Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Nous avons réalisé deux expériences afin d'évaluer l'efficacité de la désensibilisation systématique combinée à la musique et déterminer la contribution exacte de la musique. Dans la première expérience, nous avons comparé l'effet de la désensibilisation systématique combinée à la musique méditative in vivo et l’effet de la désensibilisation systématique combinée à une musique relaxante enregistrée. La comparaison porte sur les niveaux d’envie pendant l'exposition à des stimuli associées à la substance, sur la réactivité à l’envie dans la vie quotidienne, sur les pensées permissives et les croyances liées à l’envie ainsi que sur la dépression et l'anxiété. La deuxième expérience a consisté à identifier la contribution exacte de la musique au contre-conditionnement de stimuli associés à la substance ainsi qu’à l'amélioration des autres variables. Les résultats de la première expérience ont révélé que les deux formes de traitement provoquent une diminution de la réactivité aux stimuli associées à la substance et ont des influences positives importantes sur les autres variables. La deuxième expérience a démontré que l'écoute de la musique relaxante induit des réductions significatives de l’envie pendant l'exposition à des stimuli associées à la substance et qu’elle améliore les croyances liées au comportement compulsif. En conclusion, ces études ont démontré la contribution significative de la musique à la désensibilisation systématique pour le traitement de la dépendance aux substances. Elle ouvre ainsi de nouvelles voies pour l'utilisation de la musique comme un outil thérapeutique complémentaire pour la réhabilitation des personnes dépendantes aux substances. / Two experiments were conducted in order to examine the effectiveness of music-assisted systematic desensitization and determine the exact contribution of listening to music in the therapeutic process. The first experiment examined the effect of live-played meditation music and recorded relaxing music combined with systematic desensitization, on craving responses during exposure to substance-conditioned cues, craving reactivity in everyday life, permissive thoughts on substance use, craving beliefs, depression and anxiety. The second experiment investigated the exact therapeutic contribution of listening to recorded relaxing music in the counterconditioning of cues related to substance use and the extinction of the implicated craving responses, as well as in the amelioration of everyday life craving reactivity, craving beliefs, depression and anxiety. The results of the first trial revealed an emphatic amelioration of craving intensity in response to cues conditioned with substance use and significant or close to statistical significance positive influences on the other variables by both forms of treatment. The findings of the second experiment suggested that listening to recorded relaxing music accounts for significant reductions in craving intensity during exposure to substance-conditioned cues and in craving beliefs associated with compulsive behaviour. In conclusion, this study showed the significant therapeutic contribution of music to in vitro cue-exposure therapy for substance addiction treatment and opens new avenues for future exploration and use of music as a complementary therapeutic tool in the rehabilitation of substance addicted individuals.

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Les opioïdes sont les analgésiques les plus puissants mais leur utilisation prolongée peut entraîner le développement d’une tolérance analgésique. La tolérance serait en partie associée à l’inhibition prolongée de l’adénosine monophosphate cyclique (AMPc) entraînant des changements compensatoires dans la voie de l’adénylate cyclase. Pour cette étude, nous avons eu recours à un biosenseur basée sur la technologie de Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfer (BRET) et qui fournit des mesures de l’AMPc en fonction du temps réel. Durant les 15 premières minutes de stimulation, la réponse de l’AMPc est bi-phasique. Cette progression de la réponse à l’AMPc n’est pas la même pour tous les ligands. Par exemple, la deltorphine II qui induit l’internalisation du récepteur opioïde delta (DOR) affiche une baisse de l’inhibition de l’AMPc. À l’inverse la morphine qui n’induit pas l’internalisation du DOR affiche une réponse stable à l’inhibition de l’AMPc. Ainsi le profil d’internalisation permet de prédire la progression de l’inhibition de l’AMPc à court terme (15 minutes). Nous avons aussi mesuré la réponse à l’AMPc durant 30, 60 et 120 min, étant donné qu’un traitement chronique aux opioïdes induit une tolérance analgésique. Selon les résultats obtenus, le profil d’internalisation du DOR induits par les ligands ne permet pas d’expliquer l’inhibition persistante de l’AMPc. / Opioids are the most powerful analgesics but their prolonged use can cause the development of analgesic tolerance. The tolerance may be associated with the duration of response to cAMP. For this study, we used a biosensor based on Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfer technology that provides measurements of cAMP levels as a function of real time. The aim of our study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the internalization profile of delta-opioid receptor (DOR) when stimulated by different ligands, with respect to the duration of signaling in the short-term (≤15 min) and long term (120 min). This evolution of the duration of cAMP inhibition is biphasic and is explained in part by the efficiency of ligands to promote Gαi activation and by the profile of internalization for each of the different ligands used in this study. For example, deltorphin II which displayed high efficiency to promote Gαi activation and internalization shows a more pronounced decline in cAMP response, unlike morphine which displayed low efficiency to promote Gαi activation, and a poor sequestration, displaying a minimal response decay of inhibition of cAMP. However, ligand ability to promote internalization of DOR does not explain the kinetic profile of a persistent inhibition of cAMP over a longer period of 120 min.

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Operant conditioning using positive reinforcement techniques has been used extensively in the management of nonhuman primates in both zoological and laboratory settings. Based on a large body of previous research that demonstrates the utility of such techniques in reducing stress, abnormal behavior, and aggression, this research project was intended to develop and test the usefulness of habituation and counter-conditioning techniques in reducing the fear-responses of singly-housed male rhesus macaques living in the laboratory environment. Additionally, we investigated the variable of temperament as it relates to the reduction of fear-responsivity and overall training success. Based on a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Sign Test, we found that animals exposed to desensitization training were significantly likely to show a reduction in the rate at which they engaged in cringing toward humans (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), cringing in general (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), and in stress-related behaviors (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6). Animals exposed to basic husbandry training or exposed to no training at all were not significantly likely to show a reduction in the rates of these behaviors. When these same behaviors were analyzed in terms of duration of behavior, desensitization-exposed animals were significantly likely to show reduction in the amount of time spent cringing toward humans (exact significance = .016, one-tailed, N ties = 6), but not in cringing behaviors in general or in stress-related behaviors. Neither the husbandry-exposed group nor the group exposed to no training showed a significant number of subjects exhibiting a reduction in duration of any of these behaviors. Additionally, initial temperament assessments were found to significantly predict the relative ability of subjects exposed to training to acquire trained behaviors such that animals generally ranked as more inhibited in terms of temperament also ranked as slower learners based on a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test, z = -.316, p = .752 (two-tailed). Results of this study could enhance both laboratory animal welfare and laboratory animal research, and could be a first step in developing techniques for reducing fearful behavior in rhesus monkeys in the laboratory environment.

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Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Introduction: Recent developments in the study of trauma responses have shown how some people may experience positive and life altering changes following traumatic life events which have been described as posttraumatic growth. Research is beginning to examine the role of trauma treatments in the facilitation of posttraumatic growth. Aim: This study sets out to explore participants’ experiences of posttraumatic growth during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy, and the role of the therapeutic relationship in facilitating posttraumatic growth. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with participants to examine their phenomenological experiences. Methodology: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed to consider emergent meanings and themes within a hermeneutic circle of interpretation. Participants: Seven participants were interviewed who had received Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy within National Health Service primary care psychological therapy services for posttraumatic stress disorder. Findings: Four superordinate themes emerged from the analysis of the participant accounts including: (i) Safe and secure; (ii) Taking back control; (iii) Reconstructing the self; and (iv) Journeying beyond trauma to the future. Conclusions: Person-centred conditions and client-therapist attachment were important elements of the therapeutic relationship which provided participants with the safety, trust, and relational depth necessary for the facilitation of experiences of posttraumatic growth during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy. Implications: The findings emphasise the importance of a clinical focus on the quality of the therapeutic relationship as a facilitative therapeutic environment allowing affective-cognitive processing and the emergence of posttraumatic growth.