Inaug.-Diss.--Munich, 1967. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 92-93.

In human society, people encounter various deontic conflicts every day. Deontic decisions are those that include moral, ethical, and normative aspects. Here, the concern is with deontic conflicts: decisions where all the alternatives lead to the violation of some norms. People think critically about these kinds of decisions. But, just ‘what’ they think about is not always clear. People use certain estimating factors/criteria to balance the tradeoffs when they encounter deontic conflicts. It is unclear what subjective factors people use to make a deontic decision. An elicitation approach called the Open Factor Conjoint System is proposed, which applies an online elicitation methodology which is a combination of two well-know research methodologies: repertory grid and conjoint analysis. This new methodology is extended to be a web based application. It seeks to elicit additional relevant (subjective) factors from people, which affect deontic decisions. The relative importance and utility values are used for the development of a decision model to predict people’s decisions. Fundamentally, this methodology was developed and intended to be applicable for a wide range of elicitation applications with minimal experimenter bias. Comparing with the traditional method, this online survey method reduces the limitation of time and space in data collection and this methodology can be applied in many fields. Two possible applications were addressed: robotic vehicles and the choice of medical treatment. In addition, this method can be applied to many research related disciplines in cross-cultural research due to its online ability with global capacity.

Legal reasoning is a method that is applied by legal practitioners to make legal decisions. For a scenario, legal reasoning requires not only the facts of the scenario but also the legal rules to be enforced within it. Formal logic has long been used for reasoning tasks in many domains. Deontic logic is a logic which is often used to formalise legal scenarios with its built-in notions of obligation, permission and prohibition. Within the legal domain, it is important to recognise that there are many exceptions and conflicting obligations. This motivates the enrichment of deontic logic with not only the notion of defeasibility, which allows for reasoning about exceptions, but a stronger notion of typicality which is based on defeasibility. KLM-style defeasible reasoning introduced by Kraus, Lehmann and Magidor (KLM), is a logic system that employs defeasibility while a logic that serves the same role for the stronger notion of typicality is Propositional Typicality Logic (PTL). Deontic paradoxes are often used to examine deontic logic systems as the scenarios arising from the paradoxes' structures produce undesirable results when desirable deontic properties are applied to the scenarios. This is despite the various scenarios themselves seeming intuitive. This dissertation shows that KLM-style defeasible reasoning and PTL are both effective when applied to the analysis of the deontic paradoxes. We first present the background information which comprises propositional logic, which forms the foundation for the other logic systems, as well as the background of KLM-style defeasible reasoning, deontic logic and PTL. We outline the paradoxes along with their issues within the presentation of deontic logic. We then show that for each of the two logic systems we can intuitively translate the paradoxes, satisfy many of the desirable deontic properties and produce reasonable solutions to the issues resulting from the paradoxes.

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In this work, Kurt Holukoff examines three formal approaches to representing valid inferences in reasoning regarding obligation and its cognates: deontic logic. He argues that an appropriate formalization of deontic logic should take genuine moral dilemmas seriously, be capable of representing trumping-like reasoning, and not make the naturalistic fallacy valid as a matter of logic. The three systems he investigates are, the Standard Deontic logic, a Relevant Deontic logic, and Schotch and Jennings’ multiple moral accessibility relations Deontic logic. The Standard Deontic logic has seemingly insurmountable problems representing both fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations and trumping-like reasoning. Moreover, the naturalistic fallacy is valid in the Standard Deontic logic. The Relevant deontic logic that the author examines is capable of representing fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations and does not make valid the naturalistic fallacy. However, the author argues that the Relevant deontic logic needs some revisions in order to represent trumping-like reasoning. Likewise, the author finds that Schotch and Jennings’ Deontic logic is capable of representing fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations. However, in order to represent trumping-like reasoning, revisions to Schotch and Jennings’ Deontic logic are apparently required. Similar revisions are seemingly required to block the naturalistic fallacy, which is otherwise valid in Schotch and Jennings’ original system.

In this work, Kurt Holukoff examines three formal approaches to representing valid inferences in reasoning regarding obligation and its cognates: deontic logic. He argues that an appropriate formalization of deontic logic should take genuine moral dilemmas seriously, be capable of representing trumping-like reasoning, and not make the naturalistic fallacy valid as a matter of logic. The three systems he investigates are, the Standard Deontic logic, a Relevant Deontic logic, and Schotch and Jennings’ multiple moral accessibility relations Deontic logic. The Standard Deontic logic has seemingly insurmountable problems representing both fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations and trumping-like reasoning. Moreover, the naturalistic fallacy is valid in the Standard Deontic logic. The Relevant deontic logic that the author examines is capable of representing fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations and does not make valid the naturalistic fallacy. However, the author argues that the Relevant deontic logic needs some revisions in order to represent trumping-like reasoning. Likewise, the author finds that Schotch and Jennings’ Deontic logic is capable of representing fruitful reasoning from an inconsistent set of obligations. However, in order to represent trumping-like reasoning, revisions to Schotch and Jennings’ Deontic logic are apparently required. Similar revisions are seemingly required to block the naturalistic fallacy, which is otherwise valid in Schotch and Jennings’ original system.

In this thesis, the main focus is on deontic logic as a tool for formal representation of moral reasoning in natural language. The simple standard system of deontic logic (SDL), i.e. the minimal Kripkean modal logic extended with the deontic axiom, stating that necessity (interpreted as obligation) implies possibility (interpreted as permission), has often been considered inadequate for this aim, due to different problems, e.g. the so-called deontic paradoxes. A general survey of deontic logic and the problems with SDL is made in chapter 1. In chapter 2, a system denoted Classical Deontic-Modal logic (CDM1) is defined. In this system, there is a primary obligation operator indexed to sets of possible worlds, and a secondary requirement operator, defined in terms of strictly necessary conditions for fulfilling an obligation. This secondary operator has most of the properties of the necessity operator in SDL. In chapters 3 and 4, it is argued that CDM1 is able to handle the SDL problems presented in chapter 1 in an adequate way, and the treatment of these problems in CDM1 is also compared with their treatment in some other well-known deontic systems. In chapter 5, it is argued that even though the problems related to quantification in modal contexts are relevant to deontic logic, these issues are not specific to deontic logic. In chapter 6, the relations between some controversial features of moral reasoning, such as moral dilemmas and “non-standard” deontic categories like supererogation, and deontic logic are discussed. It is shown how CDM1 can be modified in order to accommodate these features.

In a recent paper, Bentzen proposes a semantically characterised logic called Action Type Deontic Logic, where normative concepts are applied to action expressions, rather than propositional statements. The logic offers solutions to many of the paradoxes of deontic logic. In particular, Bentzen's semantics solves many puzzles involving the interaction of permission with conjunction and disjunction. One of the reasons for these positive results is the assumption that agents always act according to norm. This assumption means that only agents with ideal behaviour are modelled; there is no possibility for norm-violation. In this thesis, proof techniques and decision procedures for Action Type Deontic Logic in the style of semantic tableau are investigated, and soundness, completeness and termination results are obtained. In order to account for the possibility of norm-violation, a new semantics based on a generalisation of Action Type Deontic Logic models is proposed. The new semantics keeps the possibility of norm-violation open, while many of the virtues of Action Type Deontic Logic remain.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T21:05:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2014-09-28T02:24:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-28T02:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Barros, Toni Cézar P. F..pdf: 1070248 bytes, checksum: c077f85b2926645e0b58a66a7f389dd4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / There are two questions about deontic logic that appear frequently in the literature on the subject. The first concerns the legitimacy and the second the deontic paradoxes. The first of these, however, is not the main concern of this paper, we assume, alongside Castañeda the thesis that there are logical relationships, not only between propositions, but also among imperatives and norms. Thus, the main focus of this paper will be to investigate deontic paradoxes, and in particular, the Castañeda‟s solution. This solution involves a distinction between propositions and practitions as well as between imperatives and norms. We also show the advantage of this solution compared to other solution named scope deontic operator. Finally, we analyze Lou Goble‟s criticism to Castañeda‟s solution and objections to this criticism. / Há duas questões acerca da lógica deôntica que aparecem com frequência na literatura sobre o tema. A primeira diz respeito à sua legitimidade e a segunda aos paradoxos deônticos. A primeira destas, entretanto, não é a principal preocupação deste trabalho: assumiremos, ao lado de Castañeda, a tese que há relações lógicas, não somente entre proposições, mas também entre imperativos e entre normas. Assim, o foco principal deste texto consistirá em investigar o problema dos paradoxos deônticos e, em particular, a proposta de solução de Castañeda aos mesmos. Tal solução envolve a distinção entre proposições e practições, bem como entre imperativos e normas. Também mostraremos a vantagem desta solução em relação às outras, denominadas de soluções de escopo do operador deôntico. E, por fim, analisaremos a crítica de Lou Goble à solução de Castañeda e objeções a esta crítica.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a modalidade deÃntica, e como corpus, a sÃrie televisiva americana, House (2004-2014). O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa à utilizar os pressupostos funcionalistas de Dik (1989), no que diz respeito ao contexto linguÃstico, para analisar as ocorrÃncias de modalidade deÃntica no discurso mÃdico. Os problemas secundÃrios que nortearam esse trabalho estÃo dispostos, a seguir: a) Como os verbos plenos e os verbos modais/auxiliares diferenciam o grau de modalizaÃÃo no discurso mÃdico televisivo na sÃrie televisiva House (2004-2012)? b) As diferenÃas na relaÃÃo hierÃrquica entre fonte e alvo proporcionam a ocorrÃncia de expressÃes asseveradoras ou mitigadoras de valores deÃnticos, influindo na conduta mÃdica na sÃrie? c) Como a fonte instauradora da modalidade deÃntica transforma a imagem da conduta mÃdica, ou corrobora com ela, na sociedade representada na trama televisiva? Usamos os conceitos de modalidade de Lyons (1977), Palmer (1979), Bybee (1995), Neves (2006) e Lopes (2009), entre outros. Focalizaremos na modalidade deÃntica, um domÃnio funcional que trata do modo como o falante diz algo exprimindo a sua vontade, seja de forma asseverada ou mitigada. Os resultados apresentados dizem respeito aos trÃs primeiros episÃdios das quatro primeiras temporadas da sÃrie, totalizando doze episÃdios. O material em modalidade escrita foi encontrado em rede virtual e conferido por nÃs. Analisamos 398 ocorrÃncias, foi possÃvel concluirmos que o meio de expressÃo e o valor deÃntico mais recorrente sÃo os de modo verbal (257) e de obrigaÃÃo (289), respectivamente. Como jà esperado, tanto a fonte (362) quanto o alvo (336) deÃntico, tendo o mÃdico como enunciador/receptor, obtiveram nÃmeros significativos. Portanto, com base nas anÃlises realizadas, podemos concluir que os verbos modais oferecem mais dinamicidade ao tipo de discurso televisivo estudado, impondo valores hierÃrquicos de polidez, e por vezes disfarÃando uma ordem sob o pretexto de uma suposta necessidade performada pelo verbo âprecisarâ (need) tal qual pode ser associado ao proposto por Palmer (1986), a respeito do verbo âwantâ (querer). Com a conclusÃo desta, poderemos expor novas observaÃÃes teÃricas sobre o domÃnio funcional da modalidade em LÃngua Inglesa, emitindo juÃzos de valores concernentes ao discurso televisivo e as suas relaÃÃes comunicativas.