Natural language processing (NLP) opens the possibilities for a computer to read, decipher, and interpret human languages to eventually use it in ways that enable yet further understanding of the interaction and communication between the human and the computer. When appropriate data is available, NLP makes it possible to determine not only the sentiment information of a text but also information about the author behind an online post. Previously conducted studies show aspects of NLP potentially going deeper into the subjective information, enabling author classification from text data. This thesis addresses the lack of demographic insights of online user data by studying language use in texts. It compares four popular yet diverse machine learning algorithms for gender and age segmentation. During the project, the age analysis was abandoned due to insufficient data. The online texts were analysed and quantified into 118 parameters based on linguistic differences. Using supervised learning, the researchers succeeded in correctly predicting the gender in 82% of the cases when analysing data from English online users. The training and test data may have some correlations, which is important to notice. Language is complex and, in this case, the more complex methods SVM and Neural networks were performing better than the less complex Naive Bayes and Logistic regression.

The Reward Positivity (RewP) is a neurophysiological marker of reward sensitivity that has been found to be impacted in depression. However, there have been some mixed findings regarding the relationship between the RewP and depression, suggesting there are other factors which impact this relationship. The current study investigated how the demographic factors of sex, age, and socio-economic status might moderate the RewP-depression relationship, and examined if these effects generalize across three different inventories for symptoms of depression. 194 people were recruited by random digit dialing (55.2% male, mean age = 51.34 years, mean monthly income = $6625.95). They completed the SCID, HAM-D, and IDAS measures of depression, and an EEG session in which they did a random guessing task to elicit the RewP. We found that there was a trend-level interaction of a moderate effect size between symptoms of depression, age, and sex in predicting RewP amplitude. Further exploration of this interaction revealed that for females, there was an interactive effect between age and symptoms of depression, such that for younger females, increased symptoms of depression were associated with a blunted RewP, and lower symptoms of depression were associated with an enhanced RewP. These effects were specific to the SCID, but did not generalize to the HAM-D or IDAS. Moreover, there was no interactive effects between age and depression symptoms for males, nor did SES interact with depression and other demographic factors in predicting the RewP. This study provides evidence that demographic factors can impact the strength and nature of the relationships between the RewP and depression, and that future researchers might wish to over-sample younger females when investigating other moderating factors of the RewP in order to increase power.

The target of this thesis was to identify mass graves in the cemetery around the former St. Benedict Church in Prague dated after 1635 and to determine, by means of dental epigenetic traits, if there is a biological relation among selected groups of mass graves and if they belong to one population. The analysis of the archaeology-anthropologic documentation was the essential part of this thesis. By this analysis it was possible to identify mass graves and to combine them to higher groups according to the following criteria: a location of the mass grave at the cemetery, a position of individual burials in the mass graves, the burial way and artefacts found. The previous research made by the French-Czech team, namely radiocarbon dating of several graves, was also supportive. The actual investigation of the biological relation (similarity) of individuals from mass graves was carried out by means of dental epigenetic traits. These traits were evaluated according to verbal description and plaster casts of teeth (Turner at al. 1991). The following statistical methods were used for the evaluation: a measure of divergence and the mean measure of divergence stating the unlikeness of probability occurrence of corresponding features. The relation of individuals, from mass graves, and French and Austro-Hungarian...

Die vorliegende Ausgabe konzentriert sich auf die Auswahl einer sinnvollen Analysemethode auf Basis des Realoptionsansatzes zur Analyse der Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Siedlungsentwässerung. In der Literatur finden unterschiedliche Bewertungstechniken und verschiedene Bewertungsansätze der Realoptionstheorie Anwendung. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Analysemethode kombiniert den qualitativen und den quantitativen Bewertungsansatz miteinander und plädiert für die Bewertungstechnik des Binomialmodells. Es wird eine Methode in fünf Arbeitsschritten vorgestellt, in der Kriterienüberprüfungen hinsichtlich des Vorhandenseins von Unsicherheit und Flexibilität vorgesehen sind. Zur empirischen Anwendung der Analysemethode bietet sich als Untersuchungsgebiet die Abwasserinfrastruktur des Plattenbaugebietes Weißwasser-Süd an, da dort vielfältige Probleme infolge des demografischen Wandels auftreten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Kriterien zur Anwendung der entwickelten Methode, Unsicherheit und Flexibilität, hinsichtlich mehrerer Einflussfaktoren und Anpassungsmaßnahmen erfüllt sind und somit die Anwendung des Realoptionsansatzes gerechtfertigt ist. Die Anwendung der Analysemethode auf das Untersuchungsgebiet in Weißwasser offenbart für das Versorgungsunternehmen vielfältige Handlungsmöglichkeiten zum Umgang mit bestehenden Problemen und zur Anpassung an beeinflussende unsichere Faktoren. Weiterhin können mit Hilfe der Analyse die Vor- und Nachteile der ausgewählten Methode aufgezeigt werden, was für weitere Untersuchungen des Themengebietes hilfreich sein kann.

Der Abwassersektor in Deutschland sieht sich mit zunehmend turbulentem Umfeld konfrontiert. Auf Grund der langen Nutzungsdauer ihrer Infrastruktur und ihrer Kapitalintensität ist die Abwasserwirtschaft durch hohe Fixkosten und durch ihre Anfälligkeit gegenüber Pfadabhängigkeiten charakterisiert. Dies zeigt sich besonders im Zusammenhang mit den Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels in den letzten Jahren, in Folge dessen abnehmende Bevölkerungszahlen zu einem Verlust von Gebührenzahlern geführt haben. Zusätzlich wurde dieser Effekt durch einen beträchtlichen Rückgang der Wassernachfrage pro Kopf verstärkt. Die herkömmlichen Planungsansätze in der Siedlungsentwässerung basieren hauptsächlich auf Prognosen und Trendfortschreibungen und berücksichtigen somit nur unzureichend sich ändernde Rahmenbedingungen. Aus diesem Grund untersucht diese Dissertation inwiefern die geringe Anpassungsfähigkeit, die im Zusammenhang mit dem demografischen Wandel offensichtlich wurde, durch eine Stärkung der strategischen Planungskompetenzen, und speziell durch die Anwendung der Szenarioplanung, erhöht werden kann. Hierfür werden sowohl die prediktiven als auch die explorative Möglichkeiten der Szenarioplanung bewertet. Im ersten prediktiven Ansatz liegt der Fokus auf den spezifischen Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Abwassergebühren. Der zweite explorative Ansatz basiert auf einer Kombination der Delphi-Technik mit der Szenarioplanung, in der die bedeutendsten zukünftigen Herausforderungen identifiziert und in vier Szenarien zusammengefasst werden.:1 FRAMEWORK OF THE CUMULATIVE DISSERTATION 7 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE I1: SZENARIOPLANUNG 23 3 JOURNAL ARTICLE I2: SZENARIOPLANUNG IM INTEGRIERTEN WASSERRESSOURCENMANAGMENT 27 4 JOURNAL ARTICLE P1: DER DEMOGRAFISCHE WANDEL ALS GEBÜHRENTREIBER IN DER SIEDLUNGSENTWÄSSERUNG 35 5 JOURNAL ARTICLE E1: NACHHALTIGE UNTERNEHMENSFÜHRUNG MIT DER DELPHI-METHODE 47 6 JOURNAL ARTICLE E2: REVIEW OF DELPHI-BASED SCENARIO STUDIES 51 7 JOURNAL ARTICLE E3: SCENARIOS FOR THE SANITATION SECTOR: A DELPHI-BASED APPROACH 67 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 107 / The sanitation sector in Germany is challenged by an increasingly turbulent environment. Due to the long use-life of the infrastructure and its capital intensity, the sector is characterized by low rates of return, high fixed-costs and vulnerability to path dependency. This became particularly obvious in the last years within the context of demographic change, when a decreasing population led to the loss of fee payers, and was intensified by a considerable decline in the water demand per capita, which caused increasing wastewater fees. The traditional planning instruments in the sanitation sector rely mainly on forecasts and forward projections, while disregarding key dynamics of the surrounding political-legal, economic, societal, technological and environmental framework conditions. Therefore, this dissertation assesses if the low adaptive capacity of the sanitation sector, which became obvious with demographic change, can be enhanced by strengthening the long range planning competencies by means of scenario planning. The dissertation evaluates the possibilities of scenario planning as alternative planning instrument and explores the predictive as well as the explorative possibilities in two separate research streams. The predictive research stream analyzes the specific impacts of demographic change on wastewater fees. The focus lies on a short time horizon and one specific trend. The latter explorative research stream is addressed by a Delphi-based scenario study, in which the most relevant future challenges of the sanitation sector are identified and summarized in four scenarios.:1 FRAMEWORK OF THE CUMULATIVE DISSERTATION 7 2 JOURNAL ARTICLE I1: SZENARIOPLANUNG 23 3 JOURNAL ARTICLE I2: SZENARIOPLANUNG IM INTEGRIERTEN WASSERRESSOURCENMANAGMENT 27 4 JOURNAL ARTICLE P1: DER DEMOGRAFISCHE WANDEL ALS GEBÜHRENTREIBER IN DER SIEDLUNGSENTWÄSSERUNG 35 5 JOURNAL ARTICLE E1: NACHHALTIGE UNTERNEHMENSFÜHRUNG MIT DER DELPHI-METHODE 47 6 JOURNAL ARTICLE E2: REVIEW OF DELPHI-BASED SCENARIO STUDIES 51 7 JOURNAL ARTICLE E3: SCENARIOS FOR THE SANITATION SECTOR: A DELPHI-BASED APPROACH 67 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS 107

Since 2006, Uganda has experienced a nonchanging neonatal mortality rate of 27 out of 1,000 live births, which is higher than the global average of 19 deaths for every 1,000 live births. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to determine factors affecting access to health services and their impact on newborn deaths in Uganda. Mosley and Chen's model for child survival in developing nations provided the framework for the study. Secondary data from the 2016 demographic and health survey (UDHS) collected by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOs) was used. A total of 7,538 cases were used and analyzed using binary logistic regression and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed attending less than 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits during pregnancy increased the odds of neonatal deaths 1.57 times, while not taking antimalarial drugs during pregnancy increased the odds of neonatal deaths 1.67 times. However, receiving 4 or more tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine doses before pregnancy was not statistically associated with an increased risk of neonatal death (p = .597). Also, there was no significant relationship between neonatal mortality and whether distance to health facilities was a challenge (p = .276) or receiving medical assistance during childbirth (p = .420). While there were significant differences in deaths of newborns in geographic regions while controlling for the number of ANC visits (p = .023), there were no differences while controlling for all three covariates, F(4, 117) = 2.00, p = .098. Findings may be used to inform government policies on ANC and malaria prevention during pregnancy, which may reduce neonatal mortality rates in Uganda.

Changes in reproductive behaviour in the beginning of the demographic revolution (example of Staňkov) Abstract The aim of this study is to analyse reproductive behaviour of population in the Czech lands in the 19th century, a period in which demographic revolution began. The research is based on data from Staňkov, a town in southwestern Bohemia, which, unlike the majority of adjacent region, experienced a substantial industrialization in the 19th century. This resulted in a significant population growth during the analysed period. Family lists were compiled from the registers of births, marriages and deaths using the method of family reconstitution. Nuptiality, marital fertility and infant mortality were the main analysed topics. Population was also divided into groups based on social stratification and these groups were analysed to determine, whether their reproductive behaviour differed from each other. The results from Staňkov were compared to other previously studied localities in the Czech lands. This study revealed that in the 19th century changes in reproductive behaviour within social groups were quite small or negligible. Big changes in nuptiality, fertility or infant mortality in the beginning of demographic revolution can therefore be mainly attributed to the shifts in the social structure of the...

Background: For the past 30 years, the neoclassical finance has been questioned bybehavioural finance. The main difference is behavioural finance ́s ability to explain a behaviour that deviate from rationality. One of the major biases within behavioural finance is overconfidence. Overconfident behaviour describes an investor with too strong belief in their own ability. This bias is not well-examined within behavioural finance in Sweden. The consequences of overconfidence are the investor ́s overvaluation skills which in turn leads to unnecessary risk-taking, excessive trading and economic losses. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the overconfident bias exists among Swedish private investors. A study if the demographic factors; gender, age, marital status, education, and experience effect the level of overconfident behaviour. Further, an investigation to identify industries overconfident investors prefer or despise. Method: Our study use a deductive approach with a quantitative research. From the basis of previous studies, five hypotheses explaining a relation between demographic factors and overconfidence have been formulated. The data is collected through an online survey, published in finance forums between 2020-03-10 to 2020-03-22 which gave 233 participants. A binary logistic model was performed in STATA to examine if the hypothesis should be rejected or not. Conclusion: The findings from our study show presence of overconfidence among Swedish private investors. Statistically significant results confirm that gender, age, education, and experience have an impact on overconfident behaviour. Men are more overconfident than women, younger investors act more overconfident, higher education increase overconfidence, and more experienced investors are more overconfident.

In the year 2020, COVID-19 was a worldwide phenomenon. Changes in personal behavior and consumer behavior resulted from the new restrictions. Because of COVID-19, many consumers purchase groceries online rather than in physical stores. Historically, there have been several pandemics during the 1900 century, and all of these pandemic crises have impacted consumer behavior. In the timeframe of this research, the restriction was withdrawn, and new restrictions were applied, which resulted in continued changed consumer behavior. Different characteristics influence consumer behavior, such as economic, psychological, and environmental. Income and savings of individuals and members of households are economic characteristics that influence consumer behavior. Because no product has to be carried or there is no time limit on shopping, this psychological characteristics contributes to increased accessibility, convenience, and time savings. In terms of the environment, there have been questions about whether e-commerce has a positive or negative impact. Consumer behavior is also influenced by demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, marital status and living environment. All individuals change their buying behavior over their lifetimes, and with restrictions during this pandemic crisis, many needed to adapt their behavior even more. This study has created a more profound understanding of consumer behavior due to a pandemic crisis, such as COVID-19. With this presented purpose, an online survey was constructed and collected a sample of 123 respondents located mainly in Sweden and Norway. After analysing our data collection, we concluded that the three characteristics and demographic factors influenced our sample, and they still prefer to purchase groceries in a physical store, despite a pandemic crisis.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om den upplevda arbetstrivseln skiljer sig åt mellantjänstemän och kollektivanställda i ett industriföretag. Vidare syftade studien på att undersökaom demografiska faktorer påverkar arbetstrivseln samt om dessa har en inverkan påsambandet. Undersökningen utfördes genom en digital enkät där ett missivbrev och QR-kodtill enkäten skickades ut via mail till företaget. Det var totalt 110 respondenter som deltog istudien. Enkäten baserades på “Js Arbetstrivsel” av Hellgren et al. (1999) med ett Cronbach’salfa på 0.79. Resultatet visade att tjänstemän upplever en högre grad av arbetstrivsel änkollektivanställda. Kvinnor upplever en högre grad av arbetstrivsel än män vilket intestämmer överens med tidigare forskning som påvisat motsatsen. Vidare visade resultatet attdet inte fanns några signifikanta interaktionseffekter mellan arbetstrivsel, anställningsformoch demografiska faktorer med undantag för kön. Föreliggande studies resultat om upplevdarbetstrivsel mellan tjänstemän och kollektivanställda stämmer överens med tidigareforskning. / Title: The difference in job satisfaction between white-collar and blue-collar workers in anindustrial company. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the perceived job satisfaction differsbetween white and blue-collar workers in an industrial company. Furthermore, the purposewas also to investigate whether demographic factors affect job satisfaction and whether thesehave an impact on the relationship. The survey was conducted through a digital questionnairewith a missive letter and QR code to the questionnaire that was e-mailed to the company. Atotal of 110 respondents participated in the study. The survey was based on “Js JobSatisfaction” by Hellgren et al. (1999) with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79. The result showedthat white-collar workers experience a higher degree of job satisfaction than blue-collarworkers. Women experience a higher degree of job satisfaction than men which is notconsistent with previous research that has shown the opposite. In addition, the results showedthat there were no significant interaction effects between job satisfaction, employment formand demographic factors with exception of gender. The results of the present study onperceived job satisfaction between white- and blue-collar workers are consistent with previousstudies.