Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the energy performance of windows and prevent indoor overheating by solar radiation. These films can be applied to different types of glazing units without the need for changing the whole window. This characteristic offers the possibility to improve the energy performance of the window of old and historic buildings for which preservation regulations say windows should remain more or less unchanged. This research aims to figure out to what extent a low-E window film can improve thermal comfort and energy performance of an old three-storey historic stone building in the cold climate of Mid-Sweden. In this research, first, with help of the simulation software “IDA ICE”, the entire building was modelled without window films in a one-year simulation. Second step was to add the low-E window films (3M Thinsulate Climate Control 75 (CC75)) to all the windows and repeat the simulation. Comparison between the results of the two cases revealed an improvement in energy use reduction as well as the thermal comfort when applying the films. For the application of the window films, a cost analysis using payback method was carried out which showed a long- time payback period. Although an investment with a long-time payback period is considered as a disadvantage, for historic buildings with very strict retrofit regulations specially when it comes to the building’s facades, application of the low-emissivity window films for better energy performance and thermal comfort is among the recommendable measures, but not necessarily the best.

It is more than a fact that electrical energy is a main production factor of every economic activity. Since electrical power is not easy to store, it needs to be consumed as it is generated in order to keep a constant balance between supply and demand. As a result, for developing an efficient energy market it is significant to create a method for accurately forecasting the electricity consumption. This thesis describes a method for analyzing data provided by the ENTSO-E transparency platform. The ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators) is a network of electricity operators from 36 countries across Europe. Its main objective is to provide transparency concerning data of electricity generation and consumption in Europe in order to promote the development of efficient and competitive electricity markets. By using the method described in this thesis, one may use historical data provided by ENTSO-E to forecast the electricity consumption of an EU country for the years to come. As an example, data of electricity consumption in Greece during the years 2015-2018 have been used in order to calculate the average load demand of a weekday during the year 2030. On the other hand, in order to correctly predict the electricity demand of a specific region over the next decade, one should take into account some crucial parameters that may influence not only the evolution of the load demand, but also the fuel mix that will be used in order to cover our future electricity needs. Advances in power generation technologies, evolution of fuel prices, expansion of electricity grid and economic growth are a subset of parameters that should be taken into account for an accurate forecast of the electricity consumption in the long run. Particularly for Greece, a set of parameters that may affect the electricity consumption are being computationally analyzed in order to evaluate their contribution to the load demand curve by the year 2030. These include the interconnection of Greek islands to the mainland, the development of Hellinikon Project and the increase of the share of electric vehicles. The author of this thesis has developed code in Python programming language that can be found in the Appendix. These scripts and functions that implement most of the calculations described in the following chapters can also be used for forecasting the load demand of other EU countries that are included in the ENTSO-E catalogue. The datasets used as input to these algorithms may also be used from the readers to identify more patterns for predicting the load demand for a specific region and time. A sustainable energy system is based on consumers with environmental awareness. As a result, citizens living inside the European Union should become a member of a community that promotes energy saving measures, investments in renewable energy sources and smart metering applications.

This study focused on the capital costs of the community college baccalaureate (CCB) institutions established in the Florida College System (FCS) from 2001 to 2010. This period spanned the entire history to date of the Florida CCB. The data analyzed included selected institutional, financial, and baccalaureate characteristics of the Florida CCBs and for comparison included corresponding institutional and financial characteristics for the non-CCB institutions in the FCS. The data analysis investigated the relationships between these characteristics and the baccalaureate capital costs reported by Florida's CCB colleges. From these relationships, the historic average of the baccalaureate start-up capital cost was derived. In addition, the total baccalaureate capital cost for the system and for each Florida CCB college was also determined. As part of the process of conducting this study, a number of additional relationships between CCB and non-CCB institutions were explored, reported, and described. / by E. Allen Bottorff, II. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-03-01T13:40:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Erlana_Castro.pdf: 1838318 bytes, checksum: 9a7f3a27611787ca466f20d648a0a552 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-03-01T13:42:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Erlana_Castro.pdf: 1838318 bytes, checksum: 9a7f3a27611787ca466f20d648a0a552 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-03-01T18:45:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Erlana_Castro.pdf: 1838318 bytes, checksum: 9a7f3a27611787ca466f20d648a0a552 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T10:51:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erlana_Castro.pdf: 1838318 bytes, checksum: 9a7f3a27611787ca466f20d648a0a552 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 / Decisions on the international branding strategy are among the most researched themes in global branding, but there is no predominant theoretical framework that guides research in this academic field, nor in its management practice. The present study aims to propose a conceptual model for global brand management based on the identification of the critical factors that influence this activity. To reach the proposed goal the research is divided into two stages. In the deductive stage a systematic review of the most cited articles in the field of global branding is carried out to identify the determining factors 'a priori'. At the inductive stage, 14 experienced global brand managers of different nationalities are interviewed in order to identify critical factors that emerge from their perspective and practice. Confronting literature with management practice, it is also possible to conclude that main theoretical principles of global branding are still valid and under discussion; even though globalization‘s current phase is presenting a much more complex business environment than it was predicted 30 years ago, when the theoretical foundations of this field were created. The main contribution of this study is the establishment of a relationship between internal and external determinant factors and its influence on the global management of brands. The aim is to contribute to the formulation of a theory on Global Branding. / As decisões sobre a estratégia internacional de marcas figuram entre as questões mais pesquisadas no âmbito do Global Branding, porém não há um framework teórico predominante que oriente as pesquisas no campo acadêmico, tampouco a prática gerencial. O presente estudo tem objetivo propor um modelo conceitual para gestão global de marcas a partir da identificação dos fatores que influenciam esta atividade de maneira crítica. Para alcance do objetivo proposto a pesquisa é dividida em duas etapas. Na etapa dedutiva realiza-se uma revisão sistemática de literatura dos artigos mais citados no campo de Global Branding para identificação dos fatores determinantes ‗a priori‘. Na etapa indutiva, são entrevistados 14 gestores de diferentes nacionalidades, com atuação e experiência na gestão global de marcas a fim de identificar fatores críticos emergentes. Por meio do método de análise de conteúdo qualitativa dirigida é proposto o modelo conceitual. Confrontando a literatura com a prática gerencial conclui-se que os princípios teóricos do Global Branding são válidos e continuam em discussão; não obstante a atual fase da globalização apresente um ambiente de negócios mais complexo do que era possível prever há 30 anos, quando as bases teóricas do campo foram criadas. A principal contribuição alcançada foi o estabelecimento da relação entre fatores determinantes internos e externos à empresa e sua influência sobre a gestão global de marcas. Busca-se assim contribuir com a formulação de uma teoria sobre Global Branding.

Since the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015 in Paris (the COP 21), world leaders acknowledged climate change. There is no need any more to justify the switch from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this transition is far from being straightforward. Besides technologies that are not yet mature -- or at least not always financially viable in today's economy -- the power grid is currently not ready for a rapid and massive integration of renewable energy sources. A main challenge for the power grid is the inadequacy between electric production and consumption that will rise along with the integration of such sources. Indeed, due to their dependence on weather, renewable energy sources are intermittent and difficult to forecast with today's tools. As a commodity, electricity is a quite distinct good for which there must be perfect adequacy of production and consumption at all time and characterized by a very inelastic demand. High shares of renewable energy sources lead to high price volatility and a higher risk to jeopardize the security of supply. Additionally, the switch to renewable energy sources will lead to an electrification of loads and transportation, and thus the emergence of new higher-consumption loads such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. These new and higher-consumption loads, combined with the population growth, will cause over-rated power load increases with less predictable load patterns in the future.This work focuses on issues specific to the distribution power grid in the context of the current energy transition. Traditional low-voltage grids are perhaps the most passive circuits in power grids. Indeed, they are designed primarily using a fit and forget approach where power flows go from the distribution transformer to the consumers and no element has to be operated or regularly managed. In fact, low-voltage networks completely lack observability due to very low monitoring. The distribution grid will especially undergo drastic changes from this energy transition. Distributed sources and new high-consumption -- and uncoordinated -- loads result in new power flow patterns, as well as exacerbated evening peaks for which it is not designed. The consequences are power overloads and voltage imbalances that deteriorate grid components, such as a main asset like the medium-to-low voltage transformer. Additionally, the distribution grid is characterized by end-users that pay a price for electricity that does not reflect the grid situation -- that is, mostly constant over a year -- and allow little to no actions on their consumption.These issues have motivated authorities to propose a global approach to ensure security of electricity supply at short and medium-term. The latter requires, among others, the development of demand response programs that encourage users to take advantage of load flexibility. First, we propose adequate electricity pricing structures that will allow users to unlock the potential of such demand response programs; namely, dynamic pricings combined with a prosumer structure. Second, we propose a fast and robust two-level optimization, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, that coordinates flexible loads. We focus on two types of loads; electric vehicles and heat pumps, in an environment with solar PV panels. The lower level aims at minimizing individual electricity bills while, at the second level, we optimize the power load curve, either to maximize self-consumption, or to smoothen the total power load of the transformer. We propose a parametric study on the trade-off between only minimizing the individual bills versus only optimizing power load curves, which have proven to be antagonist objectives. Additionally, we assess the impact of the rising share of flexible loads and renewable energy sources for scenarios from today until 2050. A macro-analysis of the results allows us to assess the benefits of load flexibility for every actor of the distribution grid, and depending on the choice of a pricing structure. Our optimization has proved to prevent evening peaks, which increases the lifetime of the distribution transformer by up to 200%, while individual earnings up to 25% can be made using adequate pricings. Consequently, the optimization significantly increases the power demand elasticity and increases the overall welfare by 10%, allowing the high shares of renewable energy sources that are foreseen. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

葉賜添. / 稿本(電腦打印本) / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學敎育學部. / Gao ben (dian nao da yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-64). / Ye Cidian. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue jiao yu xue bu. / 論文摘要 --- p.i / 誌謝 --- p.ii / 圖表目次 --- p.iii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / 硏究動機 --- p.1 / 硏究目的 --- p.4 / 研究意義 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献省覽及理論架構 / Chapter (一) --- 人力需求理論 --- p.5 / 人力需要假設 --- p.6 / 人力替代假設 --- p.10 / 雨種假設的論爭 --- p.12 / Chapter (二) --- 教育生產函數理論 --- p.15 / 教育產出變項 --- p.17 / 教育輸入變項 --- p.18 / 教師學歷與產出 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究方法 --- p.21 / Chapter (一) --- 硏究概念架構 --- p.22 / 硏究單位 --- p.30 / 硏究假設 --- p.31 / Chapter (二) --- 硏究設計 --- p.32 / 様本選取 --- p.32 / 硏究工具 --- p.33 / Chapter (三) --- 數據收集和分析 --- p.34 / Chapter (四) --- 硏究限制 --- p.35 / Chapter 第四章 --- 結果分析 / Chapter (一) --- 香港中學電腦教師人力狀況 --- p.37 / Chapter (二) --- 不同資歴教師之教學效果 --- p.41 / Chapter 第五章 --- 討論、建議及總結 --- p.52 / 註釋 --- p.59 / 參考文献 --- p.60 / 附錄：香港電腦教師人力資源調查問卷 --- p.65

Abstract The global energy system is undergoing a slow but massive change, initiated by environmental concerns but it is increasingly driven also by the zero-marginal cost of renewable energy. This change includes an increase in the effort to make the electric power system the main transport path for energy in the future. A massive research and development effort has henceforth been put into modernizing the electricity grid towards a so-called Smart Grid, by combining the power grid with communication networks and automation, as well as modernized market systems and structures. This work contributes to this process by introducing two unique models. The first provides a tool for better understanding the impact of combined infrastructure networks with a simple yet complex model of a combined energy, communication and decision model. The second model provides a detailed agent-based environment of an electricity market, supporting various independent entities inside the market, as well as a high time resolution and the often-neglected aspect of coupled market stages. That is, all mis-predictions of the first market stage (day-ahead) have to be settled at the second (balancing) stage. Both models are then used to assess the problem of demand side management, in which the traditional practice of power production being adjusted to the demand is at least partially dropped and flexibility in the demand is used to match the supply – as such technologies are deemed crucial to integrate the unsteady supply from renewable resources, like wind and solar power. We find that complicated scaling effects can be found even in the simplified model, hinting at insufficient consideration of the complexities involved in the real world. We then go to show such unfavorable scaling effects also exist in the current market environment as modeled in our second model. Finally, we show how to circumvent these problems within the current environment as well as introduce a framework to analyze cyber-physical systems and better handle their complexity. / Tiivistelmä Globaali energiajärjestelmä on hitaan, mutta massiivisen muutoksen edessä. Tämän muutostarpeen on käynnistänyt ympäristöämme koskevat huolet, mutta lisääntyvässä määrin tähän vaikuttaa nykyään uusiutuvan energian marginaalikustannusten nollataso. Tähän muutokseen liittyy selkeä sähköverkkojen roolin korostuminen, ja pyrkimyksenä näyttää olevan muutos, jossa sähköverkot siirtävät suurimman osan käyttämästämme energiasta. Tämän seurauksena on käynnistetty merkittäviä tutkimus-ja tuotekehityspanostuksia, joiden tavoitteena on nykyaikaistaa sähköverkot älysähköverkoiksi. Älysähköverkoissa yhdistyvät sähköverkkoon integroidut tietoliikenneverkot ja automaatio sekä modernit sähkömarkkinajärjestelmät ja -rakenteet. Tämä työ tuottaa lisää ymmärrystä uudistumisprosessiin tuottamalla kaksi uutta malliratkaisua. Ensimmäisessä mallissa kehitetään työkalu, jonka avulla pystytään paremmin ymmärtämään toisiinsa yhdistettyjen infrastruktuuriverkkojen toimintaa yksinkertaisella, mutta kompleksisella mallilla, jossa energia- ja tietoliikenneverkot sekä tarvittava päätöksenteko yhdistetään. Toinen malli tuottaa yksityiskohtaisen agenttipohjaisen ympäristön sähkömarkkinasta. Malli tukee erilaisten itsenäisten sähkömarkkinaosapuolten mallintamista korkealla aikaresoluutiolla ja erityisesti usein huomiotta jätettyjen toisiinsa kytkeytyvien eri markkinavaiheiden mallintamista. Malli antaa eväitä vastata kysymykseen, miten ensimmäisessä markkinavaiheessa (vuorokausimarkkina) syntyvä ero tuotannon ja kulutuksen välillä tasapainotetaan toisessa markkinavaiheessa (tasapainotusmarkkina). Kumpaakin luotua mallia hyödynnetään arvioitaessa kulutushallintaa, jossa sähköverkkojen perinteisestä tuotannon ja kulutuksen tasapainosta ainakin osittain luovutaan ja kysyntä- eli kulutusjoustoa käytetään tasaamaan kulutus tuotannon suuruiseksi. Tämänkaltaiset mekanismit ovat oleellisia ja kriittisiä, kun sähköverkkoon liitetään suuria määriä vaihtelevatuottoista uusiutuvaa energiaa, kuten aurinko- ja tuulienergiaa. Tutkimuksessa huomasimme merkittäviä ja monimutkaisia skaalautuvuusilmiöitä, jotka kertovat, että sähköverkkojen tutkimuksessa reaalimaailman kompleksisuuden huomioiminen on ollut riittämätöntä. Sähkömarkkinamallia hyödyntämällä huomasimme vastaavia epätoivottuja skaalausilmiöitä esiintyvän myös nykyisessä sähkömarkkinassa. Erityisesti loimme keinoja, joilla skaalausilmiöistä on mahdollista päästä eroon nykyistä sähkömarkkinarakennetta käytettäessä. Tässä työssä luotuja malleja ja niiden viitekehystä hyödyntämällä pystymme paremmin analysoimaan kyberfysikaalisia järjestelmiä ja hallitsemaan niiden kompleksisuutta.

<p>Avsikten med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om det skapats ett nytt radiolyssnarmönster i och med att Sveriges Radios (SR) erbjuder tjänsten on demandradio, det vill säga möjlighet att lyssna på radioprogram som redan har sänts på vanlig radio eller webbradio. </p><p>John Fiske Kommunikations teorier har använts samt Walter Benjamin teorier som behandlar förändringar som sker vid reproduktion. Historiska teorier av Marshall McLuhan och Tony Schwartz har även använts.</p><p>Författarnas metod består av tre delar där en jämförelse genomförts mellan olika sekundära data från SR, Radioundersökningar AB (RUAB), Nordiskt informationscenter för medie- och kommunikationsforskning (Nordicom), British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) samt Radio Joint Audience Research Limited (RAJAR). Därefter har insamling av kvantitativa data gjorts via enkät som publicerats på SR:s hemsida samt via utskick till en referensgrupp. Författarna har gjort längre telefonintervjuer om cirka 35-45 minuter vilka spelats in och delvis transkriberats för att få in data med mer kvalitativ tyngd. </p><p>Resultaten från enkäterna och intervjuerna pekar på att det finns ett nytt aktivt sätt att lyssna på radio i och med att man använder sig av on demandradiotjänsten. Man lyssnar när man har tid, man lyssnar när man missat något och man lyssnar när man vill höra ett program ännu en gång. </p><p>Det är svårt att se ifall tiden för lyssnandet har ändrats, men tidpunkten för att lyssna på program som kräver mer uppmärksamhet verkar enligt telefonintervjuerna ha förflyttats till kvällstid när det för lyssnaren finns en ledig ”lucka” i tiden att lyssna på on demandradio.</p><p>De siffror och speciellt den ökning i dessa siffror som BBC presenterar när det gäller on demandradiolyssnare visar på att denna ökning sannolikt kommer att ske även här i Sverige när folk upptäcker tjänsten.</p> / <p>The aim of the thesis is to study if new radio listening patterns have been created since Swedish public radio Sveriges Radio (SR) began offering radio repeats on demand via its website.</p><p>Communication theories written by John Fiske have been used and theories by Walter Benjamin concerning how things change when reproduced. Marshall McLuhan and Tony Schwartz historic theories have also been utilized.</p><p>The method used has been divided into three sections, where a comparison has been made between various secondary data from SR, Radioundersökningar AB (RUAB), the Nordic Information Center for Media and Communication Research (NORDICOM), the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Radio Joint Audience Research Limited (RAJAR). Quantitative data was collected via a questionnaire that was published on the SR website and through emailing the questionnaire to a reference group. The authors have carried out 35-45 minute telephone interviews which were recorded and partly transcribed to collect more qualitative data.</p><p>Results from the questionnaires and interviews suggest that listeners to on demand radio services use a new, more active way of listening to the radio. People listen to on demand radio when they have time, listen when they have missed something in a programme, or choose to listen to a programme again.</p><p>It is however difficult to see if the time for listening has changed, but the time for listening to radio programmes that require more concentration seems to have moved to evenings, and when listeners have an available “window” for concentrated on demand radio listening. It is nevertheless clear from the BBC figures and the growth in on demand radio listening at the BBC that this growth is also likely to take place in Sweden once the public becomes more aware of the availability of this service.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur efterfrågan av Chilenskt vin påverkas av importländernas inkomst, relativpriset på Chilenskt vin i förhållande till genomsnittspriset på den totala importen av vin, avståndet mellan handelsparterna och inhemsk vinproduktion i importlandet. Studien innefattar 15 OECD länder mellan åren 1998 och 2002. En utökad exportefterfrågefunktion ligger till grund för den empiriska undersökningen och resultaten visar signifikanta variabler med förväntade tecken. Vidare utvidgas ekvationen för att beakta tidseffekter, nämligen genom att inkludera genomsnittsvärdet på den beroende variabeln och dummy variabler för treårsperioder. Genom detta stiger förklaringsgraden i regressionen från 27,8 till 58,1 procent. De estimerade långsiktiga effekterna i efterfrågan för Chilenskt vin visar att en ökning med en procent av importörernas inkomst också ökar efterfrågan på Chilenskt vin med ungefär 0,8 procent. En lika stor ökning i relativpriset minskar efterfrågan med ungefär 0,3 procent. Ökat avstånd mellan handelsparterna med 1000 kilometer minskar efterfrågan med 16,6 procent. Om importören är ett vinproducerande land är efterfrågan 85 procent lägre än om landet inte producerar vin. Resultaten stämmer överens med teorierna om exportefterfrågan men skillnader mellan vinproducerande länder är i vissa fall stora. En anledning för detta kan vara skillnader i produktionsvolym av vin mellan länder, en annan att det finns starka kulturella associationer till inhemska produkter som gör att konsumenter föredrar inhemska produkter framför utländska. / This thesis examines how the export demand for Chilean wine is affected by importers income, relative prices, distance between trading partners and do-mestic wine production between 1988 and 2002 in 15 OECD countries. The empirical test is based on an extended export demand function, and the results show significant estimates with expected signs. Adjusting for time pe-riod specific effects by including dummy variables for three year periods and running the regression on the average values of Chilean export of wine in-creased the coefficient of determination from 27.8 to 58.1 percent. The long run effect on demand for Chilean wine indicates that a one percent increase in importers’ income raises demand for Chilean wine with about 0.8 percent. A similar increase in the relative price of Chilean wine to the world price of wine decreases demand with about 0.3 percent. Increasing distance with 1000 kilo-metres decreases demand for exports with approximately 16.6 percent. If the country is a wine producer demand is about 85 percent lower compared to non producing countries. The results are in line with the theories on export demand, however among the wine producing countries there are large differences among countries in their demand for Chilean wine. One reason could be different volume of own pro-duction, another cultural associations to domestic products making preferences biased towards the domestic variety.