não buscaram e aos que apresentaram sintomas depressivos e ansiosos em nível moderado para participarem do Teste de Apercepção Temática, mas compareceram a essa atividade apenas 7 sujeitos, todos com sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em níveis mínimo e leve. Foram aplicadas 5 pranchas do TAT a esses sujeitos que, de forma geral, revelaram sentimentos que em sua maioria eram negativos ou pessimistas. As ansiedades prevalentes foram as paranoides e as relacionadas ao desempenho de tarefas, as defesas mais percebidas foram a maníaca e a racionalização, a integração do ego variou entre fraca, razoável e boa e a adequação do superego apontou para um superego exigente e rígido. Conclusão: A maioria dos alunos de medicina com ansiedade e depressão em níveis Leve e Moderado apresentou resistência para buscar auxílio psicológico. A resistência se manifestou em dois níveis: um mais intenso, que impede o sujeito de perceber sua doença, seus sintomas e seu próprio sofrimento psíquico; e em um nível menos intenso, em que o sujeito percebe sua doença e/ou sintomas e reconhece a necessidade de buscar auxílio, mas não o procura. A resistência parece estar relacionada a um modo de \"ser\" idealizado, associado a um superego rígido e exigente e compartilhado e perseguido pelo corpo discente / Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among first-to-sixth year medical students of FMUSP and how they resist to seek mental health support. Methodology: This study used cross-setional survey data from a representative sample of undergraduated medical students (N= 439) that answered Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a Supplemental Questionnaire. The students that scored positively for depression and anxiety and those who demand for psychological treatment but had not accessed any mental health service were invited to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Results: Of the 1,034 undergraduate students attending the medical school in 2012, 439 (42.46%) responded adequately BAI and BDI, and of them, 13.4% students had symptoms of anxiety in Light Level and 5.5% in Moderate level. Among the 437 BDI that were considered in this survey, 16.0% indicated Light Level and 4.1% Moderate Level of depression. Considering gender, there was no significant difference in the levels of depression and anxiety. Of the 82 students with anxiety in Light and Moderate Level, 56 (68.3%) reported demand for some kind of service in mental health, but only 12 (14.5%) were receiving treatment. Of the 87 subjects with depressive symptoms in Light and Moderate Level, 58 (66.7%) considered seeking for mental health care and only 17 (19.6%) were in therapy. 109 students who have shown interest in seeking psychological help and have not sought and those who had depressive and anxiety symptoms in moderate level were invited to participate to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), but only 7 students attended this activity, all with symptoms of anxiety and depression in minimum and light levels. The TAT was used in a reduced version of 5 pictures and, in general, the students\' answers revealed negative or pessimistic feelings. The paranoid anxieties were prevalent and related to performance tasks. The manic and rationalization were the most observed psychic defenses. The ego showed a variation from poor to fair good integration and the superego were pointed as demanding and rigid. Conclusion: Most medical students with anxiety and depression in Light and Moderate levels showed resistance to seek psychological help. The resistance was manifested in two levels: the more intense, which prevents the student to perceive their disease, symptoms and their own psychological distress; and a less intense level, that allows the students to perceive their illness and / or symptoms and recognizes their needs to seek help, but prevents them accessing mental health services. The resistance seems to be associated to idealized way of \"being\", shared by this student population

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paula regina peron.pdf: 494275 bytes, checksum: a65a98ab762277ffef7014864c55fed9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-17 / The present psychoanalytical research brings metapsychological considerations on the theme of trauma, its impacts and possible psychical consequences, based on Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi. Through the contributions of Ferenczi, the subject of trauma is examined, with the intention to understand clinical phenomena, especially of psychical paralysis and strong submission to the analyst, features that characterize a typical transferencial picture, nominated by the author as masochist-depressive transference. Such basis allowed us to consider that indifferent and violent repetitive maternal and paternal attitudes can provoke pathological effects on the psychical development of a child, taken by great amounts of excitement, disorganizing his subjective functioning and mobilizing pathological defense mechanisms that reflect a wounded narcissism. Four clinical cases have been examined, in which transferencial movements indicated psychical defenses such as splitting, psychopathological progression and identification with the aggressor. In such cases, the analyst had to work to allow the bounding of psychical excesses to words, and thus to construct meanings for traumatic experiences. The clinical necessity of non-standardized psychoanalytical technique was verified, and also the need to consider the importance of the real fact, as much as the patient s attributed meaning to the traumatic fact. It was concluded mainly that considering the masochist-depressive transference, the underlying traumatic factors and the derivative pathological psychical defenses brings more possibilities of intervention to the analysis, with special attention for the factors that produce compulsion to repetition and corporal symptoms / A presente pesquisa psicanalítica, baseada em Sigmund Freud e Sándor Ferenczi, traz considerações metapsicológicas sobre o trauma, seus impactos e possíveis conseqüências psíquicas. Através das contribuições do psicanalista húngaro Ferenczi, o tema do trauma é examinado para possibilitar a compreensão de fenômenos clínicos, especialmente de paralisia psíquica e forte submissão ao analista, que caracterizam um quadro transferencial típico nomeado pela autora como transferência depressivo-masoquista. Tal embasamento permitiu considerar que as atitudes materna e paterna podem provocar, quando repetidas e carregadas de indiferença e violência, efeitos patológicos sobre o desenvolvimento psíquico de uma criança, que fica então inundada por grandes quantidades de excitação, tendo seu funcionamento subjetivo desorganizado e mobilizando defesas patológicas que refletem um narcisismo ferido. Foram examinados quatro casos clínicos cujos movimentos transferenciais faziam supor defesas psíquicas de clivagem, progressão psicopatológica e identificação com o agressor. Em tais casos, evidenciou-se a necessidade do analista trabalhar para permitir o ligamento de excessos psíquicos às palavras e assim, construir sentido para experiências traumáticas. Verificou-se a necessidade clínica de não uniformizar a técnica psicanalítica, e de levar em conta tanto a importância do fato real, quanto a significação singular que um determinado paciente atribuiu ao fato traumático. Concluiu-se principalmente que considerar a transferência depressivo-masoquista, os fatores traumáticos subjacentes e as defesas psíquicas patológicas derivadas permite a ampliação das possibilidades de intervenção da análise, com atenção especial para os fatores que produzem compulsão à repetição e sintomas corporais

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de depressão e ansiedade entre os alunos do primeiro ao sexto ano do curso de medicina da FMUSP e como manifestam a resistência na busca por auxílio psicológico. Método: aplicação dos Inventários de Depressão (BDI) e Ansiedade de Beck (BAI) e Questionário aos alunos matriculados no ano de 2012 na Faculdade de Medicina da USP, bem como do Teste de Apercepção Temática àqueles que preencheram os critérios de resistência à busca de auxílio psicológico. Resultados: Dos 1.034 alunos matriculados na graduação em 2.012, 439 (42,46%) responderam adequadamente o BAI e BDI, sendo que desses, 13,4% sujeitos apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade em nível Leve e 5,5% em nível Moderado. Dentre os 437 Inventários de Depressão respondidos, 16,0% indicaram nível Leve e 4,1% Nível Moderado de depressão. Não houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros em relação aos níveis de depressão e ansiedade encontrados. Dos 82 sujeitos que apresentaram ansiedade em nível Leve e Moderado, 56 (68,3%) afirmaram ter demanda por algum tipo de serviço em saúde mental, mas apenas 12 (14,5%) estavam em tratamento. Dos 87 sujeitos que apresentavam sintomas depressivos em nível Leve e Moderado, 58 (66,7%) apresentaram demanda para tratamento psicológico e somente 17 (19,6%) estavam em terapia. Foram enviadas 109 Cartas-convites aos sujeitos que revelaram interesse em buscar auxílio psicológico e não buscaram e aos que apresentaram sintomas depressivos e ansiosos em nível moderado para participarem do Teste de Apercepção Temática, mas compareceram a essa atividade apenas 7 sujeitos, todos com sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em níveis mínimo e leve. Foram aplicadas 5 pranchas do TAT a esses sujeitos que, de forma geral, revelaram sentimentos que em sua maioria eram negativos ou pessimistas. As ansiedades prevalentes foram as paranoides e as relacionadas ao desempenho de tarefas, as defesas mais percebidas foram a maníaca e a racionalização, a integração do ego variou entre fraca, razoável e boa e a adequação do superego apontou para um superego exigente e rígido. Conclusão: A maioria dos alunos de medicina com ansiedade e depressão em níveis Leve e Moderado apresentou resistência para buscar auxílio psicológico. A resistência se manifestou em dois níveis: um mais intenso, que impede o sujeito de perceber sua doença, seus sintomas e seu próprio sofrimento psíquico; e em um nível menos intenso, em que o sujeito percebe sua doença e/ou sintomas e reconhece a necessidade de buscar auxílio, mas não o procura. A resistência parece estar relacionada a um modo de \"ser\" idealizado, associado a um superego rígido e exigente e compartilhado e perseguido pelo corpo discente / Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among first-to-sixth year medical students of FMUSP and how they resist to seek mental health support. Methodology: This study used cross-setional survey data from a representative sample of undergraduated medical students (N= 439) that answered Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a Supplemental Questionnaire. The students that scored positively for depression and anxiety and those who demand for psychological treatment but had not accessed any mental health service were invited to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Results: Of the 1,034 undergraduate students attending the medical school in 2012, 439 (42.46%) responded adequately BAI and BDI, and of them, 13.4% students had symptoms of anxiety in Light Level and 5.5% in Moderate level. Among the 437 BDI that were considered in this survey, 16.0% indicated Light Level and 4.1% Moderate Level of depression. Considering gender, there was no significant difference in the levels of depression and anxiety. Of the 82 students with anxiety in Light and Moderate Level, 56 (68.3%) reported demand for some kind of service in mental health, but only 12 (14.5%) were receiving treatment. Of the 87 subjects with depressive symptoms in Light and Moderate Level, 58 (66.7%) considered seeking for mental health care and only 17 (19.6%) were in therapy. 109 students who have shown interest in seeking psychological help and have not sought and those who had depressive and anxiety symptoms in moderate level were invited to participate to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), but only 7 students attended this activity, all with symptoms of anxiety and depression in minimum and light levels. The TAT was used in a reduced version of 5 pictures and, in general, the students\' answers revealed negative or pessimistic feelings. The paranoid anxieties were prevalent and related to performance tasks. The manic and rationalization were the most observed psychic defenses. The ego showed a variation from poor to fair good integration and the superego were pointed as demanding and rigid. Conclusion: Most medical students with anxiety and depression in Light and Moderate levels showed resistance to seek psychological help. The resistance was manifested in two levels: the more intense, which prevents the student to perceive their disease, symptoms and their own psychological distress; and a less intense level, that allows the students to perceive their illness and / or symptoms and recognizes their needs to seek help, but prevents them accessing mental health services. The resistance seems to be associated to idealized way of \"being\", shared by this student population

Chemical senses play a critical role in predator-prey and social interactions of many animals. Predators often evoke adaptive escape responses by prey, one of which is the release of chemicals that induce adaptive avoidance behaviors from both predators and conspecifics. I explore the use of chemicals in predator-prey and social interactions, using a crustacean model system, the spiny lobster. As predators, spiny lobsters are opportunistic, polyphagous feeders, and they rely heavily on their chemical senses during feeding. Some of their potential prey deter attacks through chemical defenses that act through the spiny lobsters’ chemical senses. An example of this is sea hares, Aplysia californica, which secrete an ink when vigorously attacked by sympatric spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. I show that that this ink defends sea hares from spiny lobsters through several mechanisms that include phagomimicry, sensory disruption, and deterrence, and that the ink’s efficacy is enhanced by its naturally high acidity. As prey, spiny lobsters rely heavily on their chemical senses to assess risk from predators. One way to assess risk of predation is through ‘alarm cues’, which are injury-related chemicals. I show that injured Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, release alarm cues in their hemolymph, and that nearby conspecifics detect these cues using olfaction. Hemolymph from conspecifics induces primarily alarm behavior in the form of retreat, sheltering, and suppression of appetitive responses. In contrast, hemolymph from heterospecifics, depending on phylogenetic relatedness, induces either mixed alarm and appetitive behaviors or primarily appetitive behaviors. Spiny lobsters also use chemical cues to assess risk during social interactions with conspecific. I show that spiny lobsters use urine-borne chemical signals and agonistic behaviors to communicate social status and that these chemical signals are detected exclusively by the olfactory pathway. Dominant animals increase urine release during social interactions, whereas subordinates do not. Experimental prevention of urine release during interactions causes an increase in agonism, but this increase is abolished when urine of dominants is reintroduced. My findings lay the foundation for neuroethological studies of risk-assessment systems mediated by intraspecific chemical cues.

Invasive exotic species threaten native biodiversity, alter ecosystem structure and function, and annually cost over $100 billion in the US alone. Determining the ecological traits and interactions that affect invasion success are thus critical for predicting, preventing, and mitigating the negative effects of biological invasions. Native herbivores are widely assumed to facilitate exotic plant invasions by preferentially consuming native plants and avoiding exotic plants. Here, I use freshwater plant communities scattered broadly across the Southeastern U.S. to show that herbivory is an important force driving the ecology and evolution of freshwater systems. However, native consumers often preferentially consume rather than avoid exotic over native plants. Analyses of 3 terrestrial datasets showed similar patterns, with native herbivores generally preferring exotic plants. Thus, exotic plants appear defensively nave against these evolutionarily novel consumers, and exotic plants may escape their coevolved, specialist herbivores only to be preferentially consumed by the native generalist herbivores in their new ranges. In further support of this hypothesis, a meta-analysis of 71 manipulative field studies including over 100 exotic plant species and 400 native plant species from terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems revealed that native herbivores strongly suppressed exotic plants, while exotic herbivores enhanced the abundance and species richness of exotic plants by suppressing native plants. Both outcomes are consistent with the hypothesis that prey are susceptible to evolutionarily novel consumers. Thus, native herbivores provide biotic resistance to plant invasions, but the widespread replacement of native with exotic herbivores eliminates this ecosystem service, facilitates plant invasions, and triggers an invasional meltdown. Consequently, rather than thriving because they escape their co-evolved specialist herbivores, exotic plants may thrive because their co-evolved generalist herbivores have stronger negative effects on evolutionarily nave, native plants.

Univ., Diss.--Wien, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 187 - 197.

Des études présentées dans cette thèse ont permis de démontrer que le gène du groupe Polycomb (PcG) Bmi1 est essentiel à l’auto-renouvellement des progéniteurs rétiniens immatures et pour le développement rétinien après la naissance. Ce travail illustre chez l’embryon que Bmi1 est hautement enrichie dans une sous-population de progéniteurs rétiniens exprimant le marqueur de surface SSEA-1 et différents marqueurs de cellules souches. À tous les stades de développement analysés, l’absence de Bmi1 résulte en une diminution de la prolifération et de l’auto-renouvellement des progéniteurs immatures. Pour mieux comprendre la cascade moléculaire en absence de Bmi1, nous avons inactivé p53 dans les colonies Bmi1-/-. Cette inactivation a permis une restauration partielle du potentiel d’auto-renouvellement. De plus, en absence de Bmi1, la prolifération et la maintenance de la population de progéniteurs rétiniens immatures localisés dans le corps ciliaire sont aussi affectées après la naissance. Bmi1 permet donc de distinguer les progéniteurs immatures de la population principale de progéniteurs, et est requis pour le développement normal de la rétine. Nous avons également démontré que l’oncogène Bmi1 est requis dans les neurones pour empêcher l’apoptose et l’induction d’un programme de vieillissement prématuré, causé par une baisse des défenses anti-oxydantes. Nous avons observé dans les neurones Bmi1-/- une augmentation des niveaux de p53, de la concentration des ROS et de la sensibilité aux agents neurotoxiques. Nous avons démontré ainsi que Bmi1 contrôle les défenses anti-oxydantes dans les neurones en réprimant l’activité pro-oxydante de p53. Dans les neurones Bmi1-/-, p53 provoque la répression des gènes anti-oxydants, induisant une augmentation des niveaux de ROS. Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois que Bmi1 joue un rôle critique dans la survie et le processus de vieillissement neuronal. / The studies presented in this thesis establish that the Polycomb Group (PcG) gene Bmi1 is required for the self-renewal of immature retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and for postnatal retinal development. Work performed in mouse embryos reveals that Bmi1 is highly enriched in a RPC subpopulation expressing the cell surface antigen SSEA-1 and different stem cell markers. Furthermore, at all developmental stages analysed, Bmi1 deficiency resulted in reduced proliferation and self-renewal of immature RPCs. To better understand the molecular cascade leading to this phenotype, we inactivated p53 in Bmi1-deficient colonies. p53 inactivation partially restored RPCs self-renewal potential. Moreover, the proliferation and the postnatal maintenance of an immature RPC population located in the ciliary body was also impaired in absence of Bmi1. Thus, Bmi1 distinguishes immature RPCs from the main RPC population and is required for normal retinal development. We have also shown that the oncogene Bmi1 is required in neurons to prevent apoptosis and the induction of a premature aging-like program characterized by reduced antioxidant defenses. We observed in Bmi1-deficient neurons an increased p53 and ROS levels, and a hypersensitivity to neurotoxic agents. We demonstrated that Bmi1 regulate antioxidant defenses in neurons by suppressing p53 pro-oxidant activity. In Bmi1-/- neurons, p53 induces antioxidant genes repression, resulting in increased ROS levels. These findings reveal for the first time the major role of Bmi1 on neuronal survival and aging.

This is a historic structure report for the C-47 Nike missile launch site in Wheeler, Indiana. This report provides a description, condition assessment, and recommendation for restoration of the site since it has sustained damage from weather, fire, and vandals. The site is listed on the State Register and National Register of Historic Places and the Nike Preservation Group desires to turn the site into a Cold War museum and memorial.A history of the Cold War and development of the Nike missile systems and C-47 site provides the background of the project. Each structure and feature is described and the condition recorded. Recommendations for treatment and maintenance are provided. Suggestions are made for a phased restoration of the site to accommodate a Cold War museum. Since it is recommended the site be open to the public, issues regarding public health, safety, security, and handicap accessibility are addressed. This project does not provide a full management and preservation plan, measured HABS/HAER drawings, or a structural analysis. / Department of Architecture

The official reaction of the Russian Federation and of the People's Republic of China to the announcement made by the United States in December 2001 to abrogate the almost thirty years old Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty has been remarkably weak, given their sustained and coordinated opposition to the deployment of strategic defences against ballistic missiles (BMD). Because the existing literature, particularly balance of power theory, under-explored this puzzle and fails to provide a satisfactory explanation to it, a neoclassical realist model building on structural and unit-level variables is proposed to supplement this caveat. It is argued that Russia, as a stagnant great power experiencing trouble at the domestic level, bandwagons with the United States because it discounts the medium- and long-term threat posed by BMD. China, a rising developmental state, is soft balancing because it resents the project and the threat it poses to its security. It has not hard balanced so far because there is an acknowledgement that this could jeopardize its power base, as the telling example of the USSR collapse illustrated.

The large cosmopolitan sea hare Bursatella leachii is a common resident in Eastern Cape river mouths during summer and late autumn where they congregate in beds of Zostera capensis to breed. In this thesis, the previously known toxic formamide marine secondary metabolite (-)-bursatellin (2.2), which may deter predators of South African specimens of the globally distributed sea hare Bursatella leachii, was isolated and identified (Chapter 2). There have been no previous chemical ecology studies of B. leachii and the latter half of this thesis is devoted to chemical ecology studies of this organism. Interestingly, the isolation of the (-)-diastereomer of 2.2 from specimens of B. leachii collected from the Kariega River mouth (near Kenton-on-Sea) suggests that the South African specimens of this species are similar to specimens collected from Puerto Rico and from the Mediterranean Sea. Two different chromatographic techniques for isolating 2.2 were compared in order to maximize the amount of 2.2 isolated from the Kariega River mouth sea hares. The doubling of selected resonances observed in both the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the bursatellin isolated in this study suggest one of three possibilities; either firstly, the presence of closely related compound(s), secondly, the presence of diastereomers or thirdly the presence of rotamers. Through NMR kinetic studies, we were able to establish that the presence of rotamers was very unlikely due to no change in the relative ratio (3:1) of the ¹H NMR signals with an increase in temperature. Although the attempted synthesis of the acetate derivative (2.28), as a means of separating a diastereomeric mixture was successful, the chromatographic separation of the proposed acetylated diastereomers was not successful. Preparation of the camphanate ester derivatives (e.g. 2.30) proved to be unsuccessful. Five B. leachii specimens were dissected, their organs separated and individually extracted with methanol. The methanol extracts were individually chromatographed on HP-20 media, and the distribution of bursatellin determined by isolation and NMR. It was evident from this investigation that the distribution of 2.2 within individual B. leachii specimens was found to be highest within the B. leachii ink gland. The lower amounts of 2.2 contained in the digestive system, relative to other organs, was hypothesized to occur because 2.2 is sequestered from the diet of the sea hare and efficiently moved from the gut to various organs around the body where it is stored. The absence of 2.2 from the skin was surprising and may be a result of a smaller mass of skin relative to other organs coupled with the limitations of the chromatographic separation techniques employed. Surprisingly, no bursatellin was found within juvenile sea hares. Chapter three discusses the isolation of ilimaquinone (3.1) and pelorol (3.19) from the sponge Hippospongia metachroma and the structure elucidation of each compound using computer modeling to illustrate the conformation. It was deemed necessary to isolate these well known and abundant bioactive marine natural products from a sponge as standard compounds in the bioassays given the paucity of 2.2 available for this study. Chapter four describes the assays used to test the biological activity of the bursatellin 2.2 compared to the generally bioactive ilimaquinone and the structurally related and commercially available broad spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol. B. leachii, a shell-less marine mollusc inhabits a variety of intertidal habitats and, therefore, is exposed to several different predators, yet does not appear to have any specific predators. Potential predators of this sea hare in the Kariega Estuary could be fish and amphipods which are found in close proximity to these sea hares. Results of the assays showed that at roughly natural concentrations, (calculated from the isolated chromatographic yield) feeding was deterred by the fish and amphipods, which implied that 2.2 may confer a defensive role within the organism. The relatively high concentration present within the ink gland of B. leachii may support this hypothesis. Surprisingly, given its structural similarity to chloramphenicol, 2.3 did not show any antimicrobial action against five of the six bacterial strains against which it was screened [chloramphenicol inhibited the growth of all the bacterial strains at very low concentrations (0.25 mg/mL)]. Bursatellin was found to be only active against Staphylococus aureus at high concentrations ca. 2 mg/mL when compared to chloramphenicol. Neither bursatellin nor chloramphenicol showed anti-fungal activity. Although this study suggests that the sea hares may use chemical defences in addition to opaline ink to defend themselves, they also live within the seagrass Z. capensis, which possibly provides the sea hare with a cryptic form of physical defence against several predators that are unable to swim freely within the weed beds in the littoral zone of the estuary. / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in