Le littoral méditerranéen français est fréquemment affecté en automne par des épisodes de forte pluie. La région montagneuse des Cévennes – Vivarais (Massif Central) est une des régions affectées par ces épisodes de précipitations intenses (appelés Cévenols) qui peuvent provoquer des catastrophes naturelles entraînant des dommages économiques importants et des pertes de vies humaines. La prévision de tels épisodes par les modèles numériques de prévision du temps a été considérablement améliorée; cependant, des incertitudes en ce qui concerne leur intensité demeurent. L’amélioration des paramétrisations microphysiques dans ces modèles de prévision est un élément clé pour la réduction des erreurs. Le but de cette étude était de mieux comprendre les processus microphysiques qui régissent les épisodes de fortes précipitations et l’impact des particules d’aérosol atmosphériques sur ces précipitations en exploitant les observations du programme de recherche HYMEX et de la campagne de mesures associée qui s’est déroulée en 2012 dans le Sud de la France. L’étude s’est portée sur l’épisode de précipitation intense observé le 26 Sept. 2012 lors de la Période d’Observations Intenses (POI) 7a. Les observations disponibles ont été évaluées et comparées aux résultats de simulations effectuées avec le DEtailed SCAvenging Model (DESCAM, Flossmann and Wobrock; 2010) qui est un modèle tridimensionnelle utilisant un schéma bin pour représenter de manière détaillée la microphysique nuageuse ainsi que les interactions entre les particules d’aérosols et les nuages. Les observations utilisées ont été faites à partir d'instruments au sol et des mesures aéroportées in situ et permettent d'évaluer le modèle. Les observations au sol sont issues de radars en bande X, de Micro-Rain Radars (MRR), de disdromètres, mais également d’une réanalyse statistique des mesures de pluie par pluviomètres et radars opérationnels (Boudevillain et al. 2016). Les observations aéroportées in-situ ont été réalisées à l’aide de sondes microphysiques et du radar nuage RASTA embarqués à bord de l'avion de recherche français, le Falcon-20. Le rôle de la pollution sur le développement et l'évolution de l’épisode de précipitation intense du POI7a a été étudié en modifiant la concentration des particules d’aérosol à l’aide de spectres en aérosols observés lors de la campagne de mesures. Les résultats ont montré que la concentration initiale des particules d’aérosol influence la distribution spatiale et la quantité des précipitations, ainsi que le contenu vertical en eau de pluie et en eau glacée du système nuageux précipitant. Pour le cas étudié, une augmentation de la concentration initiale en nombre de particules d’aérosol diminue la quantité totale de pluie au sol. Enfin, une étude de sensibilité supplémentaire sur le choix du domaine de simulation a permis de montrer le rôle essentiel de la dynamique et de l’humidité des basses couches atmosphériques de grande échelle sur la représentation du système précipitant. / The French coastline in the Mediterranean Sea is affected by heavy rainfall episodes especially in autumn. Cévennes – Vivarais, which is part of the Massif Central Mountains, is one of the affected regions. The associated heavy precipitation episodes (HPE), namely “Cévenols”, can cause natural disasters with important economic damages and life losses. The prediction of such episodes by Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models has been significantly improved; uncertainties remain though, regarding their occurrence and strength. The improvement of microphysical parameterizations in NWP models is one key-component for the reduction of forecast errors. The aim of this study was provide a better understanding of the microphysical processes that govern HPE and their interaction with atmospheric aerosol particles (APs) by exploiting observations from the HYMEX research program.The present study focused on the HPE from the HYMEX Intense Observation Period (IOP) 7a, whose observations were assessed and compared with modelling results from the bin-resolved microphysics scheme DEtailed SCAvenging Model (DESCAM, Flossmann and Wobrock; 2010) with 3D dynamics. This research model uses a detailed representation of the APs. Observations from ground-based instruments, as well as in-situ measurements were used for the evaluation of the model’s performance. The ground-based dataset consists of X-band Radars, Micro-Rain Radars (MRR), disdrometers, but also a rainfall reanalysis by rain gauges and operational radars (Boudevillain et al. 2016). Moreover, hydrometeor probes and the 95GHz cloud radar RASTA provided observations on-board of the French research aircraft Falcon-20.The role of pollution on the development and evolution of the HPE of IOP7a was investigated, as well. Considering that the highest AP concentrations were observed during IOP7a, the followed strategy was to perform model simulations by using less polluted observed AP spectra with lower total number concentrations. The results showed that the initial AP concentration influences the spatial distribution and quantity of rainfall, as well as the vertical properties of the rain water content and the ice water content of the precipitating cloud system. For the studied cases, with increasing the initial number concentration of APs, the total rain amount was decreased. Finally, the present study revealed a critical role of the model’s large-scale configuration necessary to correctly represent the dynamics.

A presente pesquisa baseia-se na utilização da cartografia morfológica de detalhe para a identificação de mudanças ambientais de ciclo curto em áreas com intervenção antrópica e foi desenvolvida em uma sub-bacia hidrográfica pertencente ao Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, localizada próxima à divisa entre São Paulo e Minas Gerais, na borda da Serra da Mantiqueira, entre os municípios de Joanópolis (SP) e Extrema (MG). Com esse objetivo o estudo permitiu a identificação do nível de preservação do meio físico de um dos principais sistemas produtores de água para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e, eventualmente, o reconhecimento das conseqüências das intervenções antrópicas na área e o fornecimento de dados para gestão desses recursos hídricos. Para tanto foram elaborados e comparados mapas de uso da terra, morfológico, de declividade e de indicadores de degradação, obtidos através da fotointerpretação de imagens de 1962 e de 2003, na escala de 1:25.000, e em levantamento de campo, onde foram identificadas evidências morfológicas de degradação física (formas erosivas e tipos de erosão). Para relacionar a morfologia original, às intervenções antrópicas e às mudanças morfológicas ocorridas na área, optou-se por apoiar-se em estudos de Geomorfologia Antrópica e de cartografia geomorfológica de detalhe. Para esta última, utilizou-se da técnica de mapeamento morfológico proposta por Savigear (1965), adaptada à complexidade morfológica da área. A correlação entre os mapas morfológico, de declividade e do uso da terra, permitiu uma análise comparativa da área da sub-bacia hidrográfica e o apontamento de evidências de degradação ocorrida na área. Além disso, os mapas podem fornecer embasamento para posterior monitoramento geomorfológico dos processos e materiais interligados às formas mapeadas (originais ou antropogênicas). As mudanças ambientais, sobretudo as formas erosivas, foram notadas principalmente quando associadas às ações de desmatamento e pastagem, o que comprova a necessidade de um manejo adequado quanto ao uso da terra em áreas de mananciais. / The present research is based on detailed morphological mapping that had produced to identify short term environmental changes in man-made surfaces and drainage basin which belong to the most important System of water supply of Sao Paulo Metropolitan area. The study area is seated on Mantiqueira mountain range border, between the municipality of Joanopolis (SP) and Extrema (MG). With this aim, the study has allowed to discuss about the preservation level of physical systems as well the effects of human interventions in drainage basin and in their water supplies. For these, maps of land use, morphology, slope declivity and degradation indicators were produced and compared. They were obtained from interpretation of aerial photographs dated 1962 and 2003, in scale 1:25.000, and from field studies, where morphological evidence of physical degradation was identified mainly by rain erosion forms. One of the most important steps of this study was the correlation of original morphology with man-made or morphological changes. Studies about Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Geomorphological Detailed Mapping were decisive factors to support that correlation. The morphological mapping technique proposed by Savigear (1965) was used, and it was adapted to the morphological complexity of this area. The correlation between the produced maps has permitted to see the degradation evidences occurred in the areas. Besides this, the maps can provide data to later geomorphological watching of process and materials linked to the mapped forms (originals or anthropogenics). Environmental changes, especially erosive forms, were noted associated to deforestation and pasture mainly, proving that management of land use in headwater areas is needed.

La stabilité des carburants en phase liquide est de premier ordre dans le domaine du transport. Par exemple, les carburants, les lubrifiants ou les additifs doivent être stables de leur production jusqu'à leur utilisation. Cette thèse a pour but de développer et de valider une méthodologie alliant l’acquisition de données expérimentales et le développement de modèles cinétiques pour l'autoxydation en phase liquide.Expérimentalement, une approche complémentaire a été mise en place pour obtenir à la fois des données de réactivité globales via un appareil PetroOxy et des profils d’espèces via un autoclave instrumenté.Numériquement, une méthodologie basée sur un générateur de mécanismes est proposée pour obtenir une chimie détaillée en phase liquide. Les paraffines linéaires et branchées sont étudiées comme des carburants modèles représentatifs de l'autoxidation de carburants réels afin de valider l’approche proposée. Ces familles chimiques sont représentatives de la composition des carburants réels et alternatifs.La réactivité des n-paraffines de C8 à C16 ainsi que d’isomères de l’octane a été étudiée en PetroOxy sur la gamme de température 373-433 K. Puis, des profils d’espèces détaillés de la phase gaz et de la phase liquide ont été obtenus durant l’étude de l’oxydation du n-C8 et du 2-methylheptane dans un autoclave à 383 K et 10 bars. Des mécanismes cinétiques détaillés ont été développé pour toutes les molécules jusqu’à C14. Les mécanismes reproduisent qualitativement la formation des espèces majoritaires lors de l’autoxidation des alcanes ainsi que les tendances observées liées à la longueur de chaîne et la ramification. L’analyse des mécanismes cinétiques a mis en avant le rôle prédominant des radicaux peroxy (ROO) et peroxy-hydroperoxyde (HOOQOO) dans la consommation de carburants modèles.Cette étude a permis d’améliorer la compréhension des processus d’autoxidation des alcanes linéaires et branchés. L’étude de nouveaux systèmes permettra d’améliorer la compréhension globale des processus d’autoxidation et, de réduire l’écart de compréhension existant entre l’autoxidation des carburants réels et des carburants modèles. / Liquid phase stability is a major concern in the transportation and the energy fields. Relevant examples are fuels, lubricants and additives which have to be stable from their production to their application (engine, combustors). This thesis aims to develop and validate a complete methodology combining both experimental data acquisition and the development of kinetic models for liquid phase autoxidation.The experimental methodology is based on a complementary approach to obtain (i) a global reactivity descriptor (Induction Periods) and (ii) detailed species profiles respectively using a PetroOxy device and an instrumented autoclave. Numerically, the presented methodology includes detailed liquid phase mechanisms generation with an automatic mechanism generator (RMG). Normal and iso-paraffins were selected as fuel surrogates for autoxidation to validate the developed methodology. They were selected regarding their large contribution in fuel composition and their growing interest as drop-in fuels.The reactivity of both n-paraffins from C8 to C16 and several C8 iso-paraffins was investigated over a wide temperature range (373-433 K) in the PetroOxy with liquid phase analyses. Then, detailed species profiles from the autoxidation of both n-octane and 2-methylheptane in autoclave were obtained at 383 K and 10 bars. Detailed liquid phase mechanisms were developed for all molecules tested up to C14. Mechanisms qualitatively reproduce the overall phenomenology of the chain length, the branching and the major species profiles observed experimentally. Mechanisms analysis allow to identify the main consumption pathways of alkanes through peroxy (ROO) and peroxy-hydroperoxide radicals (HOOQOO) over the temperature range investigated (373-473 K).This study permitted to increase the comprehension of autoxidation processes involved in normal and branched alkanes. The study of new chemical systems will increase the global comprehension of autoxidation processes and in fine it will reduce the gap between the current autoxidation knowledge and the real fuel autoxidation.

<p>Disert acija je usmerena na ist raživ anje urbanist ičkih rešenja v ažećih<br />planov a naselja u Vojv odini, sa t ežnjom da se prouči način, logika, s misao<br />i ideje planiranja buduće fizičke st rukt ure gradov a, odnos prema njenim<br />brojnim element ima i njihov im kompleksnim i živ im odnosima.<br />Analizirano je ukupno dv anaest planov a det aljne regulacije koji se bav e<br />t ransformacijom, rev it alizacijom fizičkih st rukt ura fragmenat a<br />naselja. Rezult at i ist raživ anja pot v rđuju post avljene hipot eze, odnosno<br />različit ost i prist upa planiranju t ransformacija fizičkih st rukt ura<br />v ojv ođanskih naselja, nedost at ke, mane i kv alit et e i u zaključnom delu su<br />dat e određene smernice koje t reba da doprinesu prev azilaženju uočenih<br />problema kao i dopune post ojeća naučna saznanja iz oblast i urbanizma.</p> / <p>Dissertation is focused on the research of urban solutions current plans for<br />settlements in Vojvodina, with the aim to study the way the logic, sense and<br />ideas of planning the future physical structure of cities, the relationship to its<br />many elements and their complex and vibrant relationships. A total of twelve<br />zoning plans that deal with the transformation, revitalization of the physical<br />structure of the fragments of the towns are studied. The research results<br />confirm the hypotheses and diversity approach to planning the transformation<br />of the physical structure of Vojvodina settlements, defects, flaws and<br />qualities and in the concluding section are given some guidelines that should<br />contribute to overcoming the identified problems as well as amendments to<br />existing scientific knowledge in the field of urban planning.</p>

Vergasungsprozesse, bei denen kohlenstoffhaltige Ausgangsstoffe in ein vorwiegend aus Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid bestehendes Synthesegas umgewandelt werden, stellen eine Schlüsseltechnologie für eine zukünftige nachhaltige Rohstoffnutzung dar. Der Grund für den Einsatz von Hochdruckverfahren liegt in der Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit. Die numerische Simulation der Hochdruckvergasung hat große Schnittmengen mit der Verbrennungssimulation. So kann die Flammenzone mit Hilfe von Verbrennungsmodellen beschrieben werden. In der Arbeit wurden Simulationen einer Versuchsanlage für Hochdruckvergasung mit Hilfe kommerzieller CFD-Codes und mit Hilfe des quelloffenen Codes OpenFOAM durchgeführt. Eine Analyse des Verbrennungsmodells ergab, dass die wesentlichen Reaktionen im Reformierungsbereich, wo kein freier Sauerstoff mehr vorhanden ist, nur unzureichend abgebildet wurden. Durch die Verwendung eines alternativen Ansatzes konnte der Modellierungsfehler deutlich reduziert werden.

The present article addresses the issue about the differences between the Tineo Cabrera and Toledo´s precedents, which is about the clarifications made by the Constitutional Court concerning the fundamentals rights like prior and detailed notification and lifting banking secrecy made in assembly parliamentary. Likewise, give its opinion about the inquiry commissions performance and the improvements that must be implement to its objective actuation and non-arbitrary. / En la presente entrevista el autor trata las diferencias entre la sentencia Tineo Cabrera y la sentencia Toledo, que gira en torno a las precisiones que hiciera el Tribunal Constitucional respecto a los derechos fundamentales como la comunicación previa y detallada y el levantamiento del secreto bancario realizadas en sede parlamentaria. Asimismo, da su opinión sobre el desempeño de las comisiones investigadoras y las mejoras que se deben implementar para su actuación objetiva y no arbitraria.

This thesis was elaborated on the topic: Proposal and model of the detailed point network of positional point field by using total station and GPS. The detailed point network of positional point field was construct for following etailed measure as a part of complex land adaptation in cadastral area Záblatí u Prachatic and in cadastral area Horní Záblatí in the region of Prachatice. The aim was reconnaissance of the interest locality and existing point field, propose and complete existing network to cover interest locality in the desiderative density. Following the geodetic reading and map bases the reconnaissance of the ground control was done. The point network was completed by 15 detailed measuring points using the GPS method and the method of polygonal traverse and polar method. There was used the electronic total station Leica TC407 for polar method and for polygonal traverse, for GPS was used apparatus Leica GPS system 300 for the measuring in terrain.

This work was elaborated on the theme: Design of building a network of detailed positional point field as a basis for solving complex land treatment method of surveying and GPS. The aim was to assess the current status of position of the point field in the locality, spot field complemented by a focused method of surveying and GPS. Building a network of PPBP served for the implementation of comprehensive land consolidation in the cadastral Chudenín in Klatovy. Reconnaissance of the existing points of positional point field was made based on geospatial data and maps. The area has been designed and stabilized PPBP 9 new items. Focusing was conducted by surveying and GPS. For geodetic positioning targeting method was used electronic total station TOPCON GTS Series - 502 E. Positional orientation points using GPS was carried two-frequency surveying system Promark 500.

A presente pesquisa baseia-se na utilização da cartografia morfológica de detalhe para a identificação de mudanças ambientais de ciclo curto em áreas com intervenção antrópica e foi desenvolvida em uma sub-bacia hidrográfica pertencente ao Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, localizada próxima à divisa entre São Paulo e Minas Gerais, na borda da Serra da Mantiqueira, entre os municípios de Joanópolis (SP) e Extrema (MG). Com esse objetivo o estudo permitiu a identificação do nível de preservação do meio físico de um dos principais sistemas produtores de água para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e, eventualmente, o reconhecimento das conseqüências das intervenções antrópicas na área e o fornecimento de dados para gestão desses recursos hídricos. Para tanto foram elaborados e comparados mapas de uso da terra, morfológico, de declividade e de indicadores de degradação, obtidos através da fotointerpretação de imagens de 1962 e de 2003, na escala de 1:25.000, e em levantamento de campo, onde foram identificadas evidências morfológicas de degradação física (formas erosivas e tipos de erosão). Para relacionar a morfologia original, às intervenções antrópicas e às mudanças morfológicas ocorridas na área, optou-se por apoiar-se em estudos de Geomorfologia Antrópica e de cartografia geomorfológica de detalhe. Para esta última, utilizou-se da técnica de mapeamento morfológico proposta por Savigear (1965), adaptada à complexidade morfológica da área. A correlação entre os mapas morfológico, de declividade e do uso da terra, permitiu uma análise comparativa da área da sub-bacia hidrográfica e o apontamento de evidências de degradação ocorrida na área. Além disso, os mapas podem fornecer embasamento para posterior monitoramento geomorfológico dos processos e materiais interligados às formas mapeadas (originais ou antropogênicas). As mudanças ambientais, sobretudo as formas erosivas, foram notadas principalmente quando associadas às ações de desmatamento e pastagem, o que comprova a necessidade de um manejo adequado quanto ao uso da terra em áreas de mananciais. / The present research is based on detailed morphological mapping that had produced to identify short term environmental changes in man-made surfaces and drainage basin which belong to the most important System of water supply of Sao Paulo Metropolitan area. The study area is seated on Mantiqueira mountain range border, between the municipality of Joanopolis (SP) and Extrema (MG). With this aim, the study has allowed to discuss about the preservation level of physical systems as well the effects of human interventions in drainage basin and in their water supplies. For these, maps of land use, morphology, slope declivity and degradation indicators were produced and compared. They were obtained from interpretation of aerial photographs dated 1962 and 2003, in scale 1:25.000, and from field studies, where morphological evidence of physical degradation was identified mainly by rain erosion forms. One of the most important steps of this study was the correlation of original morphology with man-made or morphological changes. Studies about Anthropogenic Geomorphology and Geomorphological Detailed Mapping were decisive factors to support that correlation. The morphological mapping technique proposed by Savigear (1965) was used, and it was adapted to the morphological complexity of this area. The correlation between the produced maps has permitted to see the degradation evidences occurred in the areas. Besides this, the maps can provide data to later geomorphological watching of process and materials linked to the mapped forms (originals or anthropogenics). Environmental changes, especially erosive forms, were noted associated to deforestation and pasture mainly, proving that management of land use in headwater areas is needed.

Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier la modélisation détaillée des écoulements qui ont lieu lors des inondations urbaines. Dans une première partie, des écoulements en bifurcation incluant des petits obstacles génériques ou des profils de canaux avec trottoirs sont étudiés sur une maquette expérimentale, puis simulés numériquement avec le modèle bidimensionnel Rubar20. Les résultats expérimentaux et numériques montrent l'avantage d'inclure des obstacles de petite taille dans un modèle d'inondation urbaine, alors qu'il n'y a qu'un intérêt limité à utiliser une topographie détaillée des rues. Dans une deuxième partie, les interactions entre écoulements de surface et écoulements en conduites souterraines sont étudiées. Un modèle physique de système de drainage urbain permet de valider un modèle analytique prédisant les débits d'échange entre les deux couches d'écoulement. Une modélisation 1D/2D (conduite/rue) est mise en place avec les modèles Rubar3/Rubar20 et validée sur des écoulements expérimentaux observés sur le modèle physique. Dans une troisième partie, les inondations dans la ville d'Oullins (près de Lyon, France) sont étudiées. La modélisation des écoulements de surface est validée avec des données de terrain, et nous discutons l'intérêt de plusieurs représentations du milieu urbain. L'intégration du réseau d'assainissement dans un modèle 1D/2D reste affectée par plusieurs incertitudes, mais cette étape montre l'intérêt de la modélisation couplée pour décrire les interactions complexes des écoulements lors d'inondations urbaines, ainsi que les limites de l'approche développée pour les écoulements à faible profondeur / Aim of this thesis is to study the detailed modelling of flows that occur during urban floods. In a first part, bifurcation flows including small obstacles or channel profiles with sidewalks are studied on an experimental facility, and then numerically simulated with the two dimensional model Rubar20. Experimental and numerical results show the benefits of including small obstacles in an urban flood model, whereas there is only little benefit of using a detailed representation of the streets topography. In a second part, interactions between surface and underground pipe flows are studied. A physical model of an urban drainage system allows the validation of an analytical model predicting exchange discharges between both flow layers. A 1D/2D modelling (pipe/street) is set up with the models Rubar3/Rubar20 and validated on experimental flows observed on the physical model. In a third part, floods in the city of Oullins (near Lyon, France) are studied. Surface flows modelling is validated with field data, and we discuss the interest of several representations of the urban area. Integration of the sewer system in a 1D/2D model remains impacted by several uncertainties, yet this step shows the interest of the coupled modelling to describe complex flows interactions during urban floods, as well as limitations of the developed approach for shallow flows