abstract: The State of California has made great strides in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through mandated, rate-payer funded Investor Owned Utility (IOU) electricity Demand Side Management (DSM) programs. This study quantifies the amount of reduced GHG emissions in Arizona that result from DSM in that state, as well as the DSM reductions within Southern California Edison (SCE), Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E;), and San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E;) during the 2010 through 2012 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) DSM program cycle. To accomplish this quantification, it develops a model to allocated GHG emissions based on "operating margin" resources requirements specific to each utility in order to effectively track, monitor, and quantify avoided emissions from grid-based utility resources. The developed model estimates that during the 2010-2012 program cycle, 5,327.12 metric tons (MT) of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) in GHG reductions (or 1.8 percent of total reductions) can be attributed to reduced demand from Arizona--based resources by California IOUs. By focusing on the spatial context of GHG emission reductions, this study models and quantifies the spill-over effect of California's regulatory environment into neighboring states. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression by targeting mRNAs and triggering either translation repression or RNA degradation. Several groups pointed out that miRNAs play a major role in several diseases, including cancer. This is assumed since the expression level of several miRNAs differs between normal and cancerous cells. Further, it has been shown that miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation and cell death. Because of this role it is suspected that miRNAs could serve as biomarkers to improve tumor classification, therapy selection, or prediction of survival. In this context, it is questioned, among other things, whether miRNA deregulations in cancer cells occur according to some pattern or in a rather random order. With this work we contribute to answering this question by adapting two approaches (Beerenwinkel et al. (J Comput Biol, 2005) and Höglund et al. (Gene Chromosome Canc, 2001)), developed to derive graph models of oncogenesis for chromosomal imbalances, to miRNA expression data and applying them to a breast cancer data set. Further, we evaluated the results by comparing them to results derived from randomly altered versions of the used data set. We could show that miRNA deregulations most likely follow a rough temporal order, i.e. some deregulations occur early and some occur late in cancer progression. Thus, it seems to be possible that the expression level of some miRNAs can be used as indicator for the stage of a tumor. Further, our results suggest that the over expression of mir-21 as well as mir-102 are initial events in breast cancer oncogenesis. Additionally, we identified a set of miRNAs showing a cluster-like behavior, i.e. their deregulations often occur together in a tumor, but other deregulations are less frequently present. These miRNAs are let-7d, mir-10b, mir-125a, mir-125b, mir-145, mir-206, and mir-210. Further, we could confirm the strong relationship between the expression of mir-125a and mir-125b.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ramón Vicente Garcia Fernandez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2018. / A tese parte da hipótese de que o processo de desregulamentação do setor aéreo seguido pela introdução de diversas inovações revolucionaram a estrutura do mercado da aviação nacional. O setor de aviação comercial enfrenta no Brasil um exitoso, embora difícil, processo de transição: de um modelo de negócios voltado às elites para uma relativa popularização do acesso ao transporte aéreo. A aviação comercial brasileira está se tornando, aos poucos, o que sempre deveria ter sido: um modal de transporte de massa. O objetivo desta tese é analisar as transformações que a aviação comercial brasileira presenciou nas últimas décadas. A partir do processo de desregulamentação do setor observou-se a introdução de um novo paradigma de consumo: a passagem aérea de preço acessível e o consequente aumento do número de passageiros transportados por aviões nos últimos anos. Uma série de inovações ¿ de paradigma, de produtos, de processos ¿ junto com inovações tecnológicas e mercadológicas possibilitaram a expansão e o crescimento da aviação comercial no Brasil. Ao mesmo tempo, empresas novas surgiram no mercado enquanto as grandes empresas aéreas do passado sucumbiram por não se adaptarem aos novos tempos. A tese traça um sucinto histórico do desenvolvimento da aviação comercial no mundo e no Brasil. Analisa detalhadamente o modelo low cost/low fare (baixos custos e baixas tarifas), criado pioneiramente nos Estados Unidos e trazido ao Brasil em 2001 pela empresa aérea GOL, modelo de negócios fundamental para a revolução ocorrida nos céus brasileiros e alhures. A tese também analisa de acordo com a teoria baseada em recursos, as trajetórias das quatro maiores empresas aéreas atualmente operando no país. Trata ainda da questão do mercado e da concorrência, não se esquecendo de analisar as causas e as consequências da crise que tais empresas estão enfrentando nos últimos anos. Durante todo o texto é perceptível a importância das novas percepções de tempo e de espaço junto com a convicção da importância que as inovações trouxeram e ainda trazem para o desenvolvimento da aviação comercial. / The thesis of the hypothesis that the airline industry deregulation process followed by the introduction of several innovations have revolutionized the structure of the domestic aviation market. The commercial aviation industry faces in Brazil a successful, although difficult transition process: a business model geared to the elite for a relative popularization of access to air travel. The Brazilian commercial aviation is becoming gradually, which should always have been: a mass transportation mode. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the transformations that Brazilian commercial aviation witnessed in recent decades. From the process of deregulation of the sector there was the introduction of a new paradigm of consumption: the airfare affordable and a consequent increase in the number of passengers transported by aircraft in recent years. A series of innovations - paradigm, products, processes - along with technological and market innovations made possible the expansion and growth of commercial aviation in Brazil. At the same time, new companies emerged in the market while large airlines in the past succumbed not adapt to changing times. The thesis outlines a brief history of commercial aviation development in the world and Brazil. Detailed analysis of the model low cost / low fare (low costs and low fares), created pioneered in the United States and brought to Brazil in 2001 by the airline GOL, fundamental business model for the race revolution in Brazil and elsewhere heavens. The thesis also analyzes according to the theory based on resources, the trajectories of the four largest airlines currently operating in the country. Also deals with the issue of market and competition, not forgetting to analyze the causes and consequences of the crisis that these companies are facing in recent years. Throughout the text is noticeable the importance of new perceptions of time and space along with the conviction of the importance of the innovations brought and still bring to the development of commercial aviation.

Orientador: Leda Maria Caira Gitahy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus_ClaudianaGuedesde_M.pdf: 909407 bytes, checksum: bce77f8dc24db4cee1ac5a0c104d0872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar as transformações da aviação comercial brasileira durante a década de 1990 e suas conseqüências para o mercado de trabalho do setor. A reestruturação da aviação comercial mundial se inicia com o processo de desregulamentação do transporte aéreo a partir de 1978 nos Estados Unidos. A desregulamentação teve como objetivo abrir o mercado e incentivar a concorrência, mas teve como conseqüência uma onda de privatizações, fusões, aquisições e alianças entre as companhias aéreas que levaram a uma grande concentração no mercado internacional. Como parte desta reestruturação destacamos a reorganização dos serviços das companhias e as inovações introduzidas nos equipamentos. No Brasil, o processo de flexibilização da regulamentação começa no início dos anos 1990. A política de competição controlada, que se caracteriza por uma forte intervenção estatal no controle de rotas e tarifas, vigente desde os anos 1960 é gradativamente abandonada. Ao longo dos anos 1990 assistimos à abertura do mercado e ao abandono do controle tarifário. Como conseqüência observamos um intenso movimento de entrada e saída de companhias aéreas resultando na concentração do setor. No período estudado ocorreu uma grande elevação das atividades do setor concomitante a redução do emprego, dos salários e do tempo de serviço, indicando uma maior instabilidade no mercado de trabalho da aviação comercial brasileira. Observamos ainda uma significativa redução de custos com pessoal por parte das companhias aéreas / Abstract: The objective of this master dissertation is to study transformations in the Brazilian Commercial A viation during the decade of 1990, and its consequences for the labor market in the sector. The reorganization of world-wide commercial aviation begins in 1978 with the process of air transportation deregulation in the United States. This deregulation process was targeted to opening the market and stimulating competition, but had as a consequence a wave of privatizations, fusions, acquisitions and alliances among aeronautical companies that led to a great concentration in the intemational market. Within this reorganization, we emphasize the reorganization of companies' services and innovations introduced in the equipment. In Brazil, the flexibilization process of the regulation starts in the beginning of 1990s. The policy of controlled competition, defined by a strong state intervention in routes and tariffs control, effective since the 1960s, is gradually abandoned. During the 90s, we may see the opening of the market and the abandonment ofthe tariff control. As a consequence we observe an intense movement of entrance and exit of aeronautical companies resulting in the concentration of the sector. In the studied period a great rise of the activities concomitant with the employment, wages and time of service reduction occurred, indicating a bigger instability in the Brazilian commercial aviation labor market. We may also observe a significant labor costs reduction made by companies / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

M.Comm. / This study is to investigate the derivatives instruments used in other international deregulated electricity markets and how some of these may be used to manage risks incurred in a local Electricity Supply Industry after deregulation. To determine which of the derivatives may be used in the South African market as the most effective hedging instrument. To determine which is most effective will be determined by the contribution to the income of the market participant.

This master´s thesis deals with the coefficents of difference for map of rent in Blansko. The main aim of this thesis is to describe the historical development of regulated rents from the interwar period to the present. It is the aim of this thesis to establish a system of coefficients that will lead to solving the problem of determining the market rent after deregulation. This problem was solved on the basis of statistical processing created database offers rentals in Blansko. The result is an equation transformed into a program in which the assessment of individual coefficients of difference is to calculate market rent.

La protéine D393-CD20, codée par un transcrit alternatif du gène cd20 découvert au laboratoire en 2010, est expriméedans les lymphocytes B (LB) tumoraux et surexprimée lors de résistance et rechute aux traitements par Rituximab(Henry et al, Blood 2010).Lors de nos travaux, cinq variants alternatifs de cd20, homologues à la séquence sauvage mais délétés d'une portioninterne, ont été identifiés par séquençage à partir de LB tumoraux. En plus de D393-CD20, 4 nouveaux variantsexistent : D657-, D618-, D480- et D177-CD20.Les variants D657- et D618-CD20 sont faiblement exprimés dans les LB de donneurs sains et surexprimés lors de lasurvenue de pathologies impliquant les LB, alors que D393-CD20 n'est exprimé que dans les LB tumoraux.L'étude par PCR quantitative du profil d'épissage de patients atteints de pathologies B ainsi que chez des donneurssains, a révélé une dérégulation de l'épissage de cd20 lors de la survenue de pathologies impliquant le LB.L'expression spécifique aux LB tumoraux de D393-CD20 suggère une dérégulation spécifique de l'épissage lors de lasurvenue de cancers, particulièrement au niveau des centres germinatifs.Si nos modèles in vitro de résistance démontrent que la présence de D393-CD20 n'est pas directement associée à larésistance aux AcMo, nous avons montré que ces derniers peuvent moduler l'épissage de cd20 par l'intermédiaire devoies de signalisation intra cellulaires.Ces résultats ouvrent donc la voie à une étude plus approfondie du potentiel biomarqueur et du rôle pronostique de la dérégulation de l'épissage du gène codant CD20, cible prépondérante des stratégies thérapeutiques des pathologies impliquant le lymphocyte B. / D393-CD20 is a protein encoded by an alternatively spliced transcript of human cd20 gene, expressed only on tumoralB lymphocyte (Henry et al, Blood2010).Based on this results, we decided to study the cd20 splicing in pathologies involving B cells.During this work, we identified 5 cd20 alternative transcripts, among them the D393-CD20 variant. The 4 others werenamed according to their size: D657-, D618-, D480- and D177-CD20.D657- and D618-CD20 are weakly expressed in healthy donor and overexpressed in pathologies involving Blymphocytes, whereas D393-CD20 is only expressed in B malignancies.Splicing pattern of patients suffering from pathologies involving B lymphocyte (cancers, auto-immune diseases, EBVinfection) were performed by quantitative PCR, and these patterns revealed a splicing deregulation in these pathologieswith a higher proportion of alternative variants compared with healthy dormors.The observation of a specifie expression of D393-CD20 in tumoral cells suggests a splicing deregulation associatedwith oncogenesis, particularly in lymphoma derived from germinal center.If in our in vitro models, no direct correlation between D393-CD20 expression and resistances to anti-CD20 antibodiestreatments hâve been observed, when shown that these antibodies induced cd20 splicing modulation.These results open the way to a deeper study to determine the interest ofcd20 splicing deregulation as a biomarker, andthe impact of theses deregulations on CD20 protein expression since these protein is a preponderant target of therapeuticstrategies used in pathologies involving B cells.

Den här studien handlar om varför små företag väljer att inte anlita en revisor och vad somskulle få dem att göra det. Revisionsplikten avskaffades i november 2010 och detta gjorde attsmå aktiebolag som omfattas av revisionspliktens avskaffande får välja om de vill behålla sinrevisor eller inte. Efter revisionspliktens avskaffande uppstod det både positiva och negativaeffekter för de företag som är inblandade samt deras intressenter. Syftet med vårt arbete är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet att anlita en revisoreller inte. Tidigare studier visar att det är en kostnadsfråga då kostnaden varit högre än denupplevda nyttan. De företag vi ska analysera är företag som aktivt har gjort ett val att väljabort revision. Det vill säga företag som fanns innan revisionspliktens avskaffande och haromfattats av revisionsplikten tidigare. Studien behandlar små aktiebolag i Västernorrland och har genomförts med enkäter. Urvaletgjordes utifrån en lista från Bolagsverket över alla små företags organisationsnummer iVästernorrland som inte anlitar en revisor och som berörs av revisionspliktens avskaffande.Totalt uppfyllde 877 företag våra krav och efter en genomgång av 754 företag fann vi 200giltiga e-postadresser. Detta berodde på att många av företagen inte hade någon e-postadressoch att många inte längre var i bruk. Av dessa 200 företag var det 39 stycken (19 %) somsvarade på enkäten. Studien visar att det inte enbart är en kostnadsfråga för företagen när det gäller att anlita enrevisor eller inte. Generellt anses det att företagen inte får ut något mervärde av revisionen, dåden anses överflödig, eftersom de flesta av företagen redan anlitar en redovisningsfirma somgör årsredovisningen åt dem. I vissa andra fall beror det på att företaget redan besitterkunskap inom redovisning vilket gör att revisionen även då anses överflödig. De störstaanledningarna till att företagen skulle kunna tänka sig anlita en revisor var att intressenternakan kräva det eller för att känna trygghet inför myndigheter. / This study looks at why small companies choose not to hire an auditor and what would makethem do it. The audit deregulation was abolished in November 2010 which allowed smallcompanies to choose whether or not to hire an auditor. After the audit deregulation arose bothpositive and negative effects for the companies involved and their interest. The aim of our work is to identify the factors that influence the choice to hire an auditor ornot. Previously studies show that there is a cost issue when the cost was higher than theperceived benefits. The companies we shall analyze are the companies who have activelymade a choice to opt out audit. That is, companies that existed before the audit deregulationand has been subject to audit requirement before. The study deals with small companies in Västernorrland and has been conducted withquestionnaires. The sample was selected from a list from Bolagsverket of all small businessorganizations in Västernorrland who do not hire an auditor and who is affected by the auditderegulation. A total of 877 businesses met our requirements and after a review of 754businesses we found 200 valid e-mail addresses. This was because many of the companieshad no e-mail address and that many were no longer in use. Out of these 200 companies wegot 39 replies on our survey (19 %). The study shows that it is not explicit a matter of cost whether or not to hire an auditor.Generally, it is considered that the companies do not receive any added value of the audit, asit is considered redundant, since most of the companies already employ an accounting firmthat makes the annual accounts for them. In some other cases it is because the companyalready possesses expertise in accounting, which means that the audit would be consideredredundant. The main reasons why companies would consider hiring an auditor was becausethe interested parties would demand it or to feel secure with the authorities.

Den här studien handlar om varför små företag väljer att inte anlita en revisor och vad som skulle få dem att göra det. Revisionsplikten avskaffades i november 2010 och detta gjorde att små aktiebolag som omfattas av revisionspliktens avskaffande får välja om de vill behålla sin revisor eller inte. Efter revisionspliktens avskaffande uppstod det både positiva och negativa effekter för de företag som är inblandade samt deras intressenter.Syftet med vårt arbete är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet att anlita en revisor eller inte. Tidigare studier visar att det är en kostnadsfråga då kostnaden varit högre än den upplevda nyttan. De företag vi ska analysera är företag som aktivt har gjort ett val att välja bort revision. Det vill säga företag som fanns innan revisionspliktens avskaffande och har omfattats av revisionsplikten tidigare.Studien behandlar små aktiebolag i Västernorrland och har genomförts med enkäter. Urvalet gjordes utifrån en lista från Bolagsverket över alla små företags organisationsnummer i Västernorrland som inte anlitar en revisor och som berörs av revisionspliktens avskaffande. Totalt uppfyllde 877 företag våra krav och efter en genomgång av 754 företag fann vi 200 giltiga e-postadresser. Detta berodde på att många av företagen inte hade någon e-postadress och att många inte längre var i bruk. Av dessa 200 företag var det 39 stycken (19 %) som svarade på enkäten.Studien visar att det inte enbart är en kostnadsfråga för företagen när det gäller att anlita en revisor eller inte. Generellt anses det att företagen inte får ut något mervärde av revisionen, då den anses överflödig, eftersom de flesta av företagen redan anlitar en redovisningsfirma som gör årsredovis-ningen åt dem. I vissa andra fall beror det på att företaget redan besitterkunskap inom redovisning vilket gör att revisionen även då anses överflödig. De största anledningarna till att företagen skulle kunna tänka sig anlita en revisor var att intressenterna kan kräva det eller för att känna trygghet inför myndigheter. / This study looks at why small companies choose not to hire an auditor and what would make them do it. The audit deregulation was abolished in November 2010 which allowed small companies to choose whether or not to hire an auditor. After the audit deregulation arose both positive and negative effects for the companies involved and their interest.The aim of our work is to identify the factors that influence the choice to hire an auditor or not. Previously studies show that there is a cost issue when the cost was higher than the perceived benefits. The companies we shall analyze are the companies who have actively made a choice to opt out audit. That is, companies that existed before the audit deregulation and has been subject to audit requirement before.The study deals with small companies in Västernorrland and has been conducted with questionnaires. The sample was selected from a list from Bolagsverket of all small business organizations in Västernorrland who do not hire an auditor and who is affected by the audit deregulation. A total of 877 businesses met our requirements and after a review of 754 businesses we found 200 valid e-mail addresses. This was because many of the companieshad no e-mail address and that many were no longer in use. Out of these 200 companies we got 39 replies on our survey (19 %).The study shows that it is not explicit a matter of cost whether or not to hire an auditor. Generally, it is considered that the companies do not receive any added value of the audit, as it is considered redundant, since most of the companies already employ an accounting firm that makes the annual accounts for them. In some other cases it is because the company already possesses expertise in accounting, which means that the audit would be considered redundant. The main reasons why companies would consider hiring an auditor was because the interested parties would demand it or to feel secure with the authorities.

Liberalization and privatization of the electricity industry is one of the most important processes in the few last years. Even when the electricity market is fully open, substantial barriers to competition often remain. These barriers are refusal of access to the market, the lack of capacity in interconnectors and long-term contracts. The process of liberalization has shown that a third-party access to the network is a critical and important factor in ensuring a real and effective liberalization of the market. The process of liberalization has also supported new ways and forms of energy trading including financial contracts instead of purely physical contracts for the delivery of electricity. It is a question if the benefits of liberalization of the electricity industry compared with a regulated private monopoly or public monopoly were profitable. Someone could argue that the liberalization of electricity tends to bring benefit to monopoly structures and increase prices of electricity in industry. This work tries to present the pros and cons of liberalization in the electricity industry while taking in consideration the best means of making the liberatization as much profitable and useful as possible.