Deontic reasoning is a domain of reasoning concerning permissions, obligations, and prohibitions founded on conditional logic (Wason,1968). The inclusion of a social valence to deontic rules leads to increased rule violation identification in both adults (Cosmides & Tooby, 1992) and children (Harris & Nunez, 1996), suggesting an evolutionary advantage for a specific class of reasoning known as “cheater-detection” (Fiddick, 2004). The current investigation is the first attempt to understand the cognitive and social variables that account for children’s logical reasoning advantage in social violation situations. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Alors que jusqu'à présent les recherches sur la RSE se sont principalement situées à un niveau macroéconomique, s'intéresser aux conséquences de ces politiques sur les employés (la micro RSE) représente une approche novatrice (Rupp et al., 2006). En effet, les employés sont le noyau fonctionnel dans la réussite de la politique de RSE. Ils sont susceptibles d'évaluer et de réagir aux activités de RSE. Pour cela, la RSE peut être envisagée sous l'angle des théories de la justice organisationnelle (Rupp, 2011) afin d’explorer la nature de ces évaluations et de ces réactions. Plus particulièrement, grâce aux recherches sur la justice envers des tiers (DeCremer et van Hiel, 2006, Skarlicki et Kulik, 2005), il est possible d'étudier les perceptions des employés de la politique de leur entreprise envers les parties prenantes externes. Les employés peuvent ainsi juger la justice distributive, procédurale et interactionnelle de leur entreprise (Colquitt et al., 2001).L'objet de cette thèse est précisément d'étudier les conséquences des perceptions de justice envers les parties prenantes externes sur les attitudes et comportements des employés, notamment l'engagement organisationnel. Il est également important de comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents qui lient perception de justice des employés et leurs réactions attitudinales et comportementales car chaque employé est unique dans ses propres réactions psychologiques. Nous proposons ainsi d’intégrer la justice déontique avec d’autres mécanismes psychologiques en médiation ou en modération pour mieux expliquer l’engagement organisationnel. / While research on CSR has so far been largely developed at the macro level, looking at the impact of these policies on employees (individual level of analysis or micro CSR) is an innovative approach (Rupp et al., 2006). Indeed, the employees are the functional core in the success of the CSR policy. They are more likely to evaluate and react to CSR activities. CSR can be considered from the perspective of organizational justice theories (Rupp, 2011). In particular, through third-party justice research (DeCremer and van Hiel, 2006, Skarlicki and Kulik, 2005), it is possible to examine employees' perceptions of their organization's policy towards external stakeholders. Employees can judge the distributive, procedural and interactional justice of their organization (Colquitt et al., 2001).The purpose of this thesis is precisely to study the consequences of justice perceptions towards external stakeholders on employee attitudes and behaviors, including organizational commitment. It is also important to understand the mechanisms that link employees' perception of justice with their attitudinal and behavioral responses because each employee is unique in his own psychological reactions. We propose to integrate the deontic justice with other psychological mechanisms in mediation or moderation to better explain organizational commitment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosalina Brites de Assuncao.pdf: 1666468 bytes, checksum: d06f2a575fae1e9205521169ae939a22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper intends to investigate how an obligatory tone is constructed in the texts that materialize the Landless Workers Movement (MST) and the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) discourse about an educational proposal to the rural population. Our corpus is based on five texts that belong to the Dossiê MST School collection and two of the National Council of Education/MEC Resolutions: Resolution CEB/CNE nº 1/2002 and Resolution CEB/CNE nº2/2008. At first, the aim is to analyze the discourse strategies that both enunciators used in their discourses, to produce a demanding tone in the enunciation, permitting to outline the image which they construct of themselves in the discourse. Secondly, it seeks to discover, through the analysis of the heterogeneity enunciative of each discourse, the ideological position of the enunciators and to reveal their intention within their education proposal. The analysis was made according to the theoretical assumptions of the French line of the Discourse Analysis as presented in Maingueneau (2004, 2008), Orlandi (2007), Brandão (2004), Amossy (2005). The issues that focus on enunciation projection in the statements are linked to the ideas of the Enunciation theory, based on the studies of Benveniste (1989), Authier-Revuz (2004), Fiorin (1999). The linguistic modalization analysis is subsidized by the Functionalist theory according to Halliday (1985), Hengeveld (2004), Palmer (1986) and Neves (2007). The results demonstrate that the idea of obligation shown in both discourses is constructed in a different way. The enunciative organization shows that, in the MST discourse, the tone of obligation is more impositive, which at discourse surface, behaves as an emancipation role. In the governments discourse, MEC, the tone is less mandatory and has the paper to include the countrymen in the culture and values of the burgeoise society. However, the hypothesis which is intended to be proved is that the option for the mandatory tone used by both enunciators is a discourse strategy which is constituted as by a power dispute between equality and difference, in which the MEC discourse intends to silence the MST movement and the MST aims to unstable the State s Education proposal. / A presente pesquisa pretende investigar como se constrói o tom de obrigatoriedade em textos que materializam o discurso do MST e o do MEC sobre uma proposta de educação para a população do meio rural. Tomam-se como corpus de pesquisa cinco textos pertencentes à coletânea Dossiê MST Escola e duas Resoluções do Conselho Nacional de Educação/MEC: Resolução CEB/CNE nº 1/2002 e Resolução CEB/CNE nº2/2008. Num primeiro momento, busca-se analisar as estratégias discursivas que os enunciadores de ambos os discursos mobilizam para imprimir no enunciado o tom de obrigatoriedade que permite delinear a imagem que constroem de si no discurso. Num segundo momento, objetiva-se verificar, mediante a análise da heterogeneidade enunciativa de cada discurso, o posicionamento ideológico dos enunciadores e desvelar a intencionalidade de suas propostas de educação. Como fundamentação teórica para as análises adotam-se os pressupostos teóricos da análise do discurso de linha francesa, conforme os estudos de Maingueneau (2004, 2008), Orlandi (2007), Brandão (2004), Amossy (2005). Intervêm noções ligadas à teoria da enunciação, pelas quais se focalizam as questões da projeção da enunciação no enunciado, conforme os estudos de Benveniste (1989), Authier-Revuz (2004), Fiorin (1999). Para a análise da modalização linguística consideram-se os fundamentos da teoria funcionalista da linguagem, segundo Halliday (1985), Hengeveld (2004), Palmer (1986) e Neves (2007). Os resultados da análise apontam que a noção de obrigatoriedade nos dois discursos é construída de maneira diferenciada. No discurso do MST, a forma de organização dos enunciados revela que o tom de obrigatoriedade é mais impositivo, desempenhando, na superfície do discurso, um papel emancipatório. No discurso do MEC, esse tom é menos autoritário e tem o papel de incluir o homem do campo na cultura e nos valores da sociedade burguesa. Entretanto a hipótese que se procura comprovar é a de que a opção pelo tom de obrigatoriedade por ambos os enunciadores é uma estratégia discursiva que se constitui por um jogo de poder entre igualdade e diferença, em que o discurso oficial busca silenciar o discurso do movimento e o discurso do MST visa a desestabilizar a proposta de educação do Estado.

Due to vague boundaries, a diversity of meanings and variations of modal strength, the translation of modals might be challenging. This paper investigates the translation of the modal should in a text with recommendations on horse feeding. The translations of deontic and epistemic meanings of should expressing an obligation or necessity are analysed using a framework based on grammatical definitions and linguistic theory. The translation strategies are based on Reiss’ text typology and strategies recommended for informative and operative texts (2000), and Newmark’s communicative translation (1988). Also, procedures of Vinay & Darbelnet (1995) are used to describe some of the translations. The study reveals that majority of the examples are used in the deontic sense and that should is mostly translated as bör and ska. The high frequency of ska might be related to its flexibility and multifunctional properties. Possible translation problems involve differences in the interpretation, where a modal might come across as too strong or too weak to target readers. Another translation problem may arise if the chosen modal can be perceived as less moralising than intended. There are also ambiguous cases that could be said to have both deontic and epistemic meanings. The analysis shows how deontic and epistemic meanings can be determined by context. However, even though a deeper understanding of the topic and an evaluation of the context might support the translation choices, some ambiguity can still be said to remain. The paper concludes that the translation of modals requires thoughtful consideration. A thorough interpretation of meaning related to context and profound knowledge on the topic are equally important in the translation of should.

This thesis explores the extent to which the doxastic ‘should' is information-sensitive and the implications of this for a number of debates in normative epistemology. The doxastic ‘should' is a special case of the deontic modal ‘should' and occurs in sentences such as ‘You shouldn't believe everything you read online'. In the recent semantics literature, it has been suggested that the deontic ‘should' is information-sensitive, meaning that sentences of the form ‘S should do A' are relativized to information-states. After a short introductory chapter, I survey the relevant semantics literature in chapter 2 and provide a simplified contextualist semantics for the doxastic ‘should', according to which the truth-conditions of sentences containing the doxastic ‘should' vary with the information-state provided by their context of utterance. In chapters 3 to 6, I discuss the different kinds of information-states the doxastic ‘should' can be relativized to and how the respective relativization matters for normative epistemology. Chapter 3 argues that the doxastic ‘should' has a subjective and an objective sense and that this distinction solves the apparent conflict between subjective epistemic norms and the truth norm for belief. Chapter 4 addresses the question of how one should react to misleading higher-order evidence. I propose that two seemingly opposing views on this issue, Steadfastness and Concilliationism, are both correct. In a sense of ‘should' that is relativized to one's first-order evidence, one should remain steadfast in the face of misleading higher-order evidence, but in another sense, which is relativized to one's higher-order evidence, one shouldn't. In chapters 5 and 6, I argue that when we advise others on what they should believe, we talk about what they should believe in light of their and our joint evidence. Chapter 7 concludes this thesis with a defence of contextualist semantics for the doxastic ‘should' against truth-relativist challenges.

Orientador: Marize Mattos Dall'Aglio-Hattnher / Banca: Flávia Bezerra de Menezes Hirata Vale / Banca: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves / Resumo: Neste trabalho, sustenta-se a hipótese de que, em relações assimétricas entre falante e ouvinte, a posição hierárquica superior ocupada pelo falante favorece a interpretação de uma expressão volitiva como uma manifestação deôntica. Com base em uma abordagem funcional da modalidade, foram analisados verbos volitivos e verbos deônticos nos discursos proferidos pelo presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003 a 2006) a interlocutores com os quais mantém diferentes relações hierárquicas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) descrever a manifestação da volição, buscando sua caracterização como um subtipo deôntico ou como um tipo de modalidade; (ii) analisar a relação entre volição e ordem e descrever os efeitos de sentido decorrentes de seu emprego nesse tipo específico de interação e (iii) analisar a relação entre a ordem hierárquica dos interlocutores, a expressão e a interpretação da modalidade. Observou-se que verbos volitivos podem apresentar dois valores semânticos, correspondendo a uma interpretação prototipicamente volitiva e uma interpretação deôntica, quando um determinado conjunto de fatores sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos é preenchido. Pôde-se constatar também que volição constitui, de fato, um tipo de modalidade diferente da Modalidade deôntica. / Abstract: This work is based on the hypothesis that, in asymmetrical relationships between the speaker and the hearer, the upper hierarchical position occupied by the speaker favors the interpretation of a volitive expression as a deontic manifestation. Based on the functionalist approach of modality, the present thesis analyzes volitive verbs and deontic verbs in the speeches of Brazilian President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006), in situations in which hearers corresponded to different hierarchical degrees in relation to the speaker. Thus, the objectives of the present work are (i) to describe the manifestation of volition in an attempt to characterize it as a deontic subtype or as a type of modality; (ii) to analyze the relationship between volition and order and to describe the effects of meaning resulting from the use of these modal qualifications in this specific type of interaction and (iii) to analyze the relationship between the hierarchical order of the speakers, the expression and the interpretation of the modality. It is possible to observe that the volitive verbs can present two semantic values: a prototypically volitive interpretation and a deontic interpretation when a given set of syntactical, semantic and pragmatic aspects is reached. It is also possible to verify that the volition actually constitutes a type of modality which is different from the deontic modality. / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho objetiva analisar a modalidade deÃntica no discurso midiÃtico, sob o enfoque funcionalista, buscando integrar, na anÃlise, os componentes sintÃticos, semÃnticos e pragmÃticos, o que pressupÃe o estudo da lÃngua em uso efetivo. Dessa forma, procuramos estabelecer relaÃÃes entre os elementos que compÃem os vÃrios nÃveis com base no modelo proposto por Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008), na tentativa de observar e descrever os meios pelos quais se produzem os efeitos de sub/objetividade em relaÃÃo à construÃÃo discursiva no rÃdio e na televisÃo. Para isso, utilizamos o corpus REDIP - âRede de DifusÃo Internacional do PortuguÃs: rÃdio, televisÃo e imprensaâ, que foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto de LinguÃstica TeÃrica e Computacional (ILTEC), situado em Portugal. A anÃlise dos dados obtidos em relaÃÃo ao discurso midiÃtico revelou-nos que a instauraÃÃo dos valores deÃnticos se deu, com maior frequÃncia, na mÃdia televisiva, em geral, associados ao tema âopiniÃoâ, identificados como elementos do componente contextual. Dentre os valores deÃnticos, percebemos o predomÃnio da obrigaÃÃo, considerado como o prototÃpico dessa categoria. Em relaÃÃo à fonte e ao alvo deÃntico, percebemos uma tendÃncia de uso da fonte do tipo âenunciadorâ e de um alvo âterceiro-ausenteâ. Isso significa dizer que o falante se coloca, explÃcita ou implicitamente, na construÃÃo do seu enunciado, o que confere à categoria em questÃo um efeito de subjetividade. Todavia, com relaÃÃo à predominÃncia do tipo de alvo âterceiro-ausenteâ, observamos um efeito de distanciamento que cumpre o propÃsito de evitar o confronto com algum agente que poderia ser especificado. Por fim, verificamos que os auxiliares modais foram as formas de expressÃo mais frequentes no corpus e que as formas de expressÃo se relacionam diretamente com o meio de difusÃo. Ao final, estabelecemos uma proposta tipolÃgica que leva em consideraÃÃo a fonte e o alvo deÃntico, tendo em vista o uso (performativo/descritivo) dos modais deÃnticos. / This work aims at analyzing the deontic modality in the media discourse under the functionalist approach, seeking to integrate the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic components in the analysis, which implies the study of language in its effective usage. Thus, we sought to establish relations among the elements which compose the several levels based on the model proposed by Hengeveld and Mackenzie (2008), in the attempt to observe and describe the means through which the effects of sub/objectivity in relation to the discursive construction transmitted on the radio and on television are produced. For so, we utilized the corpus REDIP - âPortuguese International Broadcast Network: radio, television and pressâ, which was developed by the Theoretical and Computational Linguistics Institute (ILTEC), situated in Portugal. The analysis of the data obtained in relation to the media discourse revealed that the establishment of the deontic values occurred more frequently on the television media, usually associated to the theme âopinionâ, identified as elements of the contextual component. Among the deontic values, we observed the majority of obligation, as the prototype of this category. In relation to the source and to the deontic target, we noticed a tendency in the usage of the source from the enunciating type and also of a âthird-absentâ target. This means that the speaker puts him/herself, explicitly or implicitly in the construction of its enunciation, which confers the category in issue an effect of subjectivity. However, with respect to the predominance of the type of target "third-absentâ, we noticed a distancing effect that accomplishes the purpose of avoiding confrontation with any agent that could be specified. Finally, we verified that the auxiliary modals were the most frequent expressions in the corpus and that the means of expression are directly related to the type of broadcast. In the end, we established a typological proposal which takes into consideration the deontic source and the target, having in mind the (performative/descriptive) usage of the deontic modals.

This thesis discusses the translation of deontic modal verbs from Swedish to German. The materialfor the study includes two chapters from Ribbings Etikett by Magdalena Ribbing (2016), a non-fiction book about etiquette. The source text contains the Swedish modal verbs kunna, skola, böra, måste, vilja and få. Only böra and vilja were consistently translated into the same German modal verbs: sollten and wollen. The other modal verbs have been translated into various modal verbs, showing that modal verbsgenerally do not have a one-to-one correspondent. One example is the modal verb skola that istranslated into various German modal verbs such as sollten, sollen and müssen. Also, all types of modal verbs were sometimes translated into a passive modal construction (haben/sein+zu+infinitive) or to sentences lacking modality.The translation of modal verbs mainly depends on the strength of modality. A modal verbwith a weaker degree of obligation such as sollten was often used in recommendations instead ofthe stronger müssen. Occasionally, a passive construction was chosen instead of a modal verb, inorder to avoid repetition of a certain modal verb.

<p>Many computer systems in our daily life require highly available applications (such as medical equipment) and some others run on difficult to access places (such as satellites). These systems are subject to a variety of potential failures that may degrade their performance. Therefore, being able to reason about faults and their impact on systems is gaining considerable attention. Existing work on fault tolerance is mostly focused on addressing faults at the programming language level. In the recent past, significant efforts have been made to use formal methods to specify and verify fault tolerant systems to provide more reliable software. Related with this, some researchers have pointed out that Deontic Logic is useful for reasoning about fault tolerant systems due to its expressive nature in relation to defining norms, used to describe expected behaviour and prescribing what happens when these norms are violated.</p> <p>In this thesis, we demonstrate how Deontic Logic can be used to model an existing real world problem concerning fault tolerance mechanisms. We consider different situations that a vehicle faces on the road and the consequent reactions of the driver or vehicle based on good and bad behaviour. We got the idea and motivation for this case study from the SASPENCE sub-project, conducted under the European Integrated Project PReVENT. This sub-project focuses on a vehicle’s behaviour in maintaining safe speed and safe distance on the road. As our first modelling attempt, we use a Propositional Deontic Logic approach, to justify to what extent we can apply this Logical approach to model a real world problem. Subsequently, we use a First Order Deontic Logic approach, as it can incorporate the use of parameters and quantification over them, which is more useful to model real world scenarios.</p> <p>We state and prove some interesting expected properties of the models using a First Order proof system. Based on these modelling exercises, we acquired different engineering ideas and lessons, and present them in this thesis in order to aid modelling of future fault tolerant systems.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

This study investigates and discusses how two spiritual teachers from different parts of the world interact with their devotees, what the probable impacts of their interaction are, and whether they speak similarly or differently based on the use of modal auxiliary verbs and pronouns. Linguistically speaking, the mystics mostly have to address their audience/readers in a particular manner with expressions which represent certainty, possibility, obligation and so on; thus, a study of such is necessary and modal auxiliary verbs represent such expressions. The two primary texts were chosen based on contemporary work and popularity. One of the texts was authored by Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, a spiritual teacher, an international spokesperson and a popular author. The other text was by Eckhart Tolle, a spiritual teacher and best-selling author. A corpus-assisted discourse approach was taken while looking into modal auxiliary verbs and their pronoun bigrams using Ant-Conc and Log-likelihood Calculator. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were taken for the analysis.  Findings suggest three things. First, both authors use similar types of modal verbs (epistemic) in most cases. Second, after comparing the type of modal verbs (epistemic/deontic) significant differences are observed. When the authors use epistemic modals, the choice of bigrams addresses different audience types and the way they approach a concept is different. Sadhguru (2020) addresses the general audience/readers whereas Tolle (2004) addresses the readers who need spiritual guidance. Finally, the choice of modal verbs represents mostly certainty that keeps the mood of the book calm and content for the readers. To sum up, spiritual teachers mostly speak from their experience and represent the expression of certainty and possibility though they address their readers differently.