<p>The purpose of this research is to study the effect of different demographic and socio economic factors on the contraceptive use among currently married women of age 15-49 in the two regions of Ethiopia, Amhara (17,214,056) and Oromiya (27,158,471). Data are obtained from the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Information on contraceptive use was provided by current use 1334 (14.7), future use 4017 (52.0), unmet need for spacing 1817 (20.0) and limiting 1249 (13.3) currently married women aged 15&ndash / 49 interviewed in the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS).</p>

Description and charting of changes which have been caused by demographic ageing in the Czech society between years 1991 2013 are main aims of this paper. Paper is focused especially on Total Economic Dependency Ratio, Child (Economic) Dependency Ratio, Aged (Economic) Dependency Ratio and Ageing Index and reports about demographic ageing in wide socio-economic view too. Than it tries to show and warn against social and economic consequences of this phenomenon which is present in our society for last few decades. This paper wants to find resolves of changes caused by demographic ageing.

Объектом исследования является общественная безопасность региона в условиях общества риска. Предмет исследования – управление социально-демографической безопасностью региона в условиях общества риска. Цель работы заключается в изучении социально-демографической безопасности региона в контексте общественной безопасности в условиях общества риска, оценке состояния социально-демографический безопасности и разработке рекомендаций, направленных на совершенствование системы управления социально-демографической безопасностью в Свердловской области. В работе раскрыта сущность риск-ориентированного подхода в управлении общественной безопасностью через призму теории общества риска, проведен анализ нормативно-правового регулирования социально-демографической и общественной безопасности; с помощью метода анализа статистических данных и экспертного интервью был составлен перечень угроз социально-демографической безопасности региона; проведена оценка социально-демографического положения Свердловской области; проанализирована система управления региональной общественной безопасностью; идентифицированы основные угрозы социально-демографический безопасности региона; составлен перечень критериев социально-демографической безопасности в системе общественной безопасности; предложен проект по созданию Межведомственного совета по обеспечению социально-демографической безопасности Свердловской области. / The object of the research is the public safety of the region under the conditions of a risk society. The subject of the research is the management of the socio-demographic security of the region in a risk society. The purpose of the work is to study the socio-demographic security of the region in the context of public security in a society at risk, assess the state of socio-demographic security and develop recommendations aimed at improving the management system of socio-demographic security in the Sverdlovsk region. The paper reveals the essence of the risk-oriented approach in public security management through the prism of the theory of risk society, analyzes the legal regulation of socio-demographic and public security; using the method of analysis of statistical data and expert interviews, a list of threats to the socio-demographic security of the region was compiled; an assessment of the socio-demographic situation of the Sverdlovsk region was carried out; analyzed the management system of regional public security; identified the main threats to the socio-demographic security of the region; compiled a list of criteria for social and demographic security in the public security system; a project was proposed for the creation of an Interdepartmental Council for ensuring the social and demographic security of the Sverdlovsk region.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / David A. Dzewaltowski / Consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) contributes to healthy growth and development among youth. For effective intervention development, an understanding of the underlying casual influences on consumption is needed. The current dissertation is intended to identify whether influences on youth fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC) vary by age, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). The series of four chapters focus on self-efficacy for FVC and proxy efficacy to influence other adults to provide supportive FV environments. Chapter One reviews studies examining the influences on youth FVC. Consistently across studies, FV preferences and FV availability influenced youth FVC. Chapter Two and Chapter Three report studies documenting that children's confidence (proxy efficacy) to influence parents to make FV available and to influence other adults (after-school staff) to make FV available are independent but related constructs to self-efficacy to eat fruits and self-efficacy to eat vegetables. Differences were found in these constructs according to school demographic variables and youth demographic variables. Chapter Two reports that youth attending elementary schools with lower concentrations of racial/ethnic diversity and higher concentrations of high SES were more confident in influencing their parents to make FV available than youth attending schools with higher concentrations of racial/ethnic diversity and higher concentrations of low SES. Although analyses of cross sectional data collected on elementary-aged youth presented in Chapter 3 showed no demographic differences at the school level, Chapter Four examined longitudinal data across sixth-, seventh- and eighth-grade and found demographic differences using youth level variables. Across the middle school years, youth declined in proxy efficacy and racial/ethnic minority youth declined at a significantly faster rate than white youth. Each year, male and lower SES youth were significantly lower in proxy efficacy than females and higher SES youth, respectively. Thus, school or youth demographic differences in self-efficacy and proxy efficacy may contribute to the understanding of why males and lower SES youth eat less FV than females and higher SES youth.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the positive relationship between transformational leadership and organisational culture using a sample of 238 employees of a military organisation. A secondary objective was to determine whether individuals from different race, position and age groups differ significantly in perception regarding transformational leadership and organisational culture. The instruments used in the study were the Leadership Profile Inventory and the Organisational Culture Inventory. The results of the empirical study indicated that there was a significant statistical positive relationship between transformational leadership and the constructive dimension of organisational culture. The findings also indicated that demographic groups differ significantly in perception regarding transformational leadership and organisational culture. It is recommended that interventions aimed at leadership development and organisational culture change take into consideration the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational culture. This study is concluded with recommendations for industrial and organisational psychology practices and further research. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Admin. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Die Broschüre „Barrieren des Demografiemanagements überwinden und Wandel erfolgreich gestalten“ beinhaltet mit dem Barriereanalysetool einen Selbstcheck, mit dem Unternehmen testen können, welches Bewusstsein für das Demografiemanagement in ihrem Unternehmen herrscht und welche Instrumente des Demografiemanagements angewendet werden. Anhand der Auswertung des Selbstchecks können die Unternehmen ablesen, welche Relevanz die demografischen Entwicklungen (u.a. Fachkräftemangel, alternde Belegschaft) in ihrem Unternehmen aktuell haben. Darüber hinaus werden praktische Handlungsempfehlungen und Tipps für weitere Aktivitäten in dem jeweiligen Themengebiet vorgestellt.

Introduction: In Timor-Leste, anemia affects approximately 21% of reproductive age of women. The established risk factor for anemia is poor nutritional status, but recently solid fuel use in the household has emerged as a possible risk factors. The association between solid fuel and anemia has been studied in children and pregnant women, but there hasn’t been a study conducted to find the association among all reproductive age women from 15-49 years old. Aim: The objective of this study is to determine if use of solid fuels (charcoal, wood, and straw/shrubs/grass) compared to cleaner fuels (electricity, LPG. natural gas, biogas, and kerosene) associated with the increasing of the prevalence of anemia among reproductive age women (15-49 years old) in Timor-Leste. Methods: This study used data from the Timor-Leste Demographic Health Survey (TLDHS) 2009-2010. The data used was based on the individual level within household from 13 districts in Timor-Leste. Bivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess associations between each independent variable (type of fuels, age group, BMI group, residence, wealth index, education level and smoking behavior) and the outcome variable (anemia) and mutlivariable logistic regression model was also performed with significant covariates. Results: The association based on the type of fuels showed that the odds ratio for anemia in women using solid fuels was 1.73 (OR: 95% CI: 1.49 - 2.01) compared to the women using cleaner fuels. After adjustment for other covariates, the odds ratio for anemia in women that use solid fuels was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.29-1.64) compared to women using cleaner fuels. Discussion: Based on our study population, this study found that reproductive age women 15-49 years old in Timor-Leste who used solid fuel as a source of energy for cooking or heating activities in the household were at higher risk for anemia.

Die Arbeit untersucht, wie sich der demografische Wandel auf die öffentlichen Haushalte der deutschen Kommunen auswirkt. Zunächst werden die kommunalen Ausgaben und Einnahmen in sieben Altersgruppen der Bevölkerung aufgespaltet und unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Ausgaben- und Einnahmekategorien auf ihre Alterssensitivität untersucht. Der verwendete Datensatz der 440 kreisfreien Städte und Landkreise unterscheidet sowohl nach Ausgaben- und Einnahmenseite der Budgets als auch nach Verwaltungs- und Vermögenshaushalten. Die ermittelten Altersstrukturprofile belegen die Jugendlastigkeit der Kommunalhaushalte. Danach werden die Befunde des Basisjahres 2005 in sechs verschiedenen Szenarien über einen Analysezeitraum von 20 Jahren projiziert, um die fiskalischen Effekte zu quantifizieren. Die rein demografischen Entwicklungen führen künftig zu Einnahmerückgängen, aber gleichzeitig zu größeren Potenzialen, um die Ausgaben zu senken. Verschiedene Trends und finanzpolitische Festlegungen reduzieren jedoch diese Effekte. Abschließend werden Anpassungsstrategien für die Kommunen diskutiert. / Demographic change will certainly have influence on the budgets of the German municipalities. Due to the division of public sector functions among different tiers in Germany’s federalism the municipalities serve mainly young generations with their public goods. Keeping this in mind, demographic trends will cause considerable effects on the communities’ budgets, especially in the Eastern part of Germany. Projecting the 440 German communes’ financial status of the basic year 2005 onto the year 2025, changing size and age structure of the German population will lower revenues as well as raise potentials to reduce expenditures even stronger. To take account of some special demographic trends and several fiscal regulations besides nothing but demographic ageing potential consolidation gains on the municipalities’ expenditures will be shrinking. Designing six different szenarios fiscal effects will be quantified. Finally, several strategies to deal with the fiscal consequences of demographic change will be discussed.

Major changes that emphasise the importance of a balanced work and family life have occurred within organisations. Inability to manage this integration between the work and home domains can affect the performance of organisations and the wellbeing of their employees. In order to measure work-home interaction and wellbeing, it is important to use valid, equivalent and reliable instruments. However, there is a lack of empirical research when investigating work-home interaction, burnout and work engagement in the earthmoving equipment industry in South Africa. Furthermore, the earthmoving equipment industry is a multicultural environment and construct equivalence across subgroups therefore becomes important when measuring work-home interaction, burnout and work engagement across different cultural or language groups. It also seems relevant to consider differences in the work-home interaction and work wellness levels between important demographic groups in the earthmoving equipment industry. It appears as if burnout and engagement can be seen as part of the total wellness continuum; and that job characteristics may be related to burnout and engagement through negative and positive work-home interaction. However, little information was found that included these factors in a structural model for the earthmoving equipment industry. The objectives of this research were to test the psychometric properties of the Survey Work- Home Interaction - Nijmegen (SWING), the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES); to determine if various demographic groups differ with regard to work-home interaction and wellbeing; and to test a structural model that includes job characteristics, work-home interaction and wellbeing for employees in the earthmoving industry. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Random samples (n = 528) were taken from employees in the earthmoving equipment industry in Gauteng, the Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, the Northern Cape, the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, Kwa-Zulu Natal and the North West Province. Structural equation modelling confirmed a four-factor model of work-home interaction which measures negative work-home interference, positive work-home interference, negative homework interference and positive home-work interference. This factor structure was equivalent across language, ethnicity, gender, education, marital status and parental status. All four factors were reliable. The participants reported more negative WHI than negative HWI, and more positive HWI than positive WHI. It was found that statistically significant differences that are based on age, gender, language, ethnicity, a partner's contribution to household income and the different business units exist between the demographic groups. The results confirmed a four-factor structure of burnout (exhaustion, cognitive weariness, cynicism and professional efficacy) and a two-factor structure of work engagement (including vigour and dedication). These structures were equivalent across language and education groups, and all scales were reliable. SEM analyses supported a two-factor structure for the wellness construct, consisting of burnout (exhaustion, cognitive weariness and cynicism) and engagement (vigour, dedication and professional efficacy), which was equivalent for the language and education groups. Statistically significant differences that are based on age, gender, language and the different business units were found between the demographic groups. Structural equation modelling showed that job demands are associated with negative WHI and consequently with burnout, providing support for a full-mediation effect of negative WHI. Job resources were associated with negative WHI and consequently with burnout, providing support for partial mediation of negative WHI between job resources and burnout. Job resources were also associated with positive WHI and consequently with engagement, providing support for partial mediation of positive WHI between job resources and engagement. Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Division One: “Malthus Gets Fat” (Two Chapters) Chapter One develops a simple dynamic model to examine the takeoff from a Malthusian economy to a modern growth regime. It finds that several factors, most notably the rate of technological progress and the economic structure, determine the fastest rate at which the population can grow without declining living standards; this is termed maximum sustainable population growth. It is only when this maximum sustainable rate exceeds the peak rate at which a society expands that takeoff can occur. I also investigate the effects of trade and international income transfers on the ability to sustain takeoff. It is also shown that present income growth is not necessarily indicative of the ability to sustain takeoff and that factors which increase current income growth may actually inhibit takeoff, and vice versa. Chapter Two applies the sustainable population growth framework to Britain during the Industrial Revolution. The model shows a dramatic increase in sustainable population growth at the time of the Industrial Revolution, well before the beginning of modern levels of income growth. The main contributions to the British breakout were technological improvements and structural change away from agricultural production. At least until the middle of the 19th Century, coal, capital and trade played a minor role. Division Two: “Leverage and Financial Market Instability” (Four Chapters) Chapter One develops a model of how leverage induces explosive behavior in financial markets. I show that when levered investors become too large relative to the market as a whole, the demand curve for securities can suddenly become upward-sloping as levered investors are exposed to forced liquidations. The size and leverage of all levered investors defines the minimum elasticity-adjusted market size for stability or MinEAMASS, which is the smallest elasticity-adjusted market size that can support the group of levered investors analyzed. This gives rise to a measure of instability that can predict when markets become vulnerable to a leverage-driven market liquidity crisis. Chapter Two iterates the model of Chapter One forward in time to generate an inflating bubble that suddenly bursts, reproducing many of Kindleberger's (1996) stylized facts about the dynamics of bubbles in a simple framework. Chapter Three applies my measure of instability in a historical investigation of the 1998 demise of hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM). I find that a forced liquidation of LTCM threatened to destabilize some financial markets, particularly for bank funding and equity volatility. Chapter Four discusses how the model applied to the stock market crash of 1929. There the evidence suggests that a tightening of margin requirements in the first nine months of 1929 combined with price declines in September and early October caused enough investors to become constrained that the market was tipped into instability, triggering the sudden crash of October and November.