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The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge of children´s exploration and conversing during an experiment consisting of mixing and separating. The study was conducted on the basis of an inductive and qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews were used as a method. A socio-cultural perspective was used as it is the children´s exploration and conversing about a scientific content that is in focus. The collected data was analyzed with inspiration from a phenomenographic analysis model. The result shows that the children asked questions and made descriptions regarding the content of the experiment, but there were also questions that were not about the scientific content of the activity. The children compared the different processes mixing and separating with more everyday events and their conceptual use increased during the course of the experiment and this after they had been introduced to them. The conclusions show that the active role of the interviewer was crucial for the visibility of the scientific content of the activity.

Documenting business processes using process models is common practice in many organizations. However, not all process information is best captured in process models. Hence, many organizations complement these models with textual descriptions that specify additional details. The problem with this supplementary use of textual descriptions is that existing techniques for automatically searching process repositories are limited to process models. They are not capable of taking the information from textual descriptions into account and, therefore, provide incomplete search results. In this paper, we address this problem and propose a technique that is capable of searching textual as well as model-based process descriptions. It automatically extracts activity-related and behavioral information from both descriptions types and stores it in a unified data format. An evaluation with a large Austrian bank demonstrates that the additional consideration of textual descriptions allows us to identify more relevant processes from a repository.

Cette thèse propose des techniques de compression vidéo robuste dans un contexte de codage multi-terminal. Nous proposons des schémas de codage par descriptions multiples basés sur des filtres temporels dyadiques et 3-bandes appliqués sur des séquences sous-échantillonnées. Nous commençons par présenter plusieurs méthodes pour construire des descriptions corrélées à partir de ces bancs de filtres. Puis, pour augmenter leur robustesse et leur stabilité au cours du temps, nous proposons d'introduire un codec Wyner-Ziv au sein de ces schémas redondants : les trames qui en principe ne sont pas transmises dans une description sont ici codées en Wyner-Ziv. Pour réduire la redondance, nous proposons d'appliquer un filtrage temporel compensé en mouvement sur les trames codées en Wyner-Ziv pour ne transmettre que les sous-bandes de basses fréquences. Ensuite, nous proposons un schéma de codage par descriptions multiples avec information adjacente basé sur une quantification scalaire à descriptions multiples (MDSQ). Dans un premier temps, les indices générés par la MDSQ sont codés séparément par un codeur de Slepian-Wolf et décodés séparément à l'aide d'une information adjacente qui sert également à la reconstruction des coefficients. Dans un deuxième temps, un décodage croisé est proposé pour décoder conjointement les indices et ainsi profiter de la redondance entre les descriptions. Enfin, nous proposons d'améliorer la robustesse en codage vidéo distribué tout en conservant de bonnes performances débit-distorsion en structurant la séquence d'origine en groupes d'images, chacun contenant une trame clé et une trame codée en Wyner-Ziv. Pour chaque trame, deux descriptions sont générées par un quantificateur scalaire à descriptions multiples. Cette technique permet d'obtenir deux descriptions équilibrées contenant chacune une information partielle sur chaque trame dans la vidéo d'origine. Au décodeur central, le décodage itératif de deux descriptions avec information adjacente est utilisé. Nous étudions alors l'influence du décodage croisé et du taux de redondance sur les performances.

<p>Cultural bias in health assessment has been asserted in various scientific reports. The aim of this study was to determine whether ethnicity effects how patients are represented in such medical certificates that are needed to obtain a certain Swedish social insurance. The setting was an analysis of 18 medical certificates for patients whose parents were born in Sweden, respectively of 18 medical certificates of patients whose parents immigrated to Sweden from non European countries. The main objective was comparison of the two groups to test for ethnical heteronormative representations of the patients and their parents. The method used is mainly based on critical discourse analysis in combination with Fowlers (1996) semantic tools used to decipher disparity in the discourse. The text analysis is combined with theories of Said (1978), Johansson (1993) and de los Reyes (2006) regarding social representations of the ethnically non European “The Others”. Results of the study show that presentations of the two ethnical groups generally do differ both when it comes to representations of the patient as well as of the parent. Substantial differences are found in descriptions of patient aggression and asocial behaviour. The results render the conclusion that ethnical heteronormative representations can be found even in such documents that have the purpose of objectively certifying individual circumstances, conditions and difficulties.</p>

There are four phenomena that are particularly troublesome for theories of ellipsis: <br>the existence of sloppy readings when the relevant pronouns cannot possibly be bound; an ellipsis being resolved in such a way that an ellipsis site in the antecedent is not understood in the way it was there; an ellipsis site drawing material from two or more separate antecedents; and ellipsis with no linguistic antecedent. <br>These cases are accounted for by means of a new theory that involves copying syntactically incomplete antecedent material and an analysis of silent VPs and NPs that makes them into higher order definite descriptions that can be bound into.

Cultural bias in health assessment has been asserted in various scientific reports. The aim of this study was to determine whether ethnicity effects how patients are represented in such medical certificates that are needed to obtain a certain Swedish social insurance. The setting was an analysis of 18 medical certificates for patients whose parents were born in Sweden, respectively of 18 medical certificates of patients whose parents immigrated to Sweden from non European countries. The main objective was comparison of the two groups to test for ethnical heteronormative representations of the patients and their parents. The method used is mainly based on critical discourse analysis in combination with Fowlers (1996) semantic tools used to decipher disparity in the discourse. The text analysis is combined with theories of Said (1978), Johansson (1993) and de los Reyes (2006) regarding social representations of the ethnically non European “The Others”. Results of the study show that presentations of the two ethnical groups generally do differ both when it comes to representations of the patient as well as of the parent. Substantial differences are found in descriptions of patient aggression and asocial behaviour. The results render the conclusion that ethnical heteronormative representations can be found even in such documents that have the purpose of objectively certifying individual circumstances, conditions and difficulties.

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de l'information et de la communication : Université Nancy 2 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Multiple-symbol detection of space-time differential codes (MS-STDC) decodes N consecutive space-time symbols using maximum likelihood (ML) sequence detection to gain in performance over the conventional differential detection scheme. However its computational complexity is exponential in N . A fast algorithm for implementing the MD-STDC in block-fading channels with complexity O(N 4) is developed. Its performance in both block-fading and symbol-by-symbol fading channels is demonstrated through simulations. Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) coupled with rate compatible punctured convolution code (RCPC) and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is employed as a generalized multiple description source coder with robustness to channel errors. We propose a serial concatenation of the above with a differential space-time code (STDC) and invoke an iterative joint source channel decoding procedure for decoding differentially space-time coded multiple descriptions. Experiments show a gain of up to 5 dB in PSNR with four iterations for image transmission in the absence of channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. A serial concatenation of SPIHT + RCPC/CRC is also considered with space-time codes (STC) instead of STDC. Experiments show a gain of up to 7 dB with four iterations in the absence of CSI