The impacts that environmental factors brought to the population of the Formosan landlocked salmon are discussed in this paper and the evidence results indicate that the air temperature and typhoon have taken negative effect during past 15 years. Under the population simulations, without considering the environmental factors, it is clear that the population growth rate tends towards a steady state in the long run. On the contrary, the population would be in decline or suffer the extermination while we consider those factors.

A travers l’étude de Zaouïat Ahansal (Haut-Atlas central, Maroc) et du Zanskar (Himalaya, Inde), le processus de mondialisation est questionné depuis les espaces les plus marginalisés que sont les vallées enclavées de haute montagne de pays en voie de développement. Ces deux espaces semblent dans une même configuration géohistorique. Contournés par les infrastructures nationales modernes, ils conservent une très forte mortalité infantile et maternelle et un très faible taux d’alphabétisme. Cependant, depuis l’Occident, ils sont considérés comme des paradis agraires. Leur enclavement est valorisé par des activités spécifiques que sont la recherche en sciences sociales, les sports de nature et l’engagement humanitaire. Ils sont ainsi investis par des néo-aventuriers qui désirent se mettre en scène et s’assurer une place de gate-keepers au sein de leur société d’origine. Ces deux vallées deviennent des hétérotopies mondiales ou des espaces matériellement clos miroir des grandes métropoles mondiales. Leur mise en tourisme progressive et le rôle croissant de l’Etat assurent alors la normalisation matérielle des deux vallées. Cependant, une nouvelle catégorie d’acteurs transnationaux que nous qualifions de classe globale conviviale se mobilise autour d’ONG pour maintenir leurs spécificités. Les rapports d’autorité, de droit et de territoire sont renégociés dans un cadre cosmopolite pour maintenir la diversialité de ces vallées. Ce projet loin de recevoir le consensus de toutes les populations requiert l’imposition du statut d’aire protégée. Les deux hautes vallées conservent alors leur statut d’hétérotopie, leur enclavement matériel étant prolongé par un enclavement idéel. / Through the study of Zaouiat Ahansal (Central High Atlas, Morocco) and Zanskar (Himalaya, India), the process of globalization has been discussed for the most marginalized areas that are the landlocked valleys of high mountain of developing countries. These two areas appear in the same geohistorical configuration. Bypassed by modern national infrastructure, these areas retain a very high infant and maternal mortality and very low literacy rates. However, from the western perspective, these valleys are considered as agrarian paradise. Their isolation is then enhanced by specific activities such as research in social sciences, outdoor sports and humanitarian commitment. Zaouïat Ahansal and Zanskar are areas invested by neo-adventurers who want to become gate-keepers between these valleys and their home society. These two valleys become global heterotopias or confined spaces mirroring global cities. Their progressive development through tourism and the growing role of the state ensure standardization of these valleys. However, a new class of transnational actors that we call global convivial class combines with NGOs to maintain specificity into these valleys. The relationship between authority, law and territory are renegotiated in a cosmopolitan frame to maintain “diversiality” of these valleys. This project is far from receiving the consensus of all people and requires the imposition of protected area status. Then, the two high valleys retain their status as heterotopia, their material isolation being extended by an ideal isolation.

An ecosystem always involves some implicit relations between habitat environment and inhabitants, whose reciprocal links can not be identified easily. Three sets of ecological monitoring data were analyzed in this study, including coral reef, algae (Thalassia hemprichii Aschers) in Kenting National Park, and Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) in the basin of Chichiawan Stream. Two data-oriented analysis techniques, which are Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), were applied to retrieve the embedded patterns from these data sets. Eventually, for each data set, a forecasting model based on the technique of combined forecasting were developed, which is to integrate the results from HEP and GMDH, for improving the overall modeling precision. The results of this study show that the data-oriented analyses, such as HEP and GMDH, are useful for finding valid information from the ecological data. Furthermore, the combined forecasting technique can really improve the performance of model prediction even for the ecological research. In order to acquire the most important habitat environmental factors affecting the inhabitants, this study also performed sensitivity analysis of the models. The contributions of this study are to identify effective knowledge for future ecological research and to provide reasonable suggestions for formulating conservation strategy.

L’objectif de cette thèse est une analyse géohistorique et géopolitique du système portuaire de Djibouti à l’aune de l’arrivée des capitaux étrangers et leurs impacts politiques, sociaux-économiques dans le développement du pays. Elle privilégie ainsi deux échelles, celle du port (l’évolution des fonctions portuaires) et celle du corridor (Djibouti – Ethiopie). En effet, Djibouti, lieu stratégique depuis l’ouverture du canal de Suez en 1869, connaît un regain d’intérêt depuis les années 2000. L’arrivée des investissements étrangers principalement en provenance des puissances émergentes (Dubai d’abord ensuite de la Chine) a transformé les infrastructures de transport donc du pays. Un regain d’intérêt qui n’est pas uniquement économique puisqu’on assiste également une multiplication des bases militaires (américaine, japonaise, chinoise) qui viennent se grever à l’ancienne base française héritée de la colonisation montre le rôle stratégique de Djibouti dans la surveillance et la sécurisation de la route maritime par les grandes puissances. Ce travail s’inscrit, donc, dans la lignée des recherches sur la relation ports-territoires et de la question des corridors. Cette thèse s’articule donc autour de trois grands axes : les circonstances du développement, d’émergence du port de Djibouti et son rapport particulier au territoire éthiopien. D’où, l’adoption, dans un premier temps, d’une approche géopolitique nécessaire pour comprendre la situation de Djibouti, les circonstances de la fondation de la ville et du territoire, et le rôle du port. Elle analyse ensuite l’évolution et la dépendance des fonctions portuaires de la situation géopolitique face aux différentes crises historiques régionales et mondiale (évolution statutaire de l’Erythrée, fermeture du canal de Suez, conflits régionaux) afin de montrer le lien entre le trafic portuaire (succession des phases de croissance et décroissance) et ces événements. L’évolution du port de Djibouti montre, d’une part, un lien d’interdépendance entre le littoral et son arrière-pays continental, et d’autre part, une dépendance des vicissitudes et des aléas géopolitiques mais également des acteurs extérieurs publics ou privés. Enfin, l’interaction entre le territoire et l’espace traversé fait également l’objet de cette étude en s’attaquant à la dimension territoriale du corridor Djibouti -Ethiopie. De ce fait, elle interroge donc les impacts socio-économiques et environnementaux des activités jalonnant le long de ce corridor mais également leur influence sur la morphologie urbaine de la capitale, à travers l’exemple de la zone péri-urbaine de PK12. / The objective of this thesis is a geohistorical and geopolitical analysis of the Djibouti port system in the light of the foreign capital inflows and their political, social-economic impacts in the country development. In thus it favours two levels, that of the port (the evolution of port functions) and that of the corridor (Djibouti - Ethiopia). Indeed, Djibouti, a strategic location since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, knows a renewed interest since the 2000s. The influx of foreign investments mainly from the emerging powers (Dubai, first of all then China) has transformed the transport infrastructure hence the country. A renewed interest that is not only economic since we witness a proliferation of military bases (American, Japanese, Chinese) that come imposing to the former French base inherited from colonisation shows the strategic role of Djibouti in the monitoring and securing of the maritime route by the major powers.This work is therefore in line with researches on the relationship ports-territories and the question of corridors. This thesis is articulated around three main axes: the circumstances of the development, emergence of the port of Djibouti and its particular relationship to the Ethiopian’s territory. Hence, the adoption, at first, of a geopolitical approach necessary to understand the situation of Djibouti, the circumstances of the founding of the city and the territory, and the role of the port. It analyses then the evolution and the dependence of port functions on the geopolitical situation in the face of various regional and global historical crises (statutory evolution of Eritrea, closure of the Suez Canal, regional conflicts) in order to show the link between port traffic(succession of growth and decay phases) and these events. The evolution of the port of Djibouti shows, on the one hand, a link of interdependence between the coastline and its continental hinterland, and on the other hand, a dependence of vicissitudes and geopolitical hazards but also external public actors or private. Finally, the interaction between the territory and the space traversed is also the subject of this study through the territorial dimension of the Djibouti-Ethiopia corridor. Therefore, it questions then the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the activities along the corridor but also their influence on the urban morphology of the capital, through the example of the peri-urban area of PK12.

Thesis (M. Dev. (Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Refer to document

Dans beaucoup de pays du continent africain l'enclavement physique se pose encore aujourd'hui comme une contrainte majeure au développement. La région de Jijel après avoir longtemps joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'Algérie du Nord, se retrouve à un certain moment de l'histoire dans une situation d'isolement et de déclin par rapport à son environnement relativement dynamique. Est-ce un espace périphérique ? Ce n'est donc pas le cas, et ce n'est surement pas sa situation qui est mise en cause puisqu'elle fait partie de l'espace central de l'Algérie d'aujourd'hui. Mais l'opposition mer/montagne qui confère une singularité à ce territoire semble avoir donné l'avantage aux territoires voisins plus accessibles et propices au développement des communications ainsi que des échanges en tous genre. Les interventions des pouvoirs publics inscrites dans un contexte d'économie planifiée et dans une approche sectorielle, n'ont pas pris en charge l'ensemble de l'espace de la wilaya en se concentrant sur la zone de plaine côtière et en isolant davantage l'espace montagneux, déjà lésé, qui continu aujourd'hui de former une barrière qui bloque ce territoire par le sud. La dynamique animée par les acteurs locaux montre de son côté le chemin d'un développement en cohérence avec les potentialités et les aptitudes locales. Mais l'une comme l'autre initiative se trouvent confrontées à l'isolement de la région et doivent donc s'appuyer inévitablement sur l'ouverture de ce territoire sur le reste du pays. / In many countries of Africa, the geographical enclosing represents a major constraint for development. Although it played a foreground role in North Algeria for a long time, the Jijel area is nowadays found to be isolated and declining compared to its relatively dynamic environment. As it is clearly not a peripheral place, its location can't be blamed since it belongs to the center of Algeria today. However the sea/mountain opposition, which is singular on this territory, seems to have logically promoted more accessible territories with the development of communications as well as exchanges of all kind. In a context of planned economy and a sector-based approach, the authorities did not consider the whole wilaya place, focusing on the coastal plain zone, and isolating the already injured mountainous space that keeps on forming a barrier, blocking this territory by the south. On the other hand, the dynamics powered by the local actors show a way of a development in coherence with the local potentialities and aptitudes. However, each initiative is confronted with the enclosing of the area and will inevitably depend on the opening of this territory to the rest of the country. Its opening towards the South could also guarantee the opening to the North, and reconcile this place with the sea-side, so that it finds back its past role of “transit zone” between North and South Mediterranean.

We estimate the effects of the landlocked dummy on inclusive improvements in living standards using the recently developed Inclusive Development Index (IDI). Utilizing cross-country regression models from recent literature, contributions of income, institutional quality, trade and relevant controls are used to examine the effects of the landlocked trap on inclusive development. Our findings indicate that institutions and geographical conditions have statistically significant effects on the IDI score, while we find no such effects from sea port access or trade. We relate these findings to recent literature and its relevance to poverty reduction in LLDCs. / Vi uppskattar effekterna av inlandstatsdummyn på inkluderande förbättringar avlevnadsstandarder genom det nyligen utvecklade inkluderande utvecklingsindexet IDI, Inclusive Development Index. Med hjälp av tvärsnittsregressionsmodeller från aktuell litteratur, använder vi oss av inkomst, institutionell kvalitet, handel och relevanta kontroller för att undersöka inlandsstatsfällans effekter på inkluderande utveckling. Våra resultat antyder att institutioner och geografiska förhållanden har statistiskt signifikanta effekter på ens IDI betyg, medan vi inte kan påvisa någon sådan effekt för varken hamnsstadsåtkomst eller handel. Vi knyter an dessa resultat till aktuell litteratur och dess relevans till fattigdomsbekämpning i kustlösa utvecklingsländer.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are found in a range of locations along Sweden's coastline, but Sweden's largest lake, Vänern, also harbors a population of salmon; the rare freshwater migratory form. The majority of the salmon in Lake Vänern migrate upstream in River Klarälven in order to spawn, where they are assisted by humans through the "trap and transport" method to get past Klarälven's eight hydropower dams, which otherwise constitute definite obstacles to upstream migration. When the salmon later migrate downstream to Lake Vänern they receive no assistance and experience a high mortality rate as they are partially forced to swim through the turbines. The wild salmon population today includes over 1000 spawners annually, an increase from <200 in the 196os, but far below historic records of over 10,000 spawners.  This report therefore aimed to investigate the population growth rate and extinction risk for the salmon in Klarälven, both in the current situation and with passages installed past the hydropower plants, and in doing so answer the questions 1) How large is the population growth rate and risk of extinction for today’s population of salmon in Klarälven over the course of 100 years? and 2) How would passage solutions past the hydropower plants in Klarälven affect the population growth rate and risk of extinction for today’s population of salmon in Klarälven over the course of 100 years? These questions were answered by running a population viability analysis in the program Extinction Vortex, which allows the programming of model populations and the manipulation of parameters to test different scenarios. The scenarios that were tested were 1) Scenario 1: Today's method with trap and transport and total lack of passages, 2) Scenario 2: Trap and transport continues, and downstream passages are installed past all eight power plants, and 3) Scenario 3: Upstream and downstream passages are installed past all eight power plants and trap and transport ceases. The results of the vulnerability analysis did not show any risk of extinction for the next 100 years, but a long-term negative trend for the salmon in Klarälven using today's method was seen. However, the development became significantly more positive for the salmon in Klarälven when the installation of downstream passages was simulated, but after that not significantly more positive when the installation of upstream passages was simulated as well. This result provided answers to the research questions and based on them it could be concluded that even though the salmon in Klarälven are not under any acute threat at the moment, and that there may be other fish populations in other regulated streams and rivers that would benefit more from environmental adaptation, measures need to be taken also in Klarälven, to ensure the long-term conservation of the unique freshwater migrating salmon that inhabit the area. / Laxen (Salmo salar) förekommer på flera håll längst Sveriges havskuster, men även Sveriges största insjö Vänern hyser en population av lax; den sällsynta sötvattensvandrande formen. Majoriteten av Vänerlaxarna migrerar upp för att leka i Klarälven, där de assisteras av människan genom metoden ”trap and transport” som tar dem förbi Klarälvens åtta vattenkraftverk vilka annars utgör definitiva vandringshinder. När laxen sedan ska ta sig tillbaka ner till Vänern får de ingen assistans, i stället tvingas de delvis simma genom turbinerna med stor dödlighet som följd. Laxpopulationen idag består av över 1000 lekande fiskar varje år, en ökning från <200 individer på 1960-talet, men långt under historiska siffror på över 10 000 lekande laxar. Detta arbete syftade därför till att undersöka populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för Klarälvslaxen, såväl i nuläget som vid en installation av passager förbi kraftverken, och genom detta besvara frågeställningarna 1) Hur stor är populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för dagens population av Klarälvslax över kommande 100 år? och 2) Hur skulle passagelösningar förbi vattenkraftverken i Klarälven påverka populationsutvecklingen och utdöenderisken för dagens population av Klarälvslax över kommande 100 år? Dessa frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av en sårbarhetsanalys i programmet Extinction Vortex, som tillåter uppbyggandet av modellpopulationer och manipulation av parametrar för att testa olika scenarier. Scenarierna som testades var 1) Scenario 1: Dagens metod med trap and transport och total avsaknad av passager, 2) Scenario 2: Trap and transport fortsätter samt nedströmspassager installeras förbi alla åtta kraftverk, och 3) Scenario 3: Upp- och nedströmspassager installeras förbi alla åtta kraftverk och trap and transport upphör. Resultatet av sårbarhetsanalysen visade inte på någon utdöenderisk kommande 100 år, men en negativ trend för Klarälvslaxens långsiktiga populationsutveckling med dagens metod. Utvecklingen blev dock signifikant mer positiv för Klarälvslaxen vid den simulerade installationen av nedströmspassager, och ännu något stabilare när även uppströmspassager installerades. Detta resultat gav svar på frågeställningarna, och utifrån detta kunde slutsatsen dras att trots att Klarälvslaxen inte befinner sig under något akut hot för närvarande, och att det kan finnas andra fiskpopulationer i andra vattendrag som är i mer akut behov av miljöanpassning, så behöver åtgärder komma på plats även i Klarälven, för att säkerställa det långsiktiga bevarandet av den unika sötvattensvandrande Klarälvslaxen.