The teaching of a foreign language involves the use of methods, rooted in an approach to language teaching, and often incorporates the use of technology such as computers and multimedia. In order to examine the approach, method, and use of multimedia technology in the teaching of Italian in British Columbia at the elementary and secondary levels, it is important to first define these critical elements. The first chapter examines the global shift from using a Grammar-Translation Approach to teaching foreign languages towards using a Communicative Approach. It is interesting to note that this shift spans numerous centuries and develops gradually through a series of innovative foreign language teaching approaches and methods. The second chapter provides an in-depth look at this Communicative Approach. It examines the theories it is based on, the components a Communicative Language Teaching or CLT syllabus incorporates, as well as the classroom manifestations of CLT, including the types of activities used, the role of grammar, the learning resources used, the teacher's role, and the student's role. The chapter also reviews criticism levied against CLT. The third chapter examines the role of computer technology in foreign language teaching. As computers become ubiquitous, it is important to highlight the reason why computers go hand in hand with CLT; computer technology incorporates aspects of the theories which Communicative Approach is based upon. As such, computer technology should be part of the CLT classroom but only after the most effective Computer Assisted Language Learning or CALL program has been chosen. This chapter identifies criteria for the selection of effective CALL as well as identifying how to implement CALL in the classroom setting. In trying to examine CALL's overall value to CLT, the chapter also highlights some of the positive and negative attributes of CALL. The final chapter uses the terminology and approaches introduced in previous chapters and relates them to the actual panorama of Italian taught at the elementary and secondary levels in British Columbia. The driving force behind the use of the Communicative Approach and the use of computer technology in the local teaching of Italian comes from the Italian Ministero degli affari esteri, or MAE. This can be seen through MAE's foreign policy, their financial assistance, their trained personnel sent to assist local teachers of Italian, and their ongoing commitment to the teaching of Italian abroad. The chapter, through a questionnaire completed by local teachers of Italian, also tries to ascertain whether the resources offered by MAE are being used to their fullest.

Which event study methods are best in non-U.S. multi-country samples? Nonparametric tests, especially the rank and generalized sign, are better specified and more powerful than common parametric tests, especially in multi-day windows. The generalized sign test is the best statistic but must be applied to buy-and-hold abnormal returns for correct specification. Market-adjusted and market-model methods with local market indexes, without conversion to a common currency, work well. The results are robust to limiting the samples to situations expected to be problematic for test specification or power. Applying the tests that perform best in simulation to merger announcements produces reasonable results.

In the last decades, the increase of industrial activities and of the request for the world food requirement, the intensification of natural resources exploitation, directly connected to pollution, have aroused an increasing interest of the public opinion towards initiatives linked to the regulation of food production, as well to the institution of a modern legislation for the consumer guardianship. This work was planned taking into account some important thematics related to marine environment, collecting and showing the data obtained from the studies made on different marine species of commercial interest (Chamelea gallina, Mytilus edulis, Ostrea edulis, Crassostrea gigas, Salmo salar, Gadus morhua). These studies have evaluated the effects of important physic and chemical parameters variations (temperature, xenobiotics like drugs, hydrocarbons and pesticides) on cells involved in the immune defence (haemocytes) and on some important enzymatic systems involved in xenobiotic biotransformation processes (cytochrome P450 complex) and in the related antioxidant defence processes (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Heat Shock Protein), from a biochemical and bimolecular point of view. Oxygen is essential in the biological answer of a living organism. Its consume in the normal cellular breathing physiological processes and foreign substances biotransformation, leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, potentially toxic and responsible of biological macromolecules damages with consequent pathologies worsening. Such processes can bring to a qualitative alteration of the derived products, but also to a general state of suffering that in the most serious cases can provoke the death of the organism, with important repercussions in economic field, in the output of the breedings, of fishing and of aquaculture. In this study it seemed interesting to apply also alternative methodologies currently in use in the medical field (cytofluorimetry) and in proteomic studies (bidimensional electrophoresis, mass spectrometry) with the aim of identify new biomarkers to place beside the traditional methods for the control of the animal origin food quality. From the results it’s possible to point out some relevant aspects from each experiment: 1. The cytofluorimetric techniques applied to O. edulis and C. gigas could bring to important developments in the search of alternative methods that quickly allows to identify with precision the origin of a specific sample, contributing to oppose possible alimentary frauds, in this case for example related to presence of a different species, also under a qualitative profile, but morpholgically similar. A concrete perspective for the application in the inspective field of this method has to be confirmed by further laboratory tests that take also in account in vivo experiments to evaluate the effect in the whole organism of the factors evaluated only on haemocytes in vitro. These elements suggest therefore the possibility to suit the cytofluorimetric methods for the study of animal organisms of food interest, still before these enter the phase of industrial working processes, giving useful information about the possible presence of contaminants sources that can induce an increase of the immune defence and an alteration of normal cellular parameter values. 2. C. gallina immune system has shown an interesting answer to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) exposure, dose and time dependent, with a significant decrease of the expression and of the activity of one of the most important enzymes involved in the antioxidant defence in haemocytes and haemolymph. The data obtained are confirmed by several measurements of physiological parameters, that together with the decrease of the activity of 7-etossi-resourifine-O-deetilase (EROD linked to xenobiotic biotransformation processes) during exposure, underline the major effects of B[a]P action. The identification of basal levels of EROD supports the possible presence of CYP1A subfamily in the invertebrates, still today controversial, never identified previously in C. gallina and never isolated in the immune cells, as confirmed instead in this study with the identification of CYP1A-immunopositive protein (CYP1A-IPP). This protein could reveal a good biomarker at the base of a simple and quick method that could give clear information about specific pollutants presence, even at low concentrations in the environment where usually these organisms are fished before being commercialized. 3. In this experiment it has been evaluated the effect of the antibiotic chloramphenicol (CA) in an important species of commercial interest, Chamelea gallina. Chloramphenicol is a drug still used in some developing countries, also in veterinary field. Controls to evaluate its presence in the alimentary products of animal origin, can reveal ineffective whereas the concentration results to be below the limit of sensitivity of the instruments usually used in this type of analysis. Negative effects of CA towards the CYP1A- IPP proteins, underlined in this work, seem to be due to the attack of free radicals resultant from the action of the antibiotic. This brings to a meaningful alteration of the biotransformation mechanisms through the free radicals. It seems particularly interesting to pay attention to the narrow relationships in C. gallina, between SOD/CAT and CYP450 system, actively involved in detoxification mechanism, especially if compared with the few similar works today present about mollusc, a group that is composed by numerous species that enter in the food field and on which constant controls are necessary to evaluate in a rapid and effective way the presence of possible contaminations. 4. The investigations on fishes (Gadus morhua, and Salmo salar) and on a bivalve mollusc (Mytilus edulis) have allowed to evaluate different aspects related to the possibility to identify a biomarker for the evaluation of the health of organisms of food interest and consequently for the quality of the final product through 2DE methodologies. In the seafood field these techniques are currently used with a discreet success only for vertebrates (fishes), while in the study of the invertebrates (molluscs) there are a lot of difficulties. The results obtained in this work have underline several problems in the correct identification of the isolated proteins in animal organisms of which doesn’t currently exist a complete genomic sequence. This brings to attribute some identities on the base of the comparison with similar proteins in other animal groups, incurring in the possibility to obtain inaccurate data and above all discordant with those obtained on the same animals by other authors. Nevertheless the data obtained in this work after MALDI-ToF analysis, result however objective and the spectra collected could be again analyzed in the future after the update of genomic database related to the species studied. 4-A. The investigation about the presence of HSP70 isoforms directly induced by different phenomena of stress like B[a]P presence, has used bidimensional electrophoresis methods in C. gallina, that have allowed to isolate numerous protein on 2DE gels, allowing the collection of several spots currently in phase of analysis with MALDI-ToF-MS. The present preliminary work has allowed therefore to acquire and to improve important methodologies in the study of cellular parameters and in the proteomic field, that is not only revealed of great potentiality in the application in medical and veterinary field, but also in the field of the inspection of the foods with connections to the toxicology and the environmental pollution. Such study contributes therefore to the search of rapid and new methodologies, that can increase the inspective strategies, integrating themselves with those existing, but improving at the same time the general background of information related to the state of health of the considered animal organism, with the possibility, still hypothetical, to replace in particular cases the employment of the traditional techniques in the alimentary field.

The present work tries to display a comprehensive and comparative study of the different legal and regulatory problems involved in international securitization transactions. First, an introduction to securitization is provided, with the basic elements of the transaction, followed by the different varieties of it, including dynamic securitization and synthetic securitization structures. Together with this introduction to the intricacies of the structure, a insight into the influence of securitization in the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 is provided too; as well as an overview of the process of regulatory competition and cooperation that constitutes the framework for the international aspects of securitization. The next Chapter focuses on the aspects that constitute the foundations of structured finance: the inception of the vehicle, and the transfer of risks associated to the securitized assets, with particular emphasis on the validity of those elements, and how a securitization transaction could be threatened at its root. In this sense, special importance is given to the validity of the trust as an instrument of finance, to the assignment of future receivables or receivables in block, and to the importance of formalities for the validity of corporations, trusts, assignments, etc., and the interaction of such formalities contained in general corporate, trust and assignment law with those contemplated under specific securitization regulations. Then, the next Chapter (III) focuses on creditor protection aspects. As such, we provide some insights on the debate on the capital structure of the firm, and its inadequacy to assess the financial soundness problems inherent to securitization. Then, we proceed to analyze the importance of rules on creditor protection in the context of securitization. The corollary is in the rules in case of insolvency. In this sense, we divide the cases where a party involved in the transaction goes bankrupt, from those where the transaction itself collapses. Finally, we focus on the scenario where a substance over form analysis may compromise some of the elements of the structure (notably the limited liability of the sponsor, and/or the transfer of assets) by means of veil piercing, substantive consolidation, or recharacterization theories. Once these elements have been covered, the next Chapters focus on the regulatory aspects involved in the transaction. Chapter IV is more referred to “market” regulations, i.e. those concerned with information disclosure and other rules (appointment of the indenture trustee, and elaboration of a rating by a rating agency) concerning the offering of asset-backed securities to the public. Chapter V, on the other hand, focuses on “prudential” regulation of the entity entrusted with securitizing assets (the so-called Special Purpose vehicle), and other entities involved in the process. Regarding the SPV, a reference is made to licensing requirements, restriction of activities and governance structures to prevent abuses. Regarding the sponsor of the transaction, a focus is made on provisions on sound originating practices, and the servicing function. Finally, we study accounting and banking regulations, including the Basel I and Basel II Frameworks, which determine the consolidation of the SPV, and the de-recognition of the securitized asset from the originating company’s balance-sheet, as well as the posterior treatment of those assets, in particular by banks. Chapters VI-IX are concerned with liability matters. Chapter VI is an introduction to the different sources of liability. Chapter VII focuses on the liability by the SPV and its management for the information supplied to investors, the management of the asset pool, and the breach of loyalty (or fiduciary) duties. Chapter VIII rather refers to the liability of the originator as a result of such information and statements, but also as a result of inadequate and reckless originating or servicing practices. Chapter IX finally focuses on third parties entrusted with the soundness of the transaction towards the market, the so-called gatekeepers. In this respect, we make special emphasis on the liability of indenture trustees, underwriters and rating agencies. Chapters X and XI focus on the international aspects of securitization. Chapter X contains a conflicts of laws analysis of the different aspects of structured finance. In this respect, a study is made of the laws applicable to the vehicle, to the transfer of risks (either by assignment or by means of derivatives contracts), to liability issues; and a study is also made of the competent jurisdiction (and applicable law) in bankruptcy cases; as well as in cases where a substance-over-form is performed. Then, special attention is also devoted to the role of financial and securities regulations; as well as to their territorial limits, and extraterritoriality problems involved. Chapter XI supplements the prior Chapter, for it analyzes the limits to the States’ exercise of regulatory power by the personal and “market” freedoms included in the US Constitution or the EU Treaties. A reference is also made to the (still insufficient) rules from the WTO Framework, and their significance to the States’ recognition and regulation of securitization transactions.

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Submitted by Juliane Luzia Camargo null (julianel.camargo@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-23T00:34:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Akie Saito Inafuko (linafuko@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-03-23T12:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_jl_me_assis.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T12:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_jl_me_assis.pdf: 14775152 bytes, checksum: c30c87c08b575a7422a970fdba621563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / La dissertazione è dedicata allo studio delle missive dello scrittore italiano Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contenute nel libro I libri degli altri (1991), a cura di Giovanni Tesio. Analizzate dalle loro caratteristiche, le lettere costituiscono un’importante testimonianza della letteratura italiana del XX secolo, specialmente tra gli anni 1947 e 1969. Considerata come un genere letterario, la corrispondenza – la prima manifestazione di sé – ci permette di penetrare nello spazio culturare, sociale e storico dello scrittore e ci assicura di osservare le azioni che sono inerenti alla sua personalità non solo come redattore e critico letterario, ma come individuo attivo nella politica del suo paese. La lettura delle lettere dello scrittore italiano rivela l’atmosfera delle sue attività critico-letterarie, così come i suoi pensieri acquisiti dalle sue esperienze personali e preofessionali dalla Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Il primo capitolo affronterà quindi il contesto storico che precede la prima lettera del libro datata 26 novembre 1947, e lo scenario descritto include la partecipazione dell'Italia alla Seconda Grande Guerra, le ripercussioni del disastro sulla politica, l'economia e nella vita della popolazione, oltre al movimento della Resistenza: la lotta armata dell'opposizione al fascismo. Il resoconto è importante per la comprensione delle future manifestazioni letterarie di Italo Calvino, soprattutto nel suo ruolo come critico nella editora Einaudi. Famosa per le sue discussioni letterarie e politiche, la casa editrice è stata una delle scene principali della discussione artistica e antifascista di questo periodo, considerata un grande laboratorio intellettuale e responsabile della promozione di un significativo sviluppo culturale in Italia nell'immediato dopoguerra. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sullo studio delle missive e l'inserimento di queste narrative intime nella letteratura. Per l'esplorazione del genere epistolare, comprendiamo l'importanza di considerare, tra le altre, le analisi del filosofo Michel Foucault (1926-1984) e dello esperto in autobiografie Philippe Lejeune (1938), che favoriscono uno sguardo più attento al ruolo stabilito dalle lettere sin dalle sue prime apparizioni. Il panorama e la produzione letteraria degli anni '40 e '60 sono ritratti nel terzo capitolo con il supporto della corrispondenza dello scrittore italiano e, di conseguenza, il contesto storico e sociale di quel tempo. Come parte del suo ufficio editoriale, Italo Calvino ha stabilito dialoghi attraverso lettere con i principali intellettuali del suo tempo, discutendo, correggendo manoscritti e commentando le novità nel campo letterario. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla e Natalia Ginzburg sono alcuni dei loro corrispondenti principali. / A dissertação é dedicada ao estudo das missivas do escritor italiano Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contidas no livro I libri degli altri (1991), de organização de Giovanni Tesio. Analisadas a partir de suas características próprias, as cartas configuram um importante testemunho sobre a literatura italiana do século XX, neste caso, especialmente, entre os anos de 1947 e 1969. Considerada como gênero literário, a correspondência – primeira manifestação das escritas de si – ao permitir adentrarmos o espaço cultural, social e histórico do missivista, nos garante observar ações que são inerentes à sua personalidade não só como editor e crítico literário, mas como indivíduo atuante na política de seu país. A leitura das cartas do escritor italiano revela o ambiente de suas atividades crítico-literárias, bem como seus pensamentos adquiridos a partir de suas vivências pessoais e profissionais a partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial. O primeiro capítulo, então, tratará do contexto histórico que precede à primeira carta do livro datada de 1947, e o cenário descrito inclui a participação da Itália na Segunda Grande Guerra, os reflexos do desastre na política, na economia e na vida da população, além do movimento de Resistência: a luta armada de oposição ao fascismo. O relato é importante para o entendimento das futuras manifestações literárias de Italo Calvino, em especial no seu ofício como crítico na editora Einaudi. Famosa por suas discussões literárias e políticas, a editora foi um dos principais palcos de discussão artística e antifascista deste período, tida como um grande laboratório intelectual e responsável pela promoção de um significativo desenvolvimento cultural na Itália no imediato pós-guerra. O segundo capítulo é centrado no estudo das missivas e a inserção destas narrativas íntimas na Literatura. Para a exploração do gênero epistolar, entendemos a importância de considerar, dentre outras, as análises do filósofo Michel Foucault (1926-1984) e do especialista em autobiografias Philippe Lejeune (1938), que favorecem um olhar mais atento sobre o papel estabelecido pelas cartas desde suas primeiras aparições. O panorama e o fazer literário das décadas de 1940 e 1960 são retratados no terceiro capítulo com o apoio das correspondências do escritor italiano e, por consequência, o contexto histórico e social da época. Como parte de seu ofício editorial, Italo Calvino estabeleceu diálogos por meio de cartas com os principais intelectuais de seu tempo, discutindo, corrigindo manuscritos e opinando sobre as novidades no campo literário. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla e Natalia Ginzburg são alguns de seus principais correspondentes. / The dissertation is dedicated to the study of the missives of the Italian writer Italo Calvino (1923-1985) contained in the book I libri degli altri (1991), organized by Giovanni Tesio. Analyzed by their own characteristics, the letters constitute an important testimony on Italian literature of the twentieth century, in this case, especially between the years of 1947 and 1969. Considered as a literary genre, correspondence - the first manifestation of the self-writing - allowing us to penetrate the cultural, social and historical space of the writer, assures us to observe actions that are inherent to his personality not only as an editor and literary critic, but as an active individual in the politics of his country. The reading of the letters of the Italian writer reveals the atmosphere of his critical-literary activities, as well as his thoughts acquired from his personal and professional experiences from the World War II. The first chapter will discuss the historical context that precedes the first letter of the book dating from 1947, and the scenario described includes Italy's participation in World War II, the repercussions of the disaster on politics, economy and the life of the population, in addition to the Resistance movement: the armed struggle of opposition to fascism. The account is important for the understanding of the future literary manifestations of Italo Calvino, especially in his occupation as a critic in the publisher Einaudi. Famous for its literary and political discussions, the publisher was one of the main ambiences of artistic and antifascist discussion of this period, considered as a great intellectual laboratory and responsible for promoting a significant cultural development in Italy in the immediate postwar period. The second chapter focuses on the study of missives and the insertion of these intimate narratives in Literature. For the exploration of the epistolary genre, we understand the importance of considering, among others, the analyzes of the philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and the specialist in autobiographies Philippe Lejeune (1938), that favor a closer look to the role established by the letters since their first appearances. The panorama and the literary making of the 1940s and 1960s are portrayed in the third chapter with the support of the Italian writer's correspondences and, consequently the historical and social context of the time. As part of his editorial occupation, Italo Calvino established dialogues through letters with the main intellectuals of his time, discussing, correcting manuscripts, and commenting on news in the literary field. Giulio Einaudi, Carlo Salinari, Elio Vittorini, Elémire Zolla and Natalia Ginzburg are some of his main correspondents.

Questa tesi si propone di analizzare il tema dell’alfabetizzazione finanziaria secondo tre differenti prospettive servendosi di dati raccolti da un’indagine appositamente creata e somministrata in Italia tra Settembre 2014 e Febbraio 2015. Il primo capitolo guarda alle determinanti dell’alfabetizzazione finanziaria, concentrandosi sul ruolo dei consulenti finanziari, il secondo assume una prospettiva più psicologica sul tema e il terzo guarda alla mancanza di alfabetizzazione finanziaria quale possibile causa di distorsioni comportamentali finanziarie. Gli interventi tradizionalmente volti al miglioramento della consapevolezza finanziaria sono risultati estremamente costosi e con periodi di decadimento particolarmente brevi in tutto il mondo; l’evidenza empirica presentata in questa tesi suggerisce che una forma di educazione finanziaria più graduale e costante, come quella esercitata dai consulenti finanziari indipendenti, sarebbe più efficace. La conoscenza dei canali relazionali che potenziano il ruolo educativo dei consulenti finanziari, potrebbe aiutare a orientare e meglio calibrare futuri interventi educativi, tenendo a mente, tuttavia, che la competenza teorica non garantisce necessariamente comportamenti finanziariamente corretti. In accordo ai risultati ottenuti, infatti, l’alfabetizzazione finanziaria diminuisce la presenza di distorsioni finanziarie cognitive, ma non ha un effetto significativo sulle quelle emozionali. / This thesis aims at investigating the financial literacy through three different perspectives by analysing the data gathered from an ad-hoc survey carried out in Italy between September 2014 and February 2015. The first chapter looks at the determinants of financial literacy, focusing on the role of financial advisors, the second one takes a psychological perspective on the issue and the last chapter looks at poor financial literacy as a possible antecedent for financial behavioural biases. Traditional educational interventions aimed at improving financial awareness proved to be extremely costly and to have a worryingly short decay period worldwide; the empirical findings presented in this thesis suggest that a more gradual and constant form of financial education, such as the one exerted by independent financial advisors, would be more effective. Being aware of the relational channels that enhance the independent financial advisors’ educational role, may help to orient and better target future educational treatments, bearing in mind, though, that the theoretical financial proficiency does not ensure unbiased downstream behaviours. As a matter of fact, according to the results, financial literacy decreases the presence of cognitive biases, but does not have a significant effect on emotional biases.

The teaching of a foreign language involves the use of methods, rooted in an approach to language teaching, and often incorporates the use of technology such as computers and multimedia. In order to examine the approach, method, and use of multimedia technology in the teaching of Italian in British Columbia at the elementary and secondary levels, it is important to first define these critical elements. The first chapter examines the global shift from using a Grammar-Translation Approach to teaching foreign languages towards using a Communicative Approach. It is interesting to note that this shift spans numerous centuries and develops gradually through a series of innovative foreign language teaching approaches and methods. The second chapter provides an in-depth look at this Communicative Approach. It examines the theories it is based on, the components a Communicative Language Teaching or CLT syllabus incorporates, as well as the classroom manifestations of CLT, including the types of activities used, the role of grammar, the learning resources used, the teacher's role, and the student's role. The chapter also reviews criticism levied against CLT. The third chapter examines the role of computer technology in foreign language teaching. As computers become ubiquitous, it is important to highlight the reason why computers go hand in hand with CLT; computer technology incorporates aspects of the theories which Communicative Approach is based upon. As such, computer technology should be part of the CLT classroom but only after the most effective Computer Assisted Language Learning or CALL program has been chosen. This chapter identifies criteria for the selection of effective CALL as well as identifying how to implement CALL in the classroom setting. In trying to examine CALL's overall value to CLT, the chapter also highlights some of the positive and negative attributes of CALL. The final chapter uses the terminology and approaches introduced in previous chapters and relates them to the actual panorama of Italian taught at the elementary and secondary levels in British Columbia. The driving force behind the use of the Communicative Approach and the use of computer technology in the local teaching of Italian comes from the Italian Ministero degli affari esteri, or MAE. This can be seen through MAE's foreign policy, their financial assistance, their trained personnel sent to assist local teachers of Italian, and their ongoing commitment to the teaching of Italian abroad. The chapter, through a questionnaire completed by local teachers of Italian, also tries to ascertain whether the resources offered by MAE are being used to their fullest. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

The special relationship of patrons, librettists, and composers, in the Accademia degli'Arcadia in Rome from 1700-1710 appears in Alessandro Scarlatti's settings of Antonio Ottoboni's cantata librettos in the anthology GB Lbm. Add. 34056. An examination of Arcadian cantatas and their texts reveals the nature of their audience, function, and their place within the historical development of the genre. The conversazione cantata did not exist outside of Rome and was popular for only a brief period in the early eighteenth century. Critical examination of primary sources, including minutes from the Arcadian Academy meetings as well as household documents regarding the Cardinals Ottoboni and Pamphili, Prince Ruspoli, and other noble families, sheds light on the culture of the Arcadian Academy and the cantata within it, broader study clarifies the individuality of the conversazione cantata within Rome, and closer study of the contribution of the greatest cantata composer 1700-1710, Alessandro Scarlatti.

Il presente lavoro nasce con l’obiettivo di indagare le possibili ripercussioni penali derivanti dallo sviluppo dell’intelligenza artificiale e più nello specifico dallo sviluppo delle auto a guida autonoma. In particolare, nel momento in cui si sta scrivendo questo lavoro, le auto a guida autonoma stanno già circolando per le strade di tutto il mondo, pur essendone autorizzata la circolazione, ad oggi, solo per le finalità di test scientifici. In breve tempo, tuttavia, tali veicoli potranno essere venduti ed utilizzati; questa circostanza impone una ricerca scientifica che indaghi quali potranno essere i più rilevanti problemi per il diritto penale; problemi che il legislatore, prima, ed i giudici, poi, si troveranno ad affrontare. Premessa tale finalità, la ricerca, metodologicamente, deve seguire necessariamente più direzioni. A fronte di una prima ricostruzione del fenomeno dell’intelligenza artificiale e delle auto a guida autonoma, ove si farà riferimento ai principali testi “normativi” che si sono finora interessati al tema, sarà necessario soffermarsi su due diverse “macro” aree della responsabilità penale: la responsabilità individuale del conducente dei veicoli a guida autonoma (fintanto che ci sarà la necessità di un conducente) e la responsabilità derivante dalla produzione dei veicoli. Medio tempore, tuttavia, fil rouge del lavoro sarà anche quello di comprendere se, per rispondere ai problemi che questo nuovo settore porrà, sia davvero necessario o consigliato l’utilizzo dello strumento penale o se, invece, non sia preferibile l’implementazione di strumenti giuridici diversi.