INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer constitui-se na principal causa de mortalidade entre indivíduos de 45 a 84 anos, configurando-se em um dos principais problemas de saúde pública dos países em desenvolvimento. As reações de hipersensibilidade aos quimioterápicos têm aumentado, impedindo muitas vezes a utilização de terapias de primeira linha no tratamento de neoplasias primárias ou recidivantes. O procedimento de dessensibilização é uma abordagem alternativa, por meio do qual o paciente passa a tolerar a medicação que antes desencadeava reações potencialmente letais. Quimioterápicos do grupo das platinas são exemplos de drogas passíveis de readministração por meio do processo de dessensibilização, no entanto faltam biomarcadores preditivos de reações durante o procedimento. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal do estudo foi avaliar o papel do teste de ativação de basófilos (BAT) como biomarcador para reações de hipersensibilidade ocorridas durante a dessensibilização em pacientes alérgicas às platinas. Como objetivo secundário, avaliou-se a prevalência e o impacto da mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 em pacientes com hipersensibilidade imediata à carboplatina submetidas à dessensibilização. MÉTODOS: Padronizou-se o BAT, com análise da expressão de CD63 e CD203c na superfície de basófilos de pacientes com hipersensibilidade imediata às platinas submetidas à dessensibilização. Foram realizados BATs em 15 pacientes portadoras de neoplasias malignas submetidas a 27 dessensibilizações devido à anafilaxia a quimioterápico do grupo das platinas e em 12 indivíduos de dois grupos controle (Grupo 1: seis pacientes tolerantes às platinas e Grupo 2: seis voluntários sadios que nunca foram expostos às platinas). Os resultados dos BATs foram comparados entre os três grupos. Correlacionou-se o BAT com a ocorrência ou não de reação durante a dessensibilização e com os níveis de triptase sérica. Para análise da prevalência e impacto da mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 nas dessensibilizações, realizou-se análise retrospectiva de prontuários de 138 portadoras de neoplasias malignas ginecológicas submetidas à dessensibilização à carboplatina. RESULTADOS: O BAT foi positivo em 11 das 15 pacientes alérgicas (n= 11; 73,3%), com aumento de expressão de CD203c e CD63 em 11 (73,3%) e 6 (40%) pacientes, respectivamente. Todos os participantes dos grupos controles apresentaram testes negativos. Maior expressão de CD63 foi observada em pacientes com reações iniciais mais graves. O BAT foi positivo em 92,3% das reações ocorridas durante as dessensibilizações (n=12/13), sendo positivo em todas as reações que apresentaram aumento concomitante de triptase sérica (n=5). Com relação à mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2, sua prevalência foi de 34% nas pacientes com hipersensibilidade às platinas (n=47/138), sendo que 51% das portadoras reagiram durante a dessensibilização. CONCLUSÕES: O BAT positivo, com aumento da expressão de CD63 e/ou CD203c na superfície do basófilo, identificou pacientes alérgicos às platinas com especificidade de 100% e sensibilidade de 73,3%. O BAT e a mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 identificaram pacientes mais propensos a reagir durante o procedimento de dessensibilização. A utilização de biomarcadores preditores de reações durante a dessensibilização aos quimioterápicos do grupo das platinas pode aumentar a segurança do procedimento e auxiliar na manutenção do esquema quimioterápico de primeira linha do paciente / INTRODUCTION: Cancer is the leading cause of death in the age group of 45 to 84 years, and one of the main public health issues in developing nations. Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic agents have been increasing, sometimes hindering the use of first-line therapies in the treatment of primary or relapsed tumors. Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) is an alternative approach, through which a patient becomes tolerant to the medication that once triggered a potentially lethal hypersensitivity reaction. Platinum-based compounds are examples of drugs that can be readministered through the desensitization procedure, but currently there are no known biomarkers that could help predict reactions during RDD. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of our study was to assess the basophil activation test (BAT) as a biomarker of breakthrough reactions occurred during RDD in patients allergic to platinum-based agents. As a secondary goal, we evaluated the prevalence and impact of the BRCA 1/2 mutation in carboplatin-allergic patients undergoing RDD. METHODS: We standardized the BAT by evaluating CD63 and CD203c expressions on the basophils of patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to platinum-based agents undergoing RDD. We analyzed BATs of 15 patients with malignant neoplasms who had undergone 27 RDD procedures due to anaphylaxis to platinum-based agents, and of 12 control subjects (Group 1: six patients tolerant to platinum-based agents, and Group 2: six healthy volunteers who had never been exposed to platinum-based agents). BAT results were compared among the three groups. We correlated BAT results with the occurrence of breakthrough reactions during RDD and with serum tryptase levels. To conduct the analysis of the BRCA 1/2 mutation prevalence and its impact on RDD, a retrospective review of 138 medical records of patients with gynecological malignancies who underwent RDD to carboplatin was performed. RESULTS: BAT was positive in 11/15 allergic patients (73.3%), with increased expression of CD203c and CD63 in 11 (73.3%) and 6 (40%) patients, respectively. All control subjects presented negative BATs. A higher CD63 expression was observed in patients with severe initial reactions. BAT was positive in 92.3% of the breakthrough reactions occurred during RDD (n=12/13), and in all reactions with concomitant increased tryptase levels (n=5). Regarding the BRCA1/2 mutation, its prevalence was 34% in patients allergic to platinum-based agents (n=47/138), and 51% of the mutation carriers had breakthrough reactions during RDD. CONCLUSIONS: A positive BAT, with an increased expression of CD63 and/or CD203c, identified patients allergic to platinum-based agents with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 73.3%. The BAT and the BRCA 1/2 mutation helped identify patients at risk of breakthrough reactions during RDD. The use of predictive biomarkers of breakthrough reactions during RDD to platinum-based agents might enhance RDD safety and help maintain a patient`s first-line treatment

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de pacientes apresentando alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) após os 5 anos de idade vem crescendo. Definir se estes pacientes tolerariam a ingestão de alimento produzido com leite processado a altas temperaturas (LPAT) proporcionaria melhor qualidade de vida, definiria melhor prognóstico e possibilitaria avaliar a indicação de dessensibilização com muffin. OBJETIVO: (1) identificar quais pacientes com APLV persistente aos quatro anos poderiam tolerar a ingestão de LPAT, (2) descrever as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos grupos reativo e não reativo ao LPAT, e (3) compara-las entre os dois grupos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, utilizando amostra de conveniência, incluindo todos os pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório de alergia alimentar do Instituto da Criança HCFMUSP que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e que concordaram em realizar o TPO, entre janeiro/2013 e novembro/2014. Os pacientes foram admitidos em hospital-dia sob supervisão médica e submetidos à ingestão de um muffin contendo 2,8 gramas de proteína do leite de vaca. Foram definidos como tolerantes se não apresentassem nenhuma reação alérgica. Estes pacientes foram submetidos na sequência a novo TPO com leite de vaca in natura para excluir a tolerância ao leite de vaca. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 38 TPO com LPAT, sendo que 30 pacientes (15 masculinos) preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. A mediana da idade foi de 7 anos e 7 meses (4a10m -14a2m). 14 pacientes (46%) não apresentaram reação após a ingestão do muffin, sendo considerados como não reativos. A análise comparativa entre os grupos reativos e não reativos ao LPAT, não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante quanto às características clínicas: idade (p=0,8), sexo (p=0,4), história pessoal de rinite (p=0,7), história pessoal de asma (p=0,7), história pessoal de outras alergias (p=0,6), história familiar de rinite (p=0,7), história familiar de asma (p=0,3), história familiar de outras alergias (p=0,1), relato de anafilaxia prévia (p=0,07), relato de ingestão de traços de leite previamente ao TPO (p=0,4), relato de reação alérgica no último ano antes da provocação (p=0,6), relato de anafilaxia no último ano antes do TPO (p=0,6). Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos para IgE total (p=0,1) e eosinófilos (p=0,6). O teste de puntura para leite de vaca e frações mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante para ?-lactoalbumina (p= 0,01) e para a caseína (p = 0,004); em relação ao ImmunoCAP® apenas para a caseína (p= 0,05) essa diferença foi significante. Ao avaliar estes pacientes 1 ano após o TPO, nenhum dos 16 pacientes que foram reativos ao LPAT estava ingerindo leite de vaca, enquanto 28% dos pacientes que foram tolerantes ao LPAT estavam consumindo leite de vaca in natura sem reação (p=0,037). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou que os pacientes com APLV desta amostra brasileira apresentaram 2 diferentes fenótipos, sendo que aproximadamente metade tolerou o LPAT. Sendo assim, o TPO para LPAT deve ser considerado para pacientes com APLV, sempre sob supervisão médica e estrutura segura e adequada, pois pode contribuir para uma mudança no paradigma do seguimento destes pacientes. Teste de puntura e ImmunoCAP® para caseína podem sugerir quais pacientes estariam tolerantes ao TPO com LPAT, reforçando dados da literatura internacional / INTRODUCTION: The incidence of patients with cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) after the age of 5 has been growing. Defining whether these patients can tolerate the ingestion of food produced with baked milk without allergy reaction could provide a better quality of life, a better prognosis and would make it possible to evaluate indication of desensitization with baked milk. OBJECTIVE: (1) To identify which patients with persistent CMA at the age of four could tolerate the baked milk, (2) to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the baked milk reactive group and the baked milk non-reactive group, and (3) to compare those two groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January/2013 and November/2014. A convenience sample was applied, including all the patients followed in the Food Allergy Center of the Instituto da Criança HCFMUSP, who met inclusion criteria and agreed to carry out the oral food challenge (OFC). The patients were admitted to a day-hospital under medical supervision. They were submitted to a muffin intake containing 2.8 grams of cow\'s milk protein, and then classified as tolerant if they did not present any allergic reaction. To exclude cow\'s milk tolerance these patients were submitted to a new OFC with cow\'s milk in natura. RESULTS: 38 OFC with baked milk were performed, 30 patients (15 male) met all of the inclusion criteria. The median of age was 7 years and 7 months (4y10m -14y2m). 14 patients (46.6%) were considered as non-reactive because they did not present any reaction after the muffin intake. The comparative analysis between baked milk reactive group and baked milk non-reactive group did not show statistically significant difference in the clinical characteristics: age (p=0.8), gender (p=0.4), personal history of rhinitis (p=0.7), personal history of asthma (p=0.7), personal history of others allergies (p=0.6), family history of rhinitis (p=0.7), family history of asthma (p=0.3) family history of others allergies (p=0.1), previous anaphylaxis report (p=0.07), report of milk traits intake prior to OFC (p=0.4), allergic reaction in the last year before the OFC (p=0.6), anaphylaxis in the last year before the OFC (p=0.6). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for total IgE (p=0.1) and eosinophils (p=0.6). The Prick test for cow\'s milk and fractions showed statistically significant difference for ?-lactalbumin (p = 0.01) and for casein (p =0.004); in relation to the ImmunoCAP® only for casein (p=0.05) this difference was significant. After 1 year of the OFC, none of the patients which have been reactive to the baked milk were ingesting cow\'s milk, while 28% of the baked milk tolerant patients were consuming cow\'s milk in natura without reaction (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that patients with CMA of this brazilian sample presented 2 different phenotypes. Approximately half of them tolerated baked milk at age four. In conclusion, OFC for baked milk should be considered for patients with CMA, always under medical supervision and appropriate structure, so it could contribute for a change in these patients follow-up. Prick test and ImmunoCAP® for casein can suggest which patients would tolerate the OFC with baked milk, strengthening data of international literature

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de pacientes apresentando alergia à proteína do leite de vaca (APLV) após os 5 anos de idade vem crescendo. Definir se estes pacientes tolerariam a ingestão de alimento produzido com leite processado a altas temperaturas (LPAT) proporcionaria melhor qualidade de vida, definiria melhor prognóstico e possibilitaria avaliar a indicação de dessensibilização com muffin. OBJETIVO: (1) identificar quais pacientes com APLV persistente aos quatro anos poderiam tolerar a ingestão de LPAT, (2) descrever as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos grupos reativo e não reativo ao LPAT, e (3) compara-las entre os dois grupos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, utilizando amostra de conveniência, incluindo todos os pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório de alergia alimentar do Instituto da Criança HCFMUSP que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão e que concordaram em realizar o TPO, entre janeiro/2013 e novembro/2014. Os pacientes foram admitidos em hospital-dia sob supervisão médica e submetidos à ingestão de um muffin contendo 2,8 gramas de proteína do leite de vaca. Foram definidos como tolerantes se não apresentassem nenhuma reação alérgica. Estes pacientes foram submetidos na sequência a novo TPO com leite de vaca in natura para excluir a tolerância ao leite de vaca. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 38 TPO com LPAT, sendo que 30 pacientes (15 masculinos) preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. A mediana da idade foi de 7 anos e 7 meses (4a10m -14a2m). 14 pacientes (46%) não apresentaram reação após a ingestão do muffin, sendo considerados como não reativos. A análise comparativa entre os grupos reativos e não reativos ao LPAT, não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante quanto às características clínicas: idade (p=0,8), sexo (p=0,4), história pessoal de rinite (p=0,7), história pessoal de asma (p=0,7), história pessoal de outras alergias (p=0,6), história familiar de rinite (p=0,7), história familiar de asma (p=0,3), história familiar de outras alergias (p=0,1), relato de anafilaxia prévia (p=0,07), relato de ingestão de traços de leite previamente ao TPO (p=0,4), relato de reação alérgica no último ano antes da provocação (p=0,6), relato de anafilaxia no último ano antes do TPO (p=0,6). Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos para IgE total (p=0,1) e eosinófilos (p=0,6). O teste de puntura para leite de vaca e frações mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante para ?-lactoalbumina (p= 0,01) e para a caseína (p = 0,004); em relação ao ImmunoCAP® apenas para a caseína (p= 0,05) essa diferença foi significante. Ao avaliar estes pacientes 1 ano após o TPO, nenhum dos 16 pacientes que foram reativos ao LPAT estava ingerindo leite de vaca, enquanto 28% dos pacientes que foram tolerantes ao LPAT estavam consumindo leite de vaca in natura sem reação (p=0,037). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou que os pacientes com APLV desta amostra brasileira apresentaram 2 diferentes fenótipos, sendo que aproximadamente metade tolerou o LPAT. Sendo assim, o TPO para LPAT deve ser considerado para pacientes com APLV, sempre sob supervisão médica e estrutura segura e adequada, pois pode contribuir para uma mudança no paradigma do seguimento destes pacientes. Teste de puntura e ImmunoCAP® para caseína podem sugerir quais pacientes estariam tolerantes ao TPO com LPAT, reforçando dados da literatura internacional / INTRODUCTION: The incidence of patients with cow\'s milk allergy (CMA) after the age of 5 has been growing. Defining whether these patients can tolerate the ingestion of food produced with baked milk without allergy reaction could provide a better quality of life, a better prognosis and would make it possible to evaluate indication of desensitization with baked milk. OBJECTIVE: (1) To identify which patients with persistent CMA at the age of four could tolerate the baked milk, (2) to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the baked milk reactive group and the baked milk non-reactive group, and (3) to compare those two groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January/2013 and November/2014. A convenience sample was applied, including all the patients followed in the Food Allergy Center of the Instituto da Criança HCFMUSP, who met inclusion criteria and agreed to carry out the oral food challenge (OFC). The patients were admitted to a day-hospital under medical supervision. They were submitted to a muffin intake containing 2.8 grams of cow\'s milk protein, and then classified as tolerant if they did not present any allergic reaction. To exclude cow\'s milk tolerance these patients were submitted to a new OFC with cow\'s milk in natura. RESULTS: 38 OFC with baked milk were performed, 30 patients (15 male) met all of the inclusion criteria. The median of age was 7 years and 7 months (4y10m -14y2m). 14 patients (46.6%) were considered as non-reactive because they did not present any reaction after the muffin intake. The comparative analysis between baked milk reactive group and baked milk non-reactive group did not show statistically significant difference in the clinical characteristics: age (p=0.8), gender (p=0.4), personal history of rhinitis (p=0.7), personal history of asthma (p=0.7), personal history of others allergies (p=0.6), family history of rhinitis (p=0.7), family history of asthma (p=0.3) family history of others allergies (p=0.1), previous anaphylaxis report (p=0.07), report of milk traits intake prior to OFC (p=0.4), allergic reaction in the last year before the OFC (p=0.6), anaphylaxis in the last year before the OFC (p=0.6). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for total IgE (p=0.1) and eosinophils (p=0.6). The Prick test for cow\'s milk and fractions showed statistically significant difference for ?-lactalbumin (p = 0.01) and for casein (p =0.004); in relation to the ImmunoCAP® only for casein (p=0.05) this difference was significant. After 1 year of the OFC, none of the patients which have been reactive to the baked milk were ingesting cow\'s milk, while 28% of the baked milk tolerant patients were consuming cow\'s milk in natura without reaction (p=0.037). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that patients with CMA of this brazilian sample presented 2 different phenotypes. Approximately half of them tolerated baked milk at age four. In conclusion, OFC for baked milk should be considered for patients with CMA, always under medical supervision and appropriate structure, so it could contribute for a change in these patients follow-up. Prick test and ImmunoCAP® for casein can suggest which patients would tolerate the OFC with baked milk, strengthening data of international literature

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Les antidépresseurs actuels sont très similaires au niveau de leur mécanisme d’action et sont plus ou moins efficaces. Un des problèmes majeurs est leur long temps de latence à fournir une action thérapeutique dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post synaptiques. Dans un modèle animal, nous avons récemment découvert que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs 5-HT4 était en mesure de produire en trois jours les mêmes effets antidépresseurs qui normalement prennent de deux à trois semaines à apparaître avec les antidépresseurs actuellement disponibles. De plus, nous avons constaté que les effets antidépresseurs de cet agoniste possédaient une résistance à la tolérance. Il y a d’autres agonistes du même récepteur, tel que le prucalopride qui ne produit pas d’effets antidépresseurs comme RS67333. Étant donné que l’efficacité du Prucalopride à stimuler les 5-HT4Rs est similaire sinon plus grande que celle de RS67333, nous avons énoncé l’hypothèse que le récepteur 5-HT4 pourrait adopter différentes conformations actives suite à son activation par différents agonistes. Nous avons ainsi décidé d’explorer les principales réponses fonctionnelles des récepteurs 5-HT4B en observant leurs propriétés de régulation et de signalisation. Nous avons montré que l’isoforme B du récepteur 5-HT4, étant hautement exprimé dans le système limbique, détient une signalisation et une régulation différentes dépendant du ligand activateur. Nos résultats indiquent que chacun des agonistes testés (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) modulent distinctivement la production d’AMPc et l’internalisation du récepteur. Les résultats nous ont clairement permis de déterminer que les agonistes possèdent une efficacité et ou puissance différentes les uns par rapport aux autres. De plus, l’ordre d’efficacité des agonistes à moduler la voie de l’AMPc était (Prucalopride > Zacopride = ML10302 = 5-HT > RS67333) et est différente de leur ordre d’efficacité à induire la régulation du récepteur par internalisation (5-HT > Zacopride > Prucalopride > ML10302 = RS67333). Ainsi, nous avons montré que les 5-HT4Rs adoptent des conformations qui sont ligand-spécifiques. Cela implique que la sélectivité fonctionnelle serait un facteur important à considérer dans les mécanismes d’action antidépresseur des agonistes de ce récepteur. / Antidepressants currently available are very similar toward their mechanism of action and are more or less effective. One major problem is their long latency to provide a therapeutic effect due to adaptations of pre and post synaptic locations. In an animal model, we recently discovered that the agonist RS67333 of the 5-HT4 receptors was able to produce in three days the same antidepressant effects that normally take two to three weeks to appear with the currently available antidepressants. In addition, we found that the antidepressant effects of this agonist had a resistance to tolerance. There are others agonists of the same receptor such as prucalopride, which does not produce antidepressant effects as RS67333. Since the effectiveness of prucalopride to stimulate 5-HT4Rs is similar if not greater than RS67333, we stated the hypothesis that the 5-HT4 receptor could adopt different active conformations following its activation by various agonists. We decided to explore the major functional responses of 5-HT4B by observing their regulatory and signaling properties. We showed that the B isoform of the 5-HT4, being highly expressed in the limbic system, has a different signaling and regulation depending on the ligand. Our results indicate that each of the agonists tested (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) distinctively modulate cAMP production and receptor internalization. The results have clearly identified that agonists differed in potency and efficacy. Moreover, the order of effectiveness of agonists to modulate the cAMP pathway was (prucalopride> zacopride = 5-HT = ML10302> RS67333) different from their order of effectiveness in inducing receptor regulation by internalization (5-HT> Zacopride> Prucalopride> RS67333 = ML10302). Thus, we have shown that 5-HT4Rs adopt conformations that are ligand-specific. This implies that functional selectivity is an important factor in the mechanisms of antidepressant action of this receptor agonists.

Introduction : Les soins dentaires des enfants autistes représentent un défi pour les parents et les dentistes. Des efforts doivent être faits afin d’améliorer les mesures préventives et l’éducation des parents. Recension des écrits : L’autisme se définit comme un désordre qualitatif de l’interaction sociale et de la communication, par des comportements ou activités répétitifs et stéréotypés et par de l’hypersensibilité aux stimuli corporels. Le manque de coopération pour le brossage des dents constitue un obstacle au maintien d’une bonne hygiène bucco-dentaire chez l’enfant autiste. Problématique : L’enfant autiste représente un défi pour le dentiste, mais aussi pour ses parents lors des mesures quotidiennes d’hygiène. Peu d’études cliniques se sont penchées sur l’utilité des pictogrammes dans la dispensation des soins dentaires quotidiens et professionnels de cette clientèle. Hypothèse de recherche : L’utilisation de pictogrammes améliore la coopération des enfants autistes pour les soins dentaires quotidiens et chez le dentiste, leur procurant une meilleure hygiène bucco-dentaire. Matériels et méthodes : Selon un devis d’étude expérimentale randomisée, 17 participants expérimentaux (avec pictogrammes) et 18 participants contrôles ont été recrutés au CHU Sainte-Justine, puis évalués à 6 reprises sur 12 mois. L’hygiène fut notée par l’indice de plaque et le comportement par l’échelle de Frankl. Résultats : Aucune différence significative n’a été notée entre le groupe expérimental et contrôle pour l’indice de plaque et l’échelle de Frankl. Globalement, une baisse de l’indice de plaque et une amélioration du comportement ont été notées pour les deux groupes et ce, pendant la période d’étude de 12 mois. Conclusion : Les résultats de la présente étude ne permettent pas d’affirmer que les pictogrammes contribuent à améliorer l’hygiène bucco-dentaire et le comportement des enfants autistes lors des soins dentaires quotidiens et professionnels. / Introduction : Dental care for children with autism is a challenge for parents and dentists. Efforts should be made to improve preventive measures and education of parents. Literature review : Autism is defined as a qualitative disorder of social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors or activities and by a hypersensitivity to physical stimuli. The lack of cooperation for brushing teeth prevents good oral hygiene in autistic children. Problem : The autistic child is a challenge for the dentist, but also for his parents during daily hygiene. Few clinical studies have examined the utility of pictograms in the delivery of daily dental care and professional. Hypothesis : The use of pictograms improves cooperation of autistic children at the dentist and at home for daily dental care, giving them a better oral hygiene. Materials and methods : According to an experimental randomized design, 17 experimental subjects (with pictograms) and 18 control subjects were recruited at the CHU Sainte-Justine, then reassessed six times over a period of 12 months. Hygiene was marked by a plaque index and the behavior by the Frankl scale. Results : No significant difference was observed between the experimental and control group for the plaque index and the Frankl scale. Overall, lower plaque index and improved behavior were noted for both groups over the 12-months study period. Conclusion : The results of this study do not confirm that the pictograms help to improve oral health and behavior of children with autism in daily and professional dental care.

Les actions thérapeutiques des antidépresseurs, disponibles actuellement, requièrent plusieurs semaines de traitement. Ce délai est dû aux adaptations des sites pré et post-synaptiques qui, respectivement, augmentent la disponibilité synaptique des monoamines sérotonine et noradrénaline (5-HT et NA), et entraînent les changements neuroplastiques modifiant la fonction neuronales dans les régions limbiques. Il a été récemment observé, chez un modèle animal de dépression, que l’agoniste RS67333 des récepteurs sérotoninergiques de type 5-HT4 produisait des changements comportementaux, électrophysiologiques, cellulaires et biochimiques, tel qu’observé chez les antidépresseurs. Ces changements apparaissent seulement après 3 jours de traitement tandis que les antidépresseurs nécessitent souvent plusieurs semaines. De plus, l’activation des récepteurs 5-HT4 ne générait pas de tolérance, et cela pendant 21 jours de traitement. Seulement, les propriétés de signalisation et de régulation de ces récepteurs sont très loin d’êtres établies. Nous avons alors voulu mieux caractériser ces deux aspects de leur fonction, en se concentrant d’avantage sur les isoformes a et b, fortement exprimés dans le système limbique. Pour cela, nous avons voulu évaluer d’abord leur capacité de production d’AMPc dans un système hétérologue. Les essais d’accumulation d’AMPc démontrent que les deux isoformes sont capables de moduler positivement et négativement des niveaux d’AMPc en présence de 5-HT. Par contre, la stimulation au RS67333 induit seulement une augmentation du niveau d’AMPc dans les deux cas. Ensemble, ces observations indiquent que les deux isoformes sont capables de coupler à l’adénylate cyclase à travers les protéines Gαs et Gαi. La quantification des récepteurs internalisés a montré que l’isoforme b internalisait plus efficacement que l’isoforme a suite à l’incubation à la 5-HT (61 ± 3 % pour le b vs 40 ± 2 % pour le a). Les protéines kinases PKA et PKC n’étaient pas impliquées dans cette différence, toutefois, la PKC a été trouvée essentielle à l’internalisation des deux isoformes. L’internalisation de l’isoforme b par 5-HT n’a pas été affecté par la surexpression de forme inactive de GRK2 (GRK2- K220R) et a été partiellement inhibé par un mutant négative de la β-arrestine (βarr(319-418)), tandis que l’internalisation de l’isoforme a a été bloquée par les deux. Ces observations indiquent que les mécanismes d’internalisation des deux isoformes du récepteur 5-HT4 les plus abondants dans le système nerveux central sont distincts. Des comportements spécifiques à chaque isoforme ont aussi été constatés au niveau de la régulation fonctionnelle suite à l’exposition au RS67333, qui désensibilise seulement l’isoforme b. D’après nos observations, nous avons conclu que les isoformes a et b diffèrent dans leur propriétés de signalisation et de régulation. L’incapacité du RS67333 à désensibiliser l’isoforme a fournit un substrat moléculaire pour les effets antidépressifs prolongés de cet agoniste dans les études pré-cliniques. / The therapeutic actions of antidepressants, currently available, require several weeks of treatment. This delay is due to pre-and post-synaptic sites adjustments, which, respectively, increase the availability of synaptic monoamines 5-HT and NA, and induce neuroplastic changes amending neuronal function in the limbic regions. We have recently observed in animal model of depression that serotonergic 4 receptor agonist RS67333 produces behavioural, electrophysiological, cellular and biochemical changes, as seen in antidepressants. More importantly, these changes appear only after 3 days of treatment while antidepressants often require several weeks. Moreover, activation of 5-HT4 receptors does not generate tolerance and that for 21 days of treatment. However, the signalling and regulation properties of these receptors haven’t been established yet. Here, we wanted to better characterize these two aspects of their function, and in particular for isoforms a and b, strongly expressed in the limbic system. First, we assessed their ability to produce cAMP in a heterologous system. Functional assays revealed that both isoforms were capable of positive and negative modulation of cAMP levels by 5-HT. Stimulation by RS67333 induced cAMP stimulation. Together, these observations indicate that that both isoforms are able to couple adenylate cyclase through Gαs and Gαi proteins. Moreover, quantification of receptors sequestration showed that isoform b internalised more efficiently than the isoform a, following incubation with 5-HT (61 ± 3 % for b, 40 ± 2 % for a). PKA and PKC proteins, two seconds messenger kinases activated by these receptors, are not involved in producing this difference. However, PKC is essential to the internalization of both isoforms. Isoform b internalization was not affected by an inactive GRK2 mutant (GRK2-K220R) and was partially inhibited by dominant negative β-arrestin (βarr(319-418), while isoform a internalization was dependant on both. These observations indicate that internalization mechanisms of the two isoforms, most abundantly expressed in the central nervous system, are different. Functional desensitization studies showned that RS67333 selectively desensitizes the isoform b, but not isoforme a. Based on these observations, we conclude that isoform a and b differ in their signalling and regulatory properties. Isoform a incapacity to desensitization by RS67333 provides a molecular substrate for prolonged antidepressant affects of this agonist in pre-clinical studies.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer constitui-se na principal causa de mortalidade entre indivíduos de 45 a 84 anos, configurando-se em um dos principais problemas de saúde pública dos países em desenvolvimento. As reações de hipersensibilidade aos quimioterápicos têm aumentado, impedindo muitas vezes a utilização de terapias de primeira linha no tratamento de neoplasias primárias ou recidivantes. O procedimento de dessensibilização é uma abordagem alternativa, por meio do qual o paciente passa a tolerar a medicação que antes desencadeava reações potencialmente letais. Quimioterápicos do grupo das platinas são exemplos de drogas passíveis de readministração por meio do processo de dessensibilização, no entanto faltam biomarcadores preditivos de reações durante o procedimento. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal do estudo foi avaliar o papel do teste de ativação de basófilos (BAT) como biomarcador para reações de hipersensibilidade ocorridas durante a dessensibilização em pacientes alérgicas às platinas. Como objetivo secundário, avaliou-se a prevalência e o impacto da mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 em pacientes com hipersensibilidade imediata à carboplatina submetidas à dessensibilização. MÉTODOS: Padronizou-se o BAT, com análise da expressão de CD63 e CD203c na superfície de basófilos de pacientes com hipersensibilidade imediata às platinas submetidas à dessensibilização. Foram realizados BATs em 15 pacientes portadoras de neoplasias malignas submetidas a 27 dessensibilizações devido à anafilaxia a quimioterápico do grupo das platinas e em 12 indivíduos de dois grupos controle (Grupo 1: seis pacientes tolerantes às platinas e Grupo 2: seis voluntários sadios que nunca foram expostos às platinas). Os resultados dos BATs foram comparados entre os três grupos. Correlacionou-se o BAT com a ocorrência ou não de reação durante a dessensibilização e com os níveis de triptase sérica. Para análise da prevalência e impacto da mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 nas dessensibilizações, realizou-se análise retrospectiva de prontuários de 138 portadoras de neoplasias malignas ginecológicas submetidas à dessensibilização à carboplatina. RESULTADOS: O BAT foi positivo em 11 das 15 pacientes alérgicas (n= 11; 73,3%), com aumento de expressão de CD203c e CD63 em 11 (73,3%) e 6 (40%) pacientes, respectivamente. Todos os participantes dos grupos controles apresentaram testes negativos. Maior expressão de CD63 foi observada em pacientes com reações iniciais mais graves. O BAT foi positivo em 92,3% das reações ocorridas durante as dessensibilizações (n=12/13), sendo positivo em todas as reações que apresentaram aumento concomitante de triptase sérica (n=5). Com relação à mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2, sua prevalência foi de 34% nas pacientes com hipersensibilidade às platinas (n=47/138), sendo que 51% das portadoras reagiram durante a dessensibilização. CONCLUSÕES: O BAT positivo, com aumento da expressão de CD63 e/ou CD203c na superfície do basófilo, identificou pacientes alérgicos às platinas com especificidade de 100% e sensibilidade de 73,3%. O BAT e a mutação dos genes BRCA 1 e 2 identificaram pacientes mais propensos a reagir durante o procedimento de dessensibilização. A utilização de biomarcadores preditores de reações durante a dessensibilização aos quimioterápicos do grupo das platinas pode aumentar a segurança do procedimento e auxiliar na manutenção do esquema quimioterápico de primeira linha do paciente / INTRODUCTION: Cancer is the leading cause of death in the age group of 45 to 84 years, and one of the main public health issues in developing nations. Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic agents have been increasing, sometimes hindering the use of first-line therapies in the treatment of primary or relapsed tumors. Rapid drug desensitization (RDD) is an alternative approach, through which a patient becomes tolerant to the medication that once triggered a potentially lethal hypersensitivity reaction. Platinum-based compounds are examples of drugs that can be readministered through the desensitization procedure, but currently there are no known biomarkers that could help predict reactions during RDD. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of our study was to assess the basophil activation test (BAT) as a biomarker of breakthrough reactions occurred during RDD in patients allergic to platinum-based agents. As a secondary goal, we evaluated the prevalence and impact of the BRCA 1/2 mutation in carboplatin-allergic patients undergoing RDD. METHODS: We standardized the BAT by evaluating CD63 and CD203c expressions on the basophils of patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to platinum-based agents undergoing RDD. We analyzed BATs of 15 patients with malignant neoplasms who had undergone 27 RDD procedures due to anaphylaxis to platinum-based agents, and of 12 control subjects (Group 1: six patients tolerant to platinum-based agents, and Group 2: six healthy volunteers who had never been exposed to platinum-based agents). BAT results were compared among the three groups. We correlated BAT results with the occurrence of breakthrough reactions during RDD and with serum tryptase levels. To conduct the analysis of the BRCA 1/2 mutation prevalence and its impact on RDD, a retrospective review of 138 medical records of patients with gynecological malignancies who underwent RDD to carboplatin was performed. RESULTS: BAT was positive in 11/15 allergic patients (73.3%), with increased expression of CD203c and CD63 in 11 (73.3%) and 6 (40%) patients, respectively. All control subjects presented negative BATs. A higher CD63 expression was observed in patients with severe initial reactions. BAT was positive in 92.3% of the breakthrough reactions occurred during RDD (n=12/13), and in all reactions with concomitant increased tryptase levels (n=5). Regarding the BRCA1/2 mutation, its prevalence was 34% in patients allergic to platinum-based agents (n=47/138), and 51% of the mutation carriers had breakthrough reactions during RDD. CONCLUSIONS: A positive BAT, with an increased expression of CD63 and/or CD203c, identified patients allergic to platinum-based agents with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 73.3%. The BAT and the BRCA 1/2 mutation helped identify patients at risk of breakthrough reactions during RDD. The use of predictive biomarkers of breakthrough reactions during RDD to platinum-based agents might enhance RDD safety and help maintain a patient`s first-line treatment

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