中國自1978年經濟開放改革以來，快速的經濟成長是有目共睹的，在這一系列的改革當中，財政地方分權化被視為一個重要的刺激要素，所以有相當多的文獻深入探討財政地方分權化與經濟成長之間的關係。然而，資訊化的社會增廣了人們對於不同偏好的需求，高度的經濟成長表現也不再是人民唯一追求的目標，取而代之的是希望擁有一個完善與永續的生活環境，也因此聯合國發展計畫署（UNDP）設計了一個衡量區域發展的綜合指標，冀望藉由此指標能更客觀且多元的評估國家或是區域的人類發展程度。 本篇文章之研究目的，即為探討中國的財政地方分權化對於區域人類發展的效果為何，因此利用中國6個年份的省市追蹤資料（panel data）來進行分析，並將財政地方分權化變數之平方項加入實證模型中，試圖探析中國的財政地方分權化，與區域人類發展是否存在非線性的關係。最後，本研究經由實證結果發現，財政地方分權化對於區域人類發展是有正面的幫助，然而這個助益會隨著分權程度的增加而消減，過了最適的臨界水準後甚至會有負向效果；也就是說，對於中國各省市而言，絕對財政中央集權化與完全財政地方分權化，對於區域人類發展皆會產生不良的影響。 最後本研究亦認為，並非高度的財政分權化即可為地方人類發展帶來最大的助益，若中央能適度的下放財政權限，以利於資源的有效分配，其對於整體的社會發展來說才是最大的幫助。而依目前現況，中國政府應當在不持續擴張地方財政權限下，加速提高低度發展省分的財政地方分權程度，以增進區域的人類發展並且改善不均等現象。 / Since China started the economical reform in 1978, the rapidly economic growth is extremely amazing. In the series of reform, the fiscal decentralization of region is viewed as an important factor. However, pursuing the economic growth will not be the only goal anymore now. Instead, people nowadays want to live in a sound environment. Thus, the United Nationals Developing Programme has designed a mixed index in order to measure the human development in nations or regions more objectively than before. The purpose of this study is to discuss what effects on human development will be when the fiscal decentralization of region is implemented in China. This study uses provincial-level panel data to analyze them, and finding that there is a positive causality but diminishing marginal returns. According to the results, for any provinces in China, whether the absolutely fiscal centralization or completely fiscal decentralization is implemented, there is no benefit for regional development. In conclusion, the high fiscal decentralization won’t benefit the people in the region the most. Thus, the best way for the overall social development is that the center government releases the fiscal power in an appropriate degree in China, so that the human development in the regions could be improved.

The theme of this diploma thesis is "The Poverty in the Developing World", the poverty that not only less developed countries mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America suffer from, but developed countries that are trying to help the developing world suffer from it as well. How much is that help important and what kind of help is crucial for the developed countries, that is the main subject of this thesis. The theoretical part is based on the available economic theories that solve the vicious circle of poverty in which these countries are trapped. Leading economists mentioned in the theoretical part are Thomas Malthus, whose study was one of the first, then Thomas Merrick, Albert Hirschman, and many others. The practical part deals with three countries, which connect the African continent - Somalia, Angola and Botswaa. Each of these countries is currently in a different situation, but their initial conditions were the same - the hole in the vicious circle of poverty. The conclusion of this work is a prediction of the future development of these countries and recommendations what direction they should go.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aspecto das receitas municipais no cÃlculo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).Inicialmente, faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre o Ãndice de Gini, mostrando-se a possibilidade concreta de um paÃs crescer economicamente sem necessariamente promover a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Faz-se tambÃm uma conceituaÃÃo sobre o IDH, mostrando-se a forma de cÃlculo e uma anÃlise dos nÃmeros de alguns paÃses, do Brasil, com uma anÃlise mais detalhada dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ.Em um estudo empÃrico sobre os municÃpios do CearÃ, tendo como base as receitas municipais de 1995 a 1999, utiliza-se um modelo economÃtrico, com o qual conclui-se que o impacto de um choque na receita municipal à sentido com maior intensidade nos municÃpios que tÃm maior IDH e nos anos mais distantes da mediÃÃo do Ãndice, o que permite-se que a melhoria do IDH està relacionada à polÃticas de mÃdio e longo prazo, a fim de que haja um prazo de maturaÃÃo para obtenÃÃo de resultados, devendo ser essa uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos governantes pÃblicos. / The objective of this paper is to assess the aspect of the municipal revenues in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI). First, an explanation is given on the Gini Index showing the real possibility for a country to grow economically without necessarily promoting the distribution of income. A judgement is also made on the HDI, showing how to calculate it as well as an analysis of numbers of some countries, of Brazil, including a more detailed analysis of the municipalities in the State of CearÃ. In an empirical study of CearÃâs municipalities, an econometric model is used based on the 1995 to 1999 municipalitiesâ revenues. With that mode we conclude that the impact of a shock in the municipal revenue is more intensely felt in those municipalities that have a higher HDI and in the years farther away from the index measuring. Hence, we can say that the improvement in the HDI is related to medium and long-term policies so that there is a maturation period to obtain results and this should be a concern of the public rulers.

La inversión pública contribuye al desarrollo humano mediante la ampliación de la capacidad productora de bienes o servicios públicos. Por lo que el presente trabajo investiga el efecto de la inversión pública en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) según niveles de gobierno durante el periodo 2007-2015. Para ello se emplea modelos de efectos fijos con estimadores within en un panel balanceado, así como se analiza si los resultados permanecen en regiones de bajo, medio o alto IDH y en regiones donde se realiza bajo, medio o alto monto de inversión según niveles de gobierno. Los resultados muestran que a nivel agregado la inversión pública no tiene un efecto en el IDH. En contraste, al segmentarlo por niveles de gobierno, se encuentra que solo la Inversión de Gobiernos Locales contribuye positivamente al IDH, sobre todo en las regiones de menor IDH o con niveles medios de inversión. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a la finalización o no de proyectos en el caso de la inversión de los gobiernos regionales (GR), concluyendo que no fue posible afirmar tal efecto en el IDH. Por último, se contribuyó a la literatura empírica del Perú mediante el hallazgo de otras determinantes del IDH. / Public investment contributes to human development by expanding the capacity to produce public goods or services. Therefore, the present work investigates the effect of public investment in the Human Development Index (HDI) by government levels during the period 2007-2015. For this purpose, fixed effects models are used with within estimators in a balanced panel, as well as analyzing whether the results remain in regions of low, medium or high HDI and in regions where low, medium or high investment amounts are made according to levels of government. The results show that, at the aggregate level, public investment has no effect on the HDI. In contrast, when the public investment was segmented by levels of government, it is found that only Local Government Investment contributes positively to the HDI, especially in regions with lower HDI or with medium levels of Local Government Investment. Additionally, this investigation explored the existence of differences regarding the ending or not of projects in the case of investment by regional governments (GR) was evaluated, concluding that it was not possible to affirm that effect in the HDI. Finally, we contributed to the empirical literature of Peru by finding other determinants of the HDI. / Trabajo de investigación

This dissertation deals with human development based on studies of Amartya Sen who has the people and enhancement of the welfare of society as the center of concerns. The objective is to estimate an index of development for the Brazilian states and the Federal District into two distinct periods. The first period comprises the following years the Real Plan based on 1996 and the second period, the most recent years, refers to 2010. State Development Index (SDI) is calculated by means of multivariate statistical analysis technique called Factor Analysis. Twenty one (21) variables of aspect economic, demographic, social, security, infrastructure and agriculture are used. The variables were divided into four (4) groups (demographic and economic, infrastructure and support, social and agricultural), allowing to calculate partial indexes and formulate specific policies for punctual improvements. The comparison between the periods in question and check the trajectory of human development of the Brazilian states through SDI suggests that most states obtained reductions in the level of human development. The Federal District and the states of Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Roraima, Amapá and Acre were the exceptions, and failed to improve human development. Another comparison is made between the IDE and the Human Development Index (HDI) to check for similarities and differences. The main similarity refers to the classification of states regarding development. / Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento humano baseado nos estudos de Amartya Sen o qual tem o ser humano e a melhoria do bem estar da sociedade como o centro de preocupações. O objetivo é estimar um índice de desenvolvimento para os estados brasileiros e Distrito Federal em dois períodos distintos. O primeiro período compreende os anos seguintes ao Plano Real com base em 1996 e o segundo período, os anos mais recentes, refere-se a 2010. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Estadual (IDE) é calculado por meio da técnica da análise estatística multivariada, denominada Análise Fatorial. São utilizadas 21 variáveis de aspecto econômico, demográfico, social, de segurança, de infraestrutura e agropecuário. As variáveis foram divididas em 4 grupos (econômicos e demográficos, de infraestrutura e apoio, sociais e agropecuários), permitindo calcular índices parciais e formular políticas específicas para melhorias pontuais. A comparação entre os períodos em questão e verificação da trajetória de desenvolvimento humano dos estados brasileiros através do IDE sugere que a maior parte dos estados obteve reduções do nível de desenvolvimento humano. O Distrito Federal e os estados do Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Roraima, Amapá e Acre foram às exceções e conseguiram melhorar o desenvolvimento humano. Outra comparação é feita entre o IDE e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) para verificação de semelhanças e divergências. A principal semelhança refere-se à classificação dos estados quanto ao desenvolvimento.

Orientador: José Gilberto de Souza / Banca: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Banca: José Marcelino de Rezende Pinto / Resumo: O trabalho apresenta uma análise qualitativa do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) em áreas de reforma agrária e periferia urbana de Ribeirão Preto - SP. A discussão está pautada a partir dos indicadores educação, saúde e renda. Destaca-se algumas limitações do IDH - por exemplo, a "reificação" da medida em detrimento do conceito - com vistas à superação do aspecto reducionista e fragmentado do conceito de desenvolvimento adotado para o cálculo do índice. As contradições e movimentos das espacialidades pesquisadas estão descritas e revelam a dialética relação entre o par campo-cidade. Os resultados apontam novas perspectivas para a melhoria das condições de vida dos sujeitos do campo e da cidade, destacando a autonomia e alteridade como elementos fundamentais para a possibilidade da transformação social, do mesmo modo se reafirma a questão do trabalho como categoria central para o desenvolvimento humano. / Abstract: This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the Human Development Index (HDI) in areas of agrarian reform and urban periphery of Ribeirão Preto - SP. The discussion is guided from the indicators education, health and income. It is detached some limitations of the HDI - for example, the "reification" of the measure at the expense of the concept - with a view to overcoming the reductionist and fragmented aspect of the concept of development adopted for calculating the index. The contradictions and movements of spatialities surveyed are described and reveal the dialectic relationship between the pair city-field. The results suggest new prospects for improving the living conditions of those in rural and urban, emphasizing the autonomy and otherness as fundamental to the possibility of social transformation, just as it reaffirms the role of labor as a central criterion for human development. / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-17T12:42:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Danila 2.pdf: 993231 bytes, checksum: c267b889f918ed1722b8b397934122f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T12:42:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Danila 2.pdf: 993231 bytes, checksum: c267b889f918ed1722b8b397934122f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-15 / O presente trabalho versa sobre o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação de Pernambuco (IDEPE), componente do Programa de Modernização da Gestão Pública – Metas para Educação (PMGP/ME) e parte da seguinte problematização: quais as influências do Programa de Modernização da Gestão Pública no que se refere à avaliação educacional e ao Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação de Pernambuco nas escolas da rede estadual? Assim, a pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o IDEPE, como componente da política de avaliação educacional de Pernambuco, e suas influências nas escolas da rede estadual. Especificamente buscou analisar o discurso presente no Programa de Modernização da Gestão Pública no que se refere à relação entre avaliação educacional e a qualidade da educação no estado de Pernambuco, e analisou, também, o discurso dos profissionais que atuam na escola acerca das implicações e das influências do IDEPE. Partiu-se do pressuposto que o IDEPE influencia o trabalho da escola como um todo, trabalho esse que está voltado para os resultados dos índices. A fim de dar conta dos objetivos traçados, foi realizada a análise dos documentos que tratam a respeito do IDEPE; além de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com professores e gestores que atuam em seis municípios (Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Ipojuca, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Moreno e São Lourenço da Mata) que fazem parte da Gerência Regional da Educação Metro Sul. Para o tratamento dos dados, essa pesquisa se baseou na proposta teórico-analítica de Fairclough (2001), a Análise de Discurso Textualmente Orientada (ADTO), a qual leva em consideração a análise textual, a prática discursiva e a prática social. No que se refere aos documentos, os dados apontaram que o discurso governamental defende que haja investimentos na educação com a finalidade de contribuir para o crescimento econômico de Pernambuco. Também colocam os professores e os gestores como responsáveis pelo sucesso ou fracasso no desempenho dos estudantes nas avaliações do Sistema de Avaliação de Educação Básica de Pernambuco (SAEPE), bem como inserem na escola a cultura gerencial e meritocrática, numa clara assunção de política de responsabilização. O discurso dos sujeitos entrevistados revela as influências da política governamental no cotidiano das escolas, sejam elas na importância dada ao IDEPE, e a determinadas áreas do conhecimento (Português e Matemática, via SAEPE), além do aumento de trabalhos burocráticos realizados pelos profissionais da escola. O estudo revelou também que a partir da implantação do IDEPE e do Bônus de Desempenho criou-se uma cultura de competição e atrelado a isso o rankiamento entre as escolas. Diante desse fato, professores e gestores passam a trabalhar em função do Bônus. Em suma, percebeu-se que essa “nova” política implementada no governo de Eduardo Campos proporcionou uma mudança discursiva nos padrões de ação educacional em Pernambuco, o que não significa afirmar que tal mudança contribuiu positivamente para a educação, principalmente no que se refere ao trabalho dos professores e dos gestores. / This essay traverses about the Educational Development Index of Pernambuco (IDEPE), a component of the Program of Modernization of Public Management - Goal of Education (PMGP/ME) starts from the questioning: How can the Program of Modernization of Public Management influences, with educational evaluation and the Educational Development Index of Pernambuco, the state schools? Therefore, this search intends to analyse IDEPE, as a component of Policy of Educational Evaluation of Pernambuco and its influences on the state schools. Specifically, it searches to analyze the present speech in the Program of Modernization of Public Management referring to the relation between educational evaluation and the quality of education of Pernambuco state and, also, analized the speech of professionals that work at these schools about the implications and the influences of IDEPE. From the premise that IDEPE influences all activities at school, activities directed to index results. In order to get outline goals, an analysis of documents about IDEPE was done; besides semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals who work in six towns (Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Ipojuca, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Moreno e São Lourenço da Mata) that are part of Regional Management of Education Metro Sul. For data handling, this search was based in the theoricanalytical purpose of Fairclough (2001), the Textually Oriented Discourse Analysis, which considers textual analysis, the discursive practice and social practice. About the documents, the information points to a governmental discourse that defends investments in education with functions of contributions to economical increase of Pernambuco. It also puts teachers and principals as responsible for the success or the failure in the performance of students' evaluations of the System of Evaluation of Basic Education of Pernambuco (SAEPE), as well as insert in the school the meritorious management culture, in a clear assumption of accountability politics. The speech of interviewed people reveals the influences of governmental policy in the daily routine schools, which gives importance to IDEPE, and determined areas of knowledge (Portuguese and Mathematics, via SAEPE), besides the increase of bureaucratic works made by professionals of schools. This study revealed that from the implement of IDEPE and the bonus of performances, a culture of competition was created with a rating among schools. On this fact, teachers and principals sarted to work in function of bonus. In short, it was realized this "new" policy implemented during the govern of Eduardo Campos provided a discursive change in the patterns of educational action in Pernambuco, this doesn't mean that asserts that such change contributed positively to education, specially in what refers to the teachers and principals' job.

Diploma thesis describes the problem of quantitative expression of the quality of life. For this purpose is used one of the most widespread indicators of quality of life - Human Development Index. This paper describes its basic characteristics, method of calculation, its advantages and drawbacks. One of the objectives of this paper is the elimination of these shortcomings by alternative method of calculation. The methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and data envelopment analysis models are applied for these purposes. One part of this paper is a theoretical description of the tasks of multi-criteria decision making and their classification into the methods for multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and into the methods of multi-criteria linear programming. In this paper are used methods WSA, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE, based on the definition of the theoretical characteristics of the methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. These methods are applied on the source data, obtained from a model of the human development index. After calculation, the results obtained are analyzed and written into the conclusion. Another alternative approach to obtain the level of human development is to evaluate the degree of efficiency of countries using data envelopment analysis models in comparison with the human development index. For these purposes is written the theoretical background, which defines the basic types of data envelopment analysis models. These theoretical findings serve as the basis for the practical analysis by the BCC output oriented model and by the corresponding model of super efficiency. The results of these calculations are analyzed and subsequently written into the final conclusion.

Initially founded in 1955 as a platform for Dutch photojournalists to increase international exposure, the World Press Photo competition has grown into the most prestigious contest of photojournalism worldwide, making it an important arena for journalism research. Using qualitative and quantitative content analyses, this study examines all photos shown in the competitions from 1960 to 2020 (N = 11,789) considering the origin of jury members (N = 686), participants (N = 132,800), placements (N = 2347) and the Human Development Index (HDI) of the countries. The topics displayed on the photos, their degree of negativity, and potential power structures in the photos are analysed over time both in terms of continental and HDI-related differences. Significant results show that Africa, Asia, and South America are more frequently depicted by the topic conflict and characterised by negative images than continents with industrialised nations (Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America). Participating European countries have a significantly higher average number of jury members, participants, and placements than participating countries from Africa, Asia, and South America, which seems to account for a dominant Eurocentric view. Implications and critical discussions are summarized in three interim conclusions at the end of this extended paper.

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