In the first chapter natural, human and capital resources of Egyptian economy are characterized. In the second chapter the changes in economic policy after 1952 are described, from the era of Arabic socialism to the present period of economic transformation. The third chapter deals with the privatization process. In the fourth chapter deregulation of the economy is described, especially the land reform, the banking sector reform, monetary and fiscal policy. The fifth chapter deals with the process of opening of the econimy, thus liberalization of foreign trade and investmendd is described. The sixth and last chapter is focused on the structural changes in particular sectors of economy.

The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the regulation and manner of deregulation in the Czech Republic. The first part describes regulation in general and interest groups approach to the deregulation of rents. In society there are many myths about rent control that are overturned at work. The rent control in the Czech Republic, the legal framework of regulation and regulation impacts are discussed in next part of the work. Then are described the impacts and possible ways of solving problems associated with deregulation. Ways of rent deregulation in selected foreign countries are compared with the way deregulation in the Czech Republic. In the practical part are analysed revenues and expenditures of owner of real estate property during the regulated years and modelled an example of fair rents made with regard to the cost of tenant and lessor.

M.Ing. / Traditionally, the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) organisational structure consisted of generating plant, transmission and distribution networks, a regulating authority and network control, all vertically integrated into single organisational structure. The result of the vertically integrated organisational structure, in other words an organisation where all the functions belong to a single organisation, and some of the organisation's functions are not the sole responsibility of one specific functional area, has been a captive market for the industry. No real market forces existed to control the industry. The responsibility for the industry was traditionally left in the hands of a single organisation, accountable only to the regulating authority. However, the industry has recently been subjected to incredible pressure to reform. The incentive to reform is based on various factors, ranging from sound business decisions, the need to reduce government debt, reduction of primary energy cost for key industries to political pressure. A common thread throughout the reform exercise is the requirement that competition must be introduced into the ESI to ensure market forces on the industry. To introduce competition into the industry, the authorities often start by unbundling the different functions in the industry. The second step is to identify the functions that can only operate effectively as a monopoly. The authorities then need to determine the optimum balance between regulatory rules and requirements and market forces on the. industry. By introducing the optimum balance between industry regulation, market forces and the specific needs of each country, the changes in the industry may result in long term gain for the industry's host country. The gains are often measured in reduced electricity cost and growth in industries dependant on the ESI as a primary energy source. The study incorporates a wide range of issues, starting with the drivers behind the deregulation effort through management tools to regulatory rules and requirements in the deregulated environment. The study evaluates the risks and benefits of the deregulated market, and examines the tools adopted from the financial markets and used in the new electricity markets. The requirement for regulatory rules will be evident throughout the dissertation, and will be discussed in detail in the final chapter. The study is concluded with the message that the common factors and resultant solutions are of such a nature that it would not be necessary to develop a new set of rules, regulations and management tools for a country starting down the road of deregulation. It would however be required to determine the needs of the industry's host country and to adapt the current tools and regulatory rules to the country it is implemented in. The final outcome of the dissertation is that the post-deregulated industry has only just started operating under the new regulatory regime and using the newly developed electricity markets. The industry is still subject to a severe learning curve, adapting and developing daily to satisfy the needs of a deregulated industry. There are sections of the industry that still need to be examined and optimised. However, the success of some of the deregulation efforts in the industry, and especially the deregulation in the UK confidently underwrite any equivalent exercise in the ESI.

The purpose of this study has been to investigate how the deregulation of the agent license has affected football players' experiences of agents in general, the trust in agents and the experience of the agents' competence and professionalism. To gain an understanding of the football players' experiences, the Rational Choice theory was chosen, where the Principal Agent theory was used to explain the results of the study. Previous research that dealt with competence and professionalism in the agent industry, trust and confidence between the player-agent and research on the deregulation of the agent license and the agent regulations were also used to explain the football players' experiences.  To investigate the football players' experiences, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six professional football players who were active in either Allsvenskan, Superettan or in foreign professional leagues by the 2020 season at the latest. Five of the interviews were conducted on Zoom and one through a physical meeting where the recording was performed in the mobile application AVR X. The study shows that the interviewees perceive the agents who were licensed before the deregulation of the agent license and the agent regulations as more professional and competent than agents or intermediaries who became active after the deregulation.  The interviewees who have had agents for longer periods experience greater trust and confidence in agents in general than players who have had longer periods without agents. The study also shows that these players to a greater extent perceive agents as competent enough to trust them to handle their negotiations with clubs and sponsors. On the other hand, most of the interviewed players are negative in regards of signing contracts with agents. The study showed an interesting aspect regarding external influence on the interviewed players' opinions about agents, namely that although they can be influenced by the sports director's opinions but mainly because negative publicity of the agent can lead to bad relationship with the employer and possibly affect the player's career. The interviewed players can be influenced by other players' opinions about the agent, but in the end, their own opinion and relationship with the agent is most important. Media is the external factor that affects the interviewed players' opinions about agents the least.    Key words: deregulation of the agent license, trust, competence, professionalism. / Syftet i denna studie har varit att undersöka hur avregleringen av agentlicensen har påverkat fotbollsspelares upplevelser av agenter överlag, förtroendet till agenter samt upplevelsen av agenternas kompetens och professionalitet. För att få förståelse av fotbollsspelarnas upplevelser valdes Rational Choice teorin där Principal-agent teorin användes för att förklara studiens resultat. Tidigare forskning som behandlade kompetens och professionalitet i agentbranschen, förtroende och tillit mellan spelaren-agenten samt forskning om agentlicensens och agentreglementets avreglering användes också för att förklara fotbollsspelarnas upplevelser.  För att undersöka fotbollsspelarnas upplevelser utfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex professionella fotbollsspelare som var senast säsongen 2020 aktiva i antingen Allsvenskan, Superettan eller i utländska professionella ligor. Fem av intervjuerna utfördes på Zoom och en genom en fysisk träff där inspelningen utfördes i mobilapplikationen AVR X.   Studien visar att intervjupersonerna upplever agenterna som var licensierade innan agentlicensens och agentreglementets avreglering som mer professionella och kompetenta än agenter eller förmedlare som blev aktiva efter avregleringen.  Intervjuade spelare som har haft agenter längre perioder upplever större förtroende och tillit för agenter överlag än intervjuade spelare som har längre perioder valt att vara utan agenter. Studien visar även att dessa spelare i större utsträckning upplever agenter som tillräckligt kompetenta för att lita på dem att sköta deras förhandlingar med klubbar och sponsorer. Å andra sidan är majoriteten av de intervjuade spelarna negativa till att skriva avtal med agenter.  Undersökningen visade en intressant aspekt gällande yttre påverkan på de intervjuade spelarnas åsikter om agenter, nämligen att visserligen kan de påverkas av sportchefens åsikter men främst på grund av att negativ publicitet av agenten kan leda till dålig relation till arbetsgivaren och eventuellt påverka spelarens karriär. Intervjupersonerna kan påverkas av andra spelarnas åsikter om agenten, men i slutändan är den egna åsikten och relationen till agenten viktigast. Media är den yttre faktorn som påverkar de intervjuade spelarnas åsikter om agenter minst.  Nyckelbegrepp: avreglering av agentlicensen, förtroende, kompetens, professionalitet.

Background: Environmental exposures acting through different mechanisms have been linked with a number of cancers. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals affecting estrogen homeostasis. Objectives: We examined the association between PFCs and a group of estrogen related cancers and explored if increased non-occupational exposure was associated with increased odds of developing these cancers. We also explored which of these chemical exposures was more correlated with each cancer. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we selected participants ≥ 20 years of age. Our outcome variable was presence or absence of breast, prostate, ovarian and uterine cancer (yes/no); our exposure variables were serum PFCs. Logistic regression models were used in investigating the association between PFCs and cancer types and between quartiles of PFCs exposure concentrations and presence or absence of cancer while adjusting for covariates. Discriminant analysis was used to assess the correlation between individual PFCs compounds and individual cancer types. Results: PFCs were associated with increased odds of ovarian cancer; PFOA: 1.02(1.01, 1.02), PFOS: 1.01 (1.012, 1.013), PFHS 1.031 (1.030, 1.033), PFDE: 1.29(1.27, 1.30) and increased odds of breast cancer; PFOA: 1.089(1.089, 1.09), PFOS: 1.011(1.011, 1.011), PFNA: 1.031(1.030, 1.033), PFHS: 1.02 (1.02, 1.02), PFDE: 1.19(1.18, 1.19). PFCs were not associated with increased odds of prostate or uterine cancers. Comparing the odds in quartile 4 to quartile 1 for ovarian cancer, PFOA: 1.77(1.75,1.79), PFOS: 2.25(2.22, 2.28), PFHS: 1.86(1.84, 1.88), PFDE: 2.11(2.09, 2.14). For breast cancer, PFOA: 2.30(2.28, 2.31), PFOS: 1.47(1.46, 1.48), PFNA: 1.04(1.03, 1.05), PFHS:7.07(6.97,7.17), PFDE: 1.38(1.37, 1.39). PFOA was more correlated with breast cancer (0.7) and PFHS was more correlated with ovarian cancer (0.9). Discussion: PFCs were associated with increased odds of ovarian and breast cancers with a positive dose-response relationship. PFOA was more correlated with breast cancer and PFHS more with ovarian cancer.

After an unfortunate series of accidents in the mid 1930’s the Air Transport Association (ATA) lobbied Congress for regulation of the industry. The ATA claimed that unfair competition was endangering the public safety. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and gave the CAB the authority to regulate the industry. During the regulation era airline ridership increased and safety improved. During the regulation period, opportunity for comparing the safety record of the regulated industry with the record of the unregulated portions of the industry was limited. The few attempts made rendered inconclusive results. During a period of high inflation and high interest rates in the 1970’s interest in deregulating the airlines arose. With passage of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, interest in the effects of regulation on airline safety was renewed. More than a decade has passed since deregulation. The industry has continued to improve its safety record during the deregulation period. The question remains: "How has deregulation affected airline safety?" In this study records of airline accidents and incidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board are examined. The occurrences are divided into those with causes that are under the airlines control and those that are not under their control. Those under the airlines control are regressed against time and a dummy variable for deregulation. The possible effects of airline profitability on the results are also explored. The results indicate that deregulation had an adverse effect on airline safety. The effects of alternative formulations are also examined. The effect though statistically significant is small. It does not suggest the need to return to a regulated airline industry. But, it does suggest the need for additional research into the connection between airline safety and competition.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第19466号 / 経博第535号 / 新制||経||277(附属図書館) / 32502 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 文 世一, 教授 森 知也, 教授 依田 高典 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This study reviews the competition and productivity of the U.S. freight transportation industry for the past 41 years. This study investigated the trends of HHI market concentration index values and labor productivity values of rail and truck sectors and tried to find any relationships between the two values in the separate periods before and after the abolishment of the ICC. This study also investigated how the existence of a regulatory body impacted productivity of the freight transportation industry by using a Cobb Douglas production function on annual financial statement data in the U.S. stock exchange market. This study found that: while the truck sector became more competitive after the abolishment of the ICC, the rail sector became less competitive, both sectors had a strong positive correlation between HHI and labor productivity, and the ICC’s abolishment resulted in positive changes of total factor productivity for the truck sector only.

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