Bachelor-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2005.

Yes / In this study we examine disparities in financial development at the regional level in India. The major research questions of the study are: How do we measure the level of financial development at the sub-national level? How unequal is financial development across the states? Does it vary by ownership of financial institutions? To explore these research questions, our study develops composite banking development index at the sub-national level for three different bank groups - public, private and foreign for 25 Indian states covering 1996 - 2015. Our findings suggest that despite reforms, banking development is significantly higher in the leading high income and more developed regions compared to lagging ones. Further, we find that all bank groups including public banks are concentrated more in the developed regions. Overall, over the years the position of top three and bottom three states in the aggregate banking index has remained unchanged reflecting lop-sidedness of regional development. We also note improvement in the ranking of some north-eastern states during the period 2009-15.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orsi_ra_dr_rcla.pdf: 1286379 bytes, checksum: e1e0154f576c0776c7ab755111090e5f (MD5) / Secretaria Estadual de Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Qualquer tentativa de compreensão do significado do conceito de desenvolvimento e suas implicações, certamente, confronta-nos com inúmeros olhares e concepções. Diante das diferentes maneiras de concebê-lo, nem sempre encontraremos coerência entre as formas distintas de estruturar o conhecimento e apreender a realidade. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos na elaboração desta pesquisa, questionando o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), a partir de três indagações: Serão esses índices bons indicadores para aferir o desenvolvimento das mais diferentes e diversas comunidades? Qual concepção de desenvolvimento está embutida em cada um deles? De acordo com essas concepções, poderíamos inferir algum grau de sustentabilidade ambiental aos índices? Para trilhar um caminho que nos permitisse asseverar sobre essas perguntas, selecionamos alguns países e municípios paulistas e cruzamos informações do IDH e IDHM com indicadores ambientais, como a Pegada Ecológica para os países e o Índice de Avaliação Ambiental (IAA) para os municípios. Acreditamos que a partir da análise desses dados e à luz de diversos teóricos pudemos ponderar sobre importantes aspectos na compreensão de um desenvolvimento que não seja fragmentado e reducionista e possa estruturar-se para, ao mesmo tempo, proporcionar equidade social, fortalecimento econômico e conservação dos sistemas naturais. / Any attempt to understand the meaning of the concept of development and its implications certainly confronts us with several views and notions. When facing the different ways of looking upon it, we will not always find coherence between the different forms of structuring knowledge and apprehending reality. By taking into account this concern, we decided to carry out this research, which calls into question the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) based on three queries: Are these indices good indicators to estimate the development of so many different communities? What notion of development is integral to each of them? According to such notions, could we assume these indices to have any degree of environmental sustainability? In order to go through a path that allowed us to verify these queries, we selected some countries and some cities in São Paulo state and then we crossed information from the HDI and the MHDI with environmental indicators, such as the Ecological Footprint (for the countries) and the Environmental Assessment Index (for the cities). We believe that based on these data and in the light of many theorists we were able to reflect on important aspects related to the understanding of a development that is not fragmented or reduced and is capable of structuring itself to simultaneously provide social equity, economic enhancement, and conservation of natural systems.

Orientador: Manuel Rolando Berrios / Banca: Ana Tereza Cáceres Cortez / Banca: Solange Terezinha de Lima Guimarães / Banca: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte / Banca: Paulo Roberto Joia / Resumo: Qualquer tentativa de compreensão do significado do conceito de desenvolvimento e suas implicações, certamente, confronta-nos com inúmeros olhares e concepções. Diante das diferentes maneiras de concebê-lo, nem sempre encontraremos coerência entre as formas distintas de estruturar o conhecimento e apreender a realidade. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos na elaboração desta pesquisa, questionando o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), a partir de três indagações: Serão esses índices bons indicadores para aferir o desenvolvimento das mais diferentes e diversas comunidades? Qual concepção de desenvolvimento está embutida em cada um deles? De acordo com essas concepções, poderíamos inferir algum grau de sustentabilidade ambiental aos índices? Para trilhar um caminho que nos permitisse asseverar sobre essas perguntas, selecionamos alguns países e municípios paulistas e cruzamos informações do IDH e IDHM com indicadores ambientais, como a Pegada Ecológica para os países e o Índice de Avaliação Ambiental (IAA) para os municípios. Acreditamos que a partir da análise desses dados e à luz de diversos teóricos pudemos ponderar sobre importantes aspectos na compreensão de um desenvolvimento que não seja fragmentado e reducionista e possa estruturar-se para, ao mesmo tempo, proporcionar equidade social, fortalecimento econômico e conservação dos sistemas naturais. / Abstract: Any attempt to understand the meaning of the concept of development and its implications certainly confronts us with several views and notions. When facing the different ways of looking upon it, we will not always find coherence between the different forms of structuring knowledge and apprehending reality. By taking into account this concern, we decided to carry out this research, which calls into question the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) based on three queries: Are these indices good indicators to estimate the development of so many different communities? What notion of development is integral to each of them? According to such notions, could we assume these indices to have any degree of environmental sustainability? In order to go through a path that allowed us to verify these queries, we selected some countries and some cities in São Paulo state and then we crossed information from the HDI and the MHDI with environmental indicators, such as the Ecological Footprint (for the countries) and the Environmental Assessment Index (for the cities). We believe that based on these data and in the light of many theorists we were able to reflect on important aspects related to the understanding of a development that is not fragmented or reduced and is capable of structuring itself to simultaneously provide social equity, economic enhancement, and conservation of natural systems. / Doutor

We estimate the effects of the landlocked dummy on inclusive improvements in living standards using the recently developed Inclusive Development Index (IDI). Utilizing cross-country regression models from recent literature, contributions of income, institutional quality, trade and relevant controls are used to examine the effects of the landlocked trap on inclusive development. Our findings indicate that institutions and geographical conditions have statistically significant effects on the IDI score, while we find no such effects from sea port access or trade. We relate these findings to recent literature and its relevance to poverty reduction in LLDCs. / Vi uppskattar effekterna av inlandstatsdummyn på inkluderande förbättringar avlevnadsstandarder genom det nyligen utvecklade inkluderande utvecklingsindexet IDI, Inclusive Development Index. Med hjälp av tvärsnittsregressionsmodeller från aktuell litteratur, använder vi oss av inkomst, institutionell kvalitet, handel och relevanta kontroller för att undersöka inlandsstatsfällans effekter på inkluderande utveckling. Våra resultat antyder att institutioner och geografiska förhållanden har statistiskt signifikanta effekter på ens IDI betyg, medan vi inte kan påvisa någon sådan effekt för varken hamnsstadsåtkomst eller handel. Vi knyter an dessa resultat till aktuell litteratur och dess relevans till fattigdomsbekämpning i kustlösa utvecklingsländer.

This thesis is based on a case study approach investigating the impact of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies on community development in corporate supply chains that are located in developing countries. The cases chosen for the in-depth analysis are two notable Swedish multinationals, Ericsson, and IKEA. These cases were not fully comparable due to the imbalance in the available data. The study employed the Brundtland definition of sustainable development, under the broader theoretical framework of stakeholder theory. The impact of the two CSR strategies were measured against the eight variables of the Human Development Index (HDI), centred on the proposition that positive progress on these would be an enabler for accomplishing the objectives of the sustainable development goals (SDG’s). In the case of IKEA, using both semi-structured interviews and empirical data, it was premised that the partnership between IKEA and Rangsutra, as part of the CSR strategy titled, “People Planet Positive 2020” is delivering meaningful change in line with the suggested benchmark of the HDI/SDG. In the case of Ericsson, it was not possible to determine what change has been effected due to the lack of primary and secondary information, though they are helping to develop communities through certain pilot programs in association with other actors. It was further determined that there is a lack of source material available, and additional studies are required to evaluate the extent of empowerment that CSR programs in global Swedish enterprises generate in communities that are part of their supply network.

Fatores socioeconômicos tem sido associado com problemas relacionados à saúde, entretanto nenhum estudo investigou especificamente o impacto a longo prazo das diferenças socioeconômicas no desempenho da marcha. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho da marcha de idosos nascidos, criados e vivendo atualmente em regiões com diferentes Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) sob a marcha habitual e em condições de dupla-tarefa. Métodos: Estudo transversal multi-país conduzido com uma amostra de 373 idosos divididos em três regiões com diferentes IDH\'s: Coari, estado do Amazonas, Brasil (n = 124, IDH-baixo = 0,586); Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil (n = 109, IDH-alto = 0,800); e London, Província de Ontario, Canadá (n = 140, IDH-muito alto = 0,905). Informações sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, condições de saúde e histórico de quedas nos últimos seis meses foram registrados, e a função física dos membros inferiores foi avaliada pelo Short Physical Perfomance Battery (SPPB). O desempenho da marcha foi avaliado utilizando GAITRite Platinum 26\' Portable Walkway System em duas situações diferentes: marcha habitual e marcha associada a dupla-tarefa (nomear animais enquanto caminha). As variáveis de interesse foram: velocidade (cm/s), cadência (passos/min), tempo da passada (milissegundos), comprimento do passo (cm) e largura da passada (cm), além da variabilidade da marcha e o custo da dupla-tarefa para cada variável. A análise de comparação entre os grupos no desempenho da marcha, foi realizada usando um modelo linear geral multivariado, e a variabilidade da marcha, bem como o custo da dupla-tarefa analisados pela ANOVA one-way. O teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foi usado para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos quando apropriado. Os modelos estatísticos foram ajustados por várias covariáveis, incluindo anos de estudo. Resultados: idosos do grupo IDH-baixo apresentaram menor velocidade, menor cadência, maior tempo da passada, comprimento do passo mais curto comparado com os idosos dos outros dois grupos, IDH-alto e IDH-muito alto, e menor largura da passada comparado ao grupoIDH-alto. Maior variabilidade do comprimento do passo foi encontrada no grupo IDHmuito alto comparado aos dois grupos brasileiros, IDH-baixo e IDH-alto. O custo da dupla-tarefa na marcha para velocidade, comprimento do passo e variabilidade do comprimento do passo foi maior entre os idosos do grupo IDH-baixo quando comparados aos outros dois grupos. As diferenças estatísticas foram atenuadas, mas não desapareceram após o ajuste por anos de educação. Conclusões: Idosos vivendo em regiões com baixo IDH apresentam pior desempenho da marcha durante a tarefa simples (habitual) e em condições de dupla-tarefa comparados com idosos que vivem em regiões com alto ou muito alto IDH. Menos anos de escolaridade pode limitar a capacidade de processamento central dos idosos, afetando potencialmente o desempenho da marcha / Socioeconomic factors have been associated with health-related problems, however no study has specifically investigated the long-term impact of socioeconomic differences on gait performance. The aim of this study was to assess gait patterns of older adults born, raised and currently living in regions with different Human Development Indexes (HDI), under single and dual-task conditions. Methods: This is a cross-sectional multi-country design study conducted with a sample of 373 older adults divided into three regions with different HDIs: Coari, Amazonas state, Brazil (n= 124, Low-HDI = 0.586); Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil (n= 109, High-HDI = 0.800); and London, Ontario, Canada (n=140, Very high-HDI = 0.905). Socioeconomic, demographics, health conditions and history of falls in the last six months information were recorded, and the physical function of the lower limbs was assessed by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Gait performance was assessed using GAITRite Platinum 26 \'Portable Walkway System under two conditions: single task (usual pace) and dual-task (walking while naming animals). The interest variables were: gait speed (cm / s), cadence (steps / min), stride time (milliseconds), step length (cm), step width (cm), gait variability, as well as, dual-task cost for each variable. Gait performance comparison analysis between groups was performed using a general linear model multivariate, and gait variability as well as dual-task cost were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to determine differences between groups when appropriate. The statistical models were adjusted for several covariates, including years of study. Results: Older adults from lowHDI group presented slower gait speed, slower cadence, higher stride time, shorter step length, compared with individuals from both High-HDI and Very high-HDI groups, and shorter stride width compared to High-HDI. Higher step length variability was found in Very High-HDI group compared to both Brazilian groups, Low-HDI, and High-HDI. Dual-task gait cost for gait speed, step length, and step length variability was higher among older adults living in low HDI when compared with high, and very high HDIgroup. The statistical differences between groups were deeply attenuated, but not vanished, after adjusting for years of education. Conclusion: Individuals living in regions with Low-HDI present worse gait performance during single and dual-task conditions compared with individuals living in High- and Very-High HDIs. Fewer years of education may limit central processing capacity of older potentially affecting gait performance

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar como os gastos pÃblicos no Ãmbito dos municÃpios cearenses afetam a variaÃÃo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano â IDH. à iniciado com uma discussÃo sobre desenvolvimento humano, bem-estar e a sua mensuraÃÃo. Faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre polÃticas de combate à pobreza no Brasil e no CearÃ, discutindo-se o efeito da polÃtica de gastos pÃblicos sobre indicadores de bem-estar. Um modelo economÃtrico à desenvolvido e estimado para se examinar o impacto dos gastos pÃblicos sobre o IDH. A principal conclusÃo desse trabalho à que os gastos totais (e gastos correntes) per capita pouco influenciam o IDH, enquanto que os gastos destinados à EducaÃÃo e HabitaÃÃo impactam positivamente o IDH dos municÃpios cearenses. Esse resultado fornece subsÃdios para o Gestor PÃblico e aos cidadÃos no sentido da definiÃÃo das polÃticas pÃblicas que determinam o direcionamento dos gastos nos municÃpios. / This research examines the impact of the public expenditure on the Human Development Index â HDI of municipalities in Ceara State. This study discusses the concepts and quantitative ways of measuring human development and welfare. It also presents an overview of the impact of the poverty eradication policies on welfare at the national level and also in Ceara State. It is developed and estimated an econometric model to assess how public expenditure impacts the HDI. The main conclusion of this study is that total expenditure has only a weakly influence on the IDH, while public expenditures on education and housing have a positive and statistically significant impact on the HDI. This finding has important policy implication since it may help policymakers to design and implement public policies.

The Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development is expected to result in the launching of a process to devise a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2015. Whilst indicators are perceived to be a good vehicle of monitoring progress, currently there is no universally agreed method of measuring sustainable development. This thesis addresses this issue through assessing whether the capabilities approach can be adopted for a global framework in measuring sustainable development. In order to determine this, both theoretical and practical implications will have to be understood. The former is addressed through reviewing the compatibility between the key concepts of sustainable development and the capabilities approach. The latter is addressed through obtaining empirical evidence on the key drivers in selecting indicators via focus group discussions and a quantitative survey with key individuals involved in the Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) project in Malaysia. It was found that a weak conceptual basis can be attributed as the major challenge for establishing global sustainable development indicators. Whilst recognising that a range of mechanisms are required for operationalization, it was concluded that the capabilities approach provides a sound conceptual basis, framed on the basis of justice and equity in expanding and sustaining the capabilities of current and future generations to pursue their needs.

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