The objectives of this study are to provide a comprehensive assessment of inequalities in infant and under-five years' child survival, access to and utilisations of child health services among different socio-economic groups in Ethiopia; and identify issues for policies and programmes at national and sub-national levels. This thesis examines the effect of parental socioeconomic status, maternal and delivery care services, mothers' bio-demographic and background characteristics on the level of differences in infant and under-five years' child survival and access to and utilisation of child health services. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out for selected variables in the literature which were consider as the major determinants of infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five years' child mortality rate (U5MR); access to and utilisations of child health services based on data from Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS), covering the years 2000-2005. In the multivariate analysis a logit regression model was used to estimates inequalities in infant and under-five years' child survival, and inequalities in access to and utilisation of child health services. In Ethiopia, little was known about inequalities in IMR and U5MR, and inequalities in access to and utilisation of child health services. Besides, there is no systematic analysis of health inequalities and into its determinants using logistic regression. According to the available literature, this is the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of inequality of health in Ethiopia. The findings show that compared to under-five years' children of mothers' partners with no work, mothers' partners in professional, technical and managerial occupations had 13 times more chance of under-five years child survival for 2000 weighted observations. In addition, compared to infants of mothers who were gave birth to one child in last 5 years preceding the survey, infants of mothers who were gave birth to 2 children in last 5 years preceding the survey had 70% less chance of infant survival while infants of mothers who were gave birth to 3 or more children had 89% less chance of infant survival for 2000 weighted observations. Moreover, this study finding also indicates that inequalities increased significantly in the five years period between 2000 and 2005 among mothers with different birth interval. Most of the relations between birth interval and receiving childhood immunisation for vaccine-preventable diseases were statistically significant. Moreover compared to non-educated mothers, mothers who completed secondary and higher education were nearly 10 times more likely to receive DPT3 immunisation for their young children. This study concludes that policy measures that tackle health inequalities will have a positive impact in the implementation of health sector strategy of Ethiopia. Health inequalities studies in Ethiopia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries should focus on systematic analysis of different socio-economic groups. The finding of this study support investing in the Ethiopia's health extension package (HEP) is a necessary but not sufficient condition for addressing rural poor health problem. HEP is successful in increasing primary health care coverage in rural Ethiopia to 89.6% (FMOH, 2009) but unable to reduce Ethiopia's higher level of IMR and U5MR. HEP is one of the success stories that address the rural poor health problem and can also be adapted to developing countries of SSA. The finding also shows that the success stories such as health insurance programs like Rwanda (World Bank, 2008a) and Ethiopia (FMOH, 2009/10) will play a key role in achieving country's health care financing goal of universal coverage. This can also be replicated in the developing SSA countries.

From an ecological perspective, knowledge of demographic history is highly valuable because population size fluctuations can be matched to known climatic events, thereby revealing great insight into a species’ reaction to past climate change. This in turn enables us to predict how they might respond to future climate scenarios. Prominently, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing it is now becoming possible to assemble genomes of non-model organisms thereby providing unprecedented resolution to the study of demographic history and speciation. This thesis utilises four species of grouse (Aves, subfamily Tetraoninae) in order to explore the demographic history and speciation within this lineage; the willow grouse, red grouse, rock ptarmigan and the black grouse. I, and my co-authors, begin by reviewing the plethora of methods used to estimate contemporary effective population size (Ne) and demographic history that are available to animal conservation practitioners. We find that their underlying assumptions and necessary input data can bias in their application, and thus we provide a summary of their applicability. I then use the whole genomes of the black grouse, willow grouse and rock ptarmigan to infer their population dynamics within the last million years. I find three dominant periods that shape their demographic history: early Pleistocene cooling (3-0.9 Mya), the mid-Brunhes event (430 kya) and the last glacial period (110-10 kya). I also find strong signals of local population history – recolonization and subdivision events – affecting their demography. In the subsequent study, I explore the grouse dynamics within the last glacial period in more detail by including more distant samples and using ecological modelling to track habitat distribution changes. I further uncover strong signals of local population history, with multiple fringe populations undergoing severe bottlenecks. I also determine that future climate change is expected to drastically constrict the distribution of the studied grouse. Lastly, I use whole genome sequencing to uncover 6 highly differentiated regions, containing 7 genes, hinting at their role in adaptation and speciation in three grouse taxa. I also locate a region of low differentiation, containing the Agouti pigmentation gene, indicating its role in the grouse plumage coloration.

La dynamique démographique ayant cours au sein de la région des Caraïbes est très particulière, notamment par la rapidité avec laquelle la population vieillit, un rythme des plus élevés par rapport aux autres régions du monde. Les enjeux cruciaux que sont ceux d’assurer la qualité de vie des aînés d’aujourd’hui et de demain ainsi qu’une gestion efficace de ces sociétés vieillissantes se doivent d’être abordés et pris en compte. Le présent mémoire diffuse les résultats d'une analyse ciblée des caractéristiques sociodémographiques des personnes âgées de quatre États des Caraïbes (Antigua-et-Barbuda, Sainte-Lucie, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines et Trinité-et-Tobago) à partir des données de leur plus récent recensement. Ce portrait met une emphase particulière sur les conditions de vie, la santé et la participation sur le marché du travail des personnes âgées, soit sur les grands thèmes des trois objectifs du Plan d’action international sur le vieillissement de Madrid. Par ailleurs, un regard est posé sur les effets des cinq premières années en vigueur du Plan de Madrid sur les populations caribéennes. Les informations obtenues à la suite d’interviews effectués auprès de personnes contacts de quelques pays caribéens sont synthétisées et identifient les efforts déployés principalement par les gouvernements pour inclure les objectifs du Plan de Madrid et autres enjeux du vieillissement démographique dans les mécanismes et les politiques de développement social et économique ainsi que ceux de respect des droits humains. / This study presents the major findings of a statistical analysis of population census data sets (2000 census round) for four countries in the Caribbean region: Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago. It analyses national census data with a specific focus on the elderly population: their health and well-being, including a discussion of their living arrangements and economic security. A basic descriptive analysis of the variables and synthetic indicators is presented and discussed. Furthermore, in the context of the review and appraisal of the implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging, information collected through the Survey on Programs for Older Persons in the Caribbean is presented and synthesized. An attempt is made to describe in detail the aging national programs and actions that have been implemented in the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean since the adoption of the Madrid Plan in 2002. The main changes and challenges to the quality of life of older persons in the countries that were reported are listed, compared and discussed. Population dynamics in the Caribbean are characterized by the rapid pace at which the demographic aging process is occurring. Despite significant ongoing changes in this area, very few studies have examined the Caribbean region. Nevertheless, Caribbean governments would clearly benefit from being made aware of such changes in their finest detail; among other things, a thorough comprehension of population dynamics would aid these governments in adequately planning the financing of their social security and health programs. / La dinámica demográfica actual de la región del Caribe es muy particular, especialmente por la rapidez con la que la población envejece, ya que es uno de los ritmos más acelerados con respecto a otras regiones del mundo. Asuntos cruciales, tales como asegurar la calidad de vida de los ancianos del presente y del futuro, así como una gestión eficaz de esas sociedades deben ser considerados. El presente estudio difunde los resultados de un análisis específico de las características sociodemográficas de los adultos mayores de cuatro Estados del Caribe (Antigua y Barbuda, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas y Trinidad y Tobago) a partir de datos de su censo mas reciente. Este retrato enfatiza los grandes temas de los tres objetivos del Plan de Acción Internacional de Madrid sobre el Envejecimiento: las condiciones de vida, la salud y la participación en el mercado laboral de los adultos mayores. Por otro lado son examinados los efectos de los cinco primeros años de vigencia del Plan de Madrid sobre las poblaciones caribeñas. La información, obtenida por medio de entrevistas efectuadas con contactos de algunos países caribeños, es sintetizada e identifica los esfuerzos desplegados principalmente por los gobiernos para incluir los objetivos del Plan de Madrid y de otros asuntos del envejecimiento demográfico en los mecanismos y las políticas de desarrollo social y económico, así como el respeto de los derechos humanos.

La conception architecturale du logis, individuel ou collectif, est un défi majeur pour les architectes depuis l'avènement de la modernité. Au début du 21ième siècle, la multiplicité des conditions démographiques et celle de la mobilité des personnes sous-tendent la complexité de l'élaboration de prototypes ou de modèles d'habitation. Que peut-on apprendre des expériences menées dans ce domaine après la seconde guerre mondiale aux États-Unis ? Ce mémoire de maîtrise est consacré à l'étude d’un cas particulier celui du programme de création architecturale réalisée en Californie de 1945 à 1966, connu sous le nom de : «Case Study House Program». Ce programme, dirigé par John Entenza, éditeur de la revue Arts and Architecture, rassemblait de nombreux architectes dont les plus célèbres sont Charles et Ray Eames, Richard Neutra, Craig Ellwood et Pierre Koenig, tous auteurs de maisons modernes devenues oeuvres canoniques dans l’histoire de l’architecture. L'analyse détaillé de ce cas et de ses retombées devrait permettre de mieux cerner les aspects suivants: la portée critique du CSHP (case study house program) qui s'opposait aux modèles dominants du marché immobilier, modèles généralement inspirés de styles traditionnels; le potentiel et les limites d'une telle démarche face à la demande sociale; la dimension anticipatrice des propositions du CSHP pour la conception de logis mieux adaptés aux besoins du 21ième siècle, en particulier ceux qui découlent des changements démographiques et de la mobilité géographiques des personnes; la valeur d'exemple du CSHP pour mieux comprendre les fondements de la résistance du public aux innovations architecturales, autant du point de vue technique que du point de vue esthétique. / Dwelling schemes, whether single family or collective have been and remain an important challenge for architects since the advent of modernism. The beginning of the 21st century has seen an explosion of lifestyles, localized demographic challenges, and an ever-changing landscape of mobility. These changes are the underlying factors that influence housing demand and the invention of new housing organizational strategies. What can be learned from the experiments undertaken, in this field, in post World War II USA ? This Master’s thesis examines the case of an initiative in architectural exploration and experimentation commanded by the Californian Arts and Architecture magazine from 1945 to 1966. «The Case Study House Program» instigated by the editor in chief John Entenza, brought together some of the most talented and engaged architects of the era including, Charles and Ray Eames, Richard Neutra, Craig Ellwood, Raphael Soriano and Pierre Koenig, all well known for their canonical contributions to the history of modern architecture. The detailed analysis and investigation of the case study houses and their influences will help reveal the critical importance of the CSHP (case study house program) on multiple levels. In its challenge to the traditional housing industry that continues to dominate the housing market today, in the program’s limitations in remaining relatively marginal in the post-war demand for housing, and in revealing the forward looking proposals and strategies in dealing with the needs of 21st century living, particularly the aspects of evolving demographic and mobility patterns. We hope to expose the value of the CSHP as an example of the potential engagement of the field of housing by architects and their essential social resistance, from an esthetic, cultural and technical point of view.

Depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la loi n° 68-5 du 3 janvier 1968 portant réforme du droit des incapables,la sous-population des majeurs protégés s’est fortement modifiée, aussi bien au niveau de son effectifqu’au niveau de sa structure. Toutefois, par manque de données statistiques, cette sous-population estde nos jours encore méconnue. Afin d’améliorer la connaissance de la sous-population des majeursprotégés nous avons réalisé une analyse démographique de sa dynamique. L’objectif était de comblerun certain nombre de lacunes concernant d’une part le stock de majeurs sous tutelle, curatelle ousauvegarde de justice (effectif, répartition par sexe et par âge...) et d’autre part les caractéristiques desouvertures, des fins et des changements de régime de protection (fréquence, décomposition desflux...). Ce travail de recherche mené grâce à une approche multi-sources, a permis de distinguer cequi dans les évolutions observées, tenait à la modification des comportements de mise sous protectionet ce qui tenait aux changements de composition de la population française du point de vue de l’âge etde l’état de santé. Il a conduit à mettre en évidence la liaison forte, mais en transformation, entre typede mesure de protection et caractéristiques des majeurs bénéficiaires. Enfin, ce travail de recherchepourra servir de base pour appréhender ultérieurement le devenir de la sous-population des majeursprotégés dans un contexte de modification législative. / The sub-population of wards in France has changed significantly, both in size and composition, sinceLaw no. 68-5 of 3 January 1968 on incapacitated adults came into force. However, a lack a statisticaldata means it is still badly known. To improve our knowledge of the sub-population of wards, ademographic analysis of its dynamics was conducted. The purpose was to fill knowledge gaps relatingto the existing population of vulnerable adults under guardianship (e.g. number, sex, age) and to thecharacteristics of the court orders establishing, amending or ending guardianship (e.g. frequency,flows). Thanks to a multi-source approach the study identifies what derives from the changes inbehaviour relating to the establishment of guardianship and from the changes undergone by the Frenchpopulation in terms of age structure and health. The study highlights a strong but changing relationshipbetween the type of guardianship and the characteristics of individual wards. The study may also serveas a starting point for further analysis of the sub-population of wards following recent changes in thelaw.

This study argues that the slow progress of Turkey in the accession to the European Union is not simlpy due to a failure to comply with the "official" membership criteria. It is argued that European attitude towards these official requirements represents a double standard, which can be searched in the context of unspoken cultural and religious fears, that do not exist in the official criteria. It is argued that there are many positive reasons to Turkey's accession to the EU. There is the aspect of energy- security, demography, acting as a bridge between the West and the East, and keeping the European Union away from being Eurocentric. However, seen the recent developments in Turkey's accession negotiations with the EU, the current political climate in Europe suggests that cultural homogeneity of the European Union remains a strong desire. Turkey, being the "Other", suffers the consequences of this. And while Turkey can make changes to its economy and political system to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, there are two 'givens' that cannot be changed-namely, religion/culture and geography/physical location. Thus, understanding these fixed characteristics of Turkey, and their perception by the European Union is crucially important in understanding the European Union - Turkey process overall.

The risk adjustment model currently used does not adequately compensate insurers for predictable differences in individuals' health care expenditures in the Czech Republic. It then leads to financial inequality in the redistribution of funds to the insurance companies and causes their financial problems. This study introduces a PCG model as another method for risk adjustment and determines to what extent the predictive performance of the model can be improved when applied to Czech data. We analyze 10% of population sample in the Czech Republic in years 2011 and 2012. Our results confirm the appropriateness of the PCG model for the Czech environment. When the PCG variables are added to the demographic model, R2 value of the prediction model increases from 2.03% to 13.87%.

Long-Term Care for the Elderly in the Czech Republic and European countries in the context of demographic ageing Abstract Long-term care refers to the range of services required by persons suffering from a reduced degree of functional capacity and who are dependent on help with activities of daily living. These services include personal care as well as medical and social services. LTC could be provided either in institutional settings or at home - by informal (upaid) or formal providers. European Union has declared that LTC represents one of the main challenges connected with the current demographic changes. The main aim of this thesis is to provide a picture of LTC providing across European countries. Special attention was placed on ensuring care for the elderly in Czechia, where ambiguities about responsibilities (which are divided between The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and and The Ministry of Health), financing or even defining the content of this care have recently become quite frequent subjects of public debates. Keywords: demographic ageing, long-term care, health and social services, home care, Czechia, international comparison

The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the current situation of capacities of primary schools compared with the number and the distribution of pupils in compulsory education age in Prague suburban municipalities. In the analysis the area of Pragueʼs hinterland (districts Praha-východ and Praha-západ) was examined. The paper assesses the impacts of suburbanization on demographic development and on primary education in this region. Insufficient capacities of primary schools are significant problem in last few years in this area. In connection with uneven development of the region the problem does not affect all municipalities with equal intensity. Serious problems were identified in the particular area of the northern, southern and south-eastern hinterland of Prague. The strategy of the municipalities to ensure the sufficient capacities of primary schools depends on whether the municipality establishes its primary school or not and it is also connected with the availability of basic education for residents of the municipality. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Résumé Dissertation analysis raising of phenomenon of automobilism in the american city of Detroit in first half of 20. century. Analysis is focus primarily on the "Big Three" of car producers: Ford Motor Company, General Motors a Chrysler LLC. Analysis is temporalily delimitated with two moments, closely conected with developing of automobilism: Increase of popularity of cars at the begin of 20. century and Great depression. Important moments in delimitated time period were especially: founding of Ford Motor Company in 1903, founding of General Motors in 1908, implementation of assembly line by Henry Ford in 1913, founding of Chrysler LLC in 1925 and of course the Great Depresion from 1929. Special priority is focus on the personality od Henry Ford and his style of organization of work, company development and inovations, that were introduced mostly by his company, followed by others. Henry Ford has absolutely special position, mostly because of his complex care of his employes.Objective of this work is not only to analyze unprecedent increase and development of the city of Detroit, but also to describe demographical change of society, due by the development of automobile industry in the state of Michigan. Major question is: How the city of Detroit was changed in connection with industrial development,...