The potential for aquaculture development to make up for an annual 400,000mt shortfall in domestic fish supply was investigated. This involved an overview of the sector to determine its trends and operations and identifying strengths and constraints, a financial viability assessment of the sector, based on mode and levels of operation of existing farms, an assessment of the market and trade for cultured fish with a focus on Oreochromis niloticus, and finally, a GIS approach to update and reassess the potential for aquaculture development in Ghana. Data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources, the former, via fish farmer, dealers and consumer questionnaire surveys. Results of the study showed that interests in fish farming continue to grow with an overall annual average growth rate of 16% since 2000. The existing farms, 1300 in number were however very small with a mean farm size of 0.36ha and a median 0.06ha of which commercial farms accounted for less than 3%. Based on sizes, mode of operation and levels of input and output, five subsistence farm types were identified. Mean production from these pond-based farms ranged from 1436kg/ha/yr- to 4,423kg/ha/yr while that of a medium sized intensive commercial pond farm was 45,999kg/ha/yr. Commercial farming accounted for about 75% of 2006 aquaculture production. The main strength identified was the growing interest in both commercial and non-commercial fish farming and the main constraints were lack of quality seed, low levels of technical support and of knowledge in fish farming practices among non-commercial farmers. Net profits of commercial farms ranged from GH¢ 3,341 (US$3480)/ha/yr to GH¢ 51,444 (US$ 53,587)/ha/yr with payback from 1 to 4yrs, IRR at 35% to 105% and NPV from GH¢ 5,898 to GH¢ 236,412. By contrast, only two of the five non-commercial farm types made positive net returns ranging, from GH¢158 to GH¢1100/ha/yr, with minimum payback period of 14yrs, NPVs of less than 1 and the best IRR being just 4%, when initial capital requirements are full costed. Uncosted family labour inputs and negligible land opportunity costs improved viabilities for two farm types, where net returns/ha/yr increased by more than 50%, minimum payback dropped to 2 years, NPV from GH¢ 4839 to GH¢ 9330 and minimum IRR of 45%. Main constraints identified as affecting the profitability of subsistence farming were the relatively low prices of fish and the low levels of output which could be improved through better farming practices. From the market survey, a huge market potential for tilapia was identified with a current supply deficit of 41,000mt. The most preferred sizes by consumers and with potentially good market price for traders were those weighing at least 200g. For dealers, trading in cultured fish was found to be more profitable than trading wild capture tilapia because of lower wholesaler prices, gross profit margins were GH¢ 0.49/kg and GH¢ 0.25/kg respectively. Preference for tilapia was influenced by taste, availability, and its perceived health benefit. A key constraint to the sector was poor post-harvest handling and preservation of the fish resulting in shorter shelf life. From the GIS study, 2% (3,692 km2) of available land area was identified as very suitable for subsistence and about 0.2% (313.8km2) for commercial farming. A further 97.4% and 84.0% were identified as suitable for subsistence and commercial farming respectively. Areas with potential for cage culture were also identified, which were largely in the southern and mid-sections of the country. The overall conclusions are that based on natural resource requirements, market potential and financial viability, Ghana has the potential to totally make up the shortfall in domestic fish supply through aquaculture production. The current 400,000mt shortfall in domestic fish production can be achieved by 2020 by increasing overall aquaculture production by 60% per annum.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-25T17:56:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CÉSAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - TESE PPGCS 2007..pdf: 3084941 bytes, checksum: 81fc57ae5c1208e5a5041687b12767ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-25T17:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO CÉSAR OLIVEIRA DINIZ - TESE PPGCS 2007..pdf: 3084941 bytes, checksum: 81fc57ae5c1208e5a5041687b12767ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-02 / Este trabalho analisa um processo de “experimentalismo institucional” instituído no Governo Lula com o objetivo de fundar um novo paradigma na relação entre Estado e sociedade civil, seja no sentido de alargar a relação ou seja na intenção de aprofundar as mudanças ocorridas no âmbito relacional. Dois aspectos caracterizam um experimentalismo institucional: a decisão do governo em repensar os mecanismos de elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas e, ao mesmo tempo, a iniciativa governamental de buscar se apropriar e fortalecer as experiências bem sucedidas no campo da sociedade civil, passando a referenciar novas políticas. E Dois casos de experimentalismo institucional serão analisados. No primeiro, o experimentalismo se funda em torno da política de segurança alimentar do governo federal e das experiências de convivência com o sem-árido, estas desenvolvidas pela Articulação do Semi-Árido Paraibano. No segundo caso, o experimentalismo é instituído a partir da implantação da política governamental de desenvolvimento territorial. Nos territórios, atores sociais e governos interagem num processo de aprendizagem no sentido de estabelecer concertações, compartilhar identidades e compromissos mútuos. Finalmente, o texto apresenta algumas considerações sobre os dois casos de experimentalismo institucional e sua capacidade para alargar as relações entre Estado e sociedade civil e para aprofundar as mudanças pretendidas e os compromissos assumidos nessa trama relacional. Além disso, sugere como esses experimentalismos contribuíram para o estabelecimento de um “novo projeto” de agricultura familiar no país. / This thesis analyses a process of “institutional experimentalism” that was implement by Lula’s1 Government, in order to establish a new paradigm in the relationship between the State and Civil Society, both to broaden the scope and deepen the changes that occurred in this relationship. Two aspects characterize this “institutional experimentalism”: firstly, the government’s decision to review the elaboration and implementation mechanisms of public policies and, secondly, the government’s initiative to incorporate, and strengthen, the successful Civil Society initiatives, using them as references for new policies. Two cases of “institutional experimentalism” are discussed. In the first one, the “experimentalism” is established around the Federal Government’s food security policy and the initiatives based on the idea of “living with the semi-arid environment”2 developed by the Paraíba Semi-Arid Region Network. In the second case, the “experimentalism” concerns the implementation the governmental policy of territorial development. In the territories, social actors and government bodies interact in a learning process that tries to establish negotiation, and share identities and bilateral commitments. Finally, the thesis presents some concluding remarks on the two cases of “institutional experimentalism” and their capacity to reinforce the relationship between the State and Civil Society and to consolidate the intended changes and the commitments that were set up in this process. Moreover, it also comments on how this “experimentalism” has contributed towards the establishment of a “new project” for the country’s family farmers. / Le présent travail analyse un processus d' espérimentalisme institutionnel, institué par le Gouvernement Lula dans le but de créer un nouveau paradigme dans la relation entre l'Etat et la societé civile, que ce soit dans le sens d’élargir cette relation ou que ce soit dans le but d’approfondir les changements qui ont eu lieu dans le domaine relationnel. Deux aspects caractérisent cet expérimentalisme institutionnel : la décision du gouvernement de repenser les mécanismes d’élaboration et d’implantation de politiques publiques et, en même temps, l’initiative gouvernementale de chercher à s’approprier des expériences réussies dans le champ de la société civile, et à les renforcer pour qu’elles servent de référence pour de nouvelles politiques. Deux cas d’expérimentalisme institutionnel seront analysés. Dans le premier, l’expérimentalisme s’exerce à propos de la politique de sécurité alimentaire du gouvernement fédéral et sur la base des expériences bien réussies de « convivence » dans la région semi-aride, expériences menées par l’Articulation du Semi-Aride de la Paraíba. Dans le second cas, l’expérimentalisme s’institue à partir de l’implantation de la politique gouvernementale de développement territorial. Dans les territoires, acteurs sociaux et gouvernements dialoguent dans un processus d’apprentissage visant à établir des arrangements, partager des identités et des engagements mutuels. Finalment, le texte présente quelques considérations sur les deux cas d’expérimentalisme institutionnel et leur capacité d’élargir les relations entre Etat et société civile, et d’approfondir les changements recherchés et les engagements assumés dans cette trame relationnelle. En outre, il suggère que ces expérimentalismes ont contribué à établir um « nouveau projet » d’agriculture familiale dans le pays.

School readiness is a stage in a child's development when he learns easily and effectively. A child who is not yet ready for school on school entry is already at a disadvantage in the formal learning situation. This in itself can affect his school performance in the later years. The researcher, being a primary school teacher noticed that the children from the informal settlements that had no pre-school intervention arrived at school unready to learn. This investigation set out to evaluate the school readiness of children from an informal settlement without a pre-school programme. The school readiness of these children were compared against children from an informal settlement with a pre-school programme. Test and questionnaires were used to determine the five year olds' school readiness. The researcher used the idiographic method of research. The findings of the research were based on the interpretations of the tests and questionnaires. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

TARUHN, Rosane. Desenvolvimento cooperativo de coleções de revistas científicas na Rede Brasileira de Informação em Ciências da Saúde. São Paulo, 2007. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola de Comunicações e Artes. Universidade de São Paulo. A partir da observação das mudanças sociais no final de século XX, em grande parte decorrentes dos avanços da tecnologia, esta pesquisa apresenta um breve histórico do surgimento de livros e revistas científicas até os dias atuais. Descreve os processos do trabalho de desenvolvimento de coleções em bibliotecas, destacando a importância desses, assim como da formalização de política com a finalidade de tornar claros os valores considerados, de acordo com o perfil dos usuários. Inclui aspectos de ações em cooperação no desenvolvimento de coleções de revistas científicas e de programas de assinaturas e acesso a estas no Brasil. Objetivo: Analisar os processos de desenvolvimento de coleções de revistas científicas, nas bibliotecas cooperantes da Rede Brasileira de Informação em Ciências da Saúde, coordenada pela BIREME, e identificar rumos do desenvolvimento cooperativo dessas coleções diante das novas tecnologias. Método: Questionário estruturado e publicado na Web para ser respondido por 45 bibliotecas cooperantes do Catálogo Coletivo SeCS (Seriados em Ciências da Saúde) no Portal de Revistas da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Resultados: Dos questionários enviados 60% foram respondidos. A tabulação das respostas permitiu verificar, principalmente, que 51,9% das bibliotecas respondentes possuem documento formalizado de Política de Desenvolvimento de Coleções, embora apenas 26% tenham pesquisado o perfil do usuário ou da comunidade. Afirmaram fazer parte de um programa cooperativo de aquisição de revistas 48,1%, onde se incluem os programas planificados de aquisição de universidades e outros. Dos respondentes, 88,8% afirmaram fazer parte do Programa Periódico CAPES e 70,8% dessas realizam aquisição adicional de revistas. A possibilidade futura de somar recursos de orçamento para aquisição cooperativa de revistas não se mostra possível para 66,6% Dos 27 respondentes, 96,3% afirmaram utilizar sempre o Portal de Revistas da BVS e o catálogo Coletivo SeCS. Em razão da recomendação existente em acordo da BIREME com representantes da Rede, para que se mantenha pelo menos uma coleção de cada um dos títulos constantes no Portal, a existência do título para decisão de nova assinatura é verificada por 55,6% dos respondentes. Para cancelamento de assinatura, 33,3% consultam o título e coleções e 66,7% não os consultam, o que permite avaliar que, sob o aspecto de desenvolvimento cooperativo de coleções, esses itens não estão sendo suficientemente observados. Sobre o formato das revistas, 44,4% declararam que os usuários preferem revistas eletrônicas; 33,3% não têm preferência; 14,8% preferem revistas impressas e 7,4% não sabem. A grande maioria (96,2%) considera que o Catálogo Coletivo SeCS continuará a existir, independentemente dos formatos das revistas. Conclusão: Para a Rede Brasileira Informação em Ciências da Saúde, coordenada pela BIREME e, mais especificamente para as bibliotecas cooperantes do Portal de Revistas da BVS, permanece o desafio de estreitar a colaboração de forma a divulgar amplamente os trabalhos realizados, modernizar o Catálogo Coletivo SeCS e promover ações que facilitem a sua comunicação e atuação, estimulando a formalização de diretrizes e treinamentos que possibilitem a adoção incondicional dos conceitos e propósitos dessa cooperação. / Starting with the observation of the social changes by the end of the 20th century - mostly due to the advances of technology - this research shows a brief track record of scientific books and journals to this day. It describes the processes of library collection development, highlighting their importance as well as the formalization of politics to make the values contemplated clear and according to the users\' profile. In addition it includes aspects of cooperation actions for the development of collections and subscription programs and access to these in Brazil. Objective: To analyze the collection development of scientific journals in the cooperating libraries of the Brazilian Network on Health Sciences Information coordinated by BIREME, and identify paths in these collections\' cooperative development vis-à-vis the new technologies. Method: A questionnaire structured and published on the Web to be responded by 45 cooperating libraries of the Serials Collective Catalog in Health Sciences in the Portal of Journals of the Virtual Health Library (VHL). Results: The responses corresponded to 60% of the questionnaires. The tabulation of the answers allowed mainly to verify that 51.9% of the responding libraries have a formalized Collection Development Policy document, although only 26% had studied the profile of the user or the community. Of these responding libraries 48.1%, declared being part of a cooperative program for the acquisition of journals. Here are included the planned University acquisition programs. Of the respondents, 88.8% declared taking part in the CAPES Periodicals Portal and 70.8% of these acquire additional journals. 66.6% don\'t see the possibility of adding budget resources for the cooperative acquisition of ournals in the future. Of the 27 respondents, 96.3% declared they always use the Portal of Journals and the Serials Collective Catalog. Because of the existing recommendation - in BIREME\'s agreement with the Network\'s representatives - to maintain at least one collection of each one of the titles in the Portal, 55.6% of the respondents check the existence of the title for the decision making of a new subscription. 33.3% consult the title and collections for the canceling of the subscription and 66.7% do not consult them. This allows assessing that from the collection cooperative development aspect these items are not being sufficiently observed. On the format of the journals, 44.4% declared that users prefer electronic journals; 33.3% have no preference; 14.8% prefer printed journals and 7.4% do not know. The great majority (96.2%) considers that the Serials Collective Catalog will continue existing irrespective of the journals\' formats. Conclusion: For the Brazilian Network for Health Sciences Information coordinated by BIREME, and more specifically for the cooperating libraries of the Portal of Journals in the VHL, remains the challenge of strengthening the collaboration so as to broadly publicize papers accomplished, update the Serials Collective Catalog and promote actions to facilitate its communication and operation, stimulating the formalization of guidelines and training that may enable the unconditional adoption of this cooperation\'s concepts and purposes

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T12:04:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T12:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T12:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research integrates the project of Public Policy and Education of Children in Goiás: history, concepts, projects and practices developed by the Center of Studies and Research of Childhood and its Education in Different Contexts (NEPIEC) which is inserted in the research line: Education, Teaching Professionalization, Educational Work of the Postgraduate Program in the School of Education of the Federal University of Goiás. Propositions of multisectoral policies and integrated development of Early Childhood of the World Bank for developing countries have been investigated, which involve interconnected actions in education, health, nutrition, social protection (child protection and social assistance) and basic sanitation, in order to understand how this process has been set up in Brazil as of the 1990s. A documentary and literature research was carried out and we propose as reference of analysis historical and dialectical materialism. The starting point being a survey called State of the Art on the studied subject, in order to map out the academic and scientific production in the field, to enable a look at the production, observing the evolution of research, its features, focus and gaps. Presenting the multiple aspects of the organizational structure of the World Bank and its development policy propositions on Early Childhood supported in the six Education Sectoral Documents and the eight publications produced from 1974 to 2014 by the International Organization, which were formulated to instruct the political debate with governments, development partners and civil society in developing countries, including Brazil. The strategic entry points of investment have been analyzed, classified into four themes based on: 1) programs based on Early Childhood Development Centers focusing on school readiness; 2) residential programs based on behavioral change in relation to health, nutrition and child care; 3) communication / media campaigns aimed at families with young children on child health, nutrition and overall development; and, 4) conditional cash transfer for families with small children. It is concluded that the World Bank since its inception in 1944, besides project financing, policy-making, technical assistance to governments, also plays an important role in the meeting, synthesis and dissemination of knowledge about the specific development issues covering its extensive practice area, including the development of Early Childhood, services in the area and around the world. Since the seventies, the World Bank references the relevance of the adoption of multisectoral and integrated programs designed for Early Childhood, with the theoretical support based on the political theory of human capital, which seeks the reproduction and accumulation of capital, as opposed to a project that aims to guarantee full rights the children in Brazil. / Esta pesquisa integra o projeto Políticas Públicas e Educação da Infância em Goiás: história, concepções, projetos e práticas, desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas da Infância e sua Educação em Diferentes Contextos (NEPIEC) e está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa: Formação, Profissionalização Docente, Traballho Educativo do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Investigamos as proposições de políticas multissetoriais e integradas de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância do Banco Mundial para os países em desenvolvimento, os quais envolvem ações interligadas no campo da educação, saúde, nutrição, proteção social (proteção à criança e assistência social) e de saneamento básico, a fim de compreender como este processo tem se configurado no Brasil, a partir dos anos de 1990. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e propomos como referencial de análise o materialismo histórico e dialético. A metodologia de pesquisa abrange a constituição do Estado da Arte acerca da temática em estudo, com o propósito de mapearmos as produções acadêmicas e científicas na área, possibilitando um olhar sobre a produção, observando a evolução das pesquisas, suas características, foco e as lacunas existentes. Apresentamos os múltiplos aspectos da estrutura organizacional do Banco Mundial e as suas proposições políticas de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância apoiadas nos seis Documentos Setoriais de Educação e nas oito publicações produzidas no período de 1974 a 2014 pela referida Organização Internacional sobre a temática, as quais foram formuladas para instruir o debate político com governos, parceiros de desenvolvimento e a sociedade civil dos países em desenvolvimento, inclusive com o Brasil. Analisamos os pontos de entrada estratégicos de investimento, classificados em quatro eixos temáticos baseados em: 1) programas baseados em Centros de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância com foco na prontidão escolar; 2) programas domiciliares baseados na mudança de comportamento em relação à saúde, à nutrição e aos cuidados parentais; 3) campanhas de comunicação/mídia destinadas a família com crianças pequenas sobre saúde infantil, nutrição e desenvolvimento global; e, 4) transferência condicionada de renda para famílias com crianças pequenas. Com base na pesquisa realizada, conclui-se que o Banco Mundial desde sua criação, em 1944, além do financiamento de projetos, formulação de políticas, da assistência técnica a governos, desempenha um papel relevante na reunião, síntese e disseminação do conhecimento sobre os temas específicos de desenvolvimento que abrangem sua extensa área de atuação, inclusive sobre o desenvolvimento da primeira infância e serviços na área em todo o mundo. Desde os anos setenta, o Banco Mundial referencia a relevância da adoção de programas multissetoriais e integrados dirigidos à primeira infância, tendo como base de sustentação teórica das políticas a teoria do capital humano, que busca a reprodução e a acumulação do capital, em contraposição a um projeto que objetive a garantia dos direitos plenos da criança no Brasil.

Submitted by Mauricio Brilhante Mendonça (mauricio_bm@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-21T13:10:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-03-21T13:19:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-21T13:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / The Manaus Free Trade Zone (ZFM) is the Union’s regional development policy for the Western Amazonia which is based on the concession of tax incentives to the productive capital. Its main results can be seen in the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM). Based on theoretic references on public policies, political decision process and on the framework of historical institutionalism, the thesis analyses three relevant decisions to the ZFM, as well as the public agencies where these decisions are made, characterizing the actors who influence them while also trying to understand the flow of public decisions in each one of the decision making processes. The first one of them refers to the two moments in which the decision of extending the ZFM’s applicability was being discussed in the National Congress, when interest groups were capable of joining their political forces to guarantee the constitutional status of the ZFM. The second one refers to the evaluation of the implantation, update, diversification or extension’s pleas of the industrial projects in the ZFM, on which the research provided understanding that once the technical-economical project is coherently presented, according to the established Basic Productive Process (PPB), the legislation and accompanied by the necessary documentation, the projects of whichever sector will not face any difficulty to be approved by the CAS. The need of a previous PPBs existence makes their establishment process a vital decision in the ZFM policies. This is the third process. PPB is the tool which has allowed the ZFM’s tax incentives’ policy’s governance through the regularization of processes and procedures which are to be abode by the companies which enjoy the benefits. The PPBs are established after negotiation among producers, suppliers and the Federal State, this last one being represented by MDIC, MCTI and SUFRAMA, under the GT-PPB’s management, whose operation is regulated by means of the Interministerial Ordinance MDIC/MCT n°170/2010. The PPB has been used by the State to establish counterparts to the companies which benefit from the ZFM’s tax incentives and also to allow the installation of productive sectors in that zone. It was noted that what is effectively valued is the risk of the PPB being published causing, therewith, the displacement of other productive plants from different regions in Brazil to the ZFM, situation which would turn into a negative decision. However, in cases in which the other federation units, cities or micro regions’ loss is not clear, there may be conflicts of political character, which leaves the decision to be made by negotiation levels and power above the GT-PPB. It is important to mention that the GT-PPB members understand that the ZFM is a public policy for the Western Amazonia, and also that they recognize the power that these members’ functions altogether have, each one with their own specialty, limits and objectives, functions which may influence the formulation and implementation of the industrial, science and technology and regional development policy in Brazil. It was possible to notice the participants’ effort with the current rules to promote improvements in these policies as well as the fact of how these teams are reflected by the lack of an effective national productive development project. / A Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM) é a política de desenvolvimento regional da União para a Amazônia Ocidental baseada na concessão de incentivos fiscais ao capital produtivo, a qual tem no Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM) o seu principal resultado. Partindo de referenciais teóricos sobre políticas públicas, processo de decisão política e do arcabouço do institucionalismo histórico, a tese analisa três decisões relevantes para a ZFM, para as quais se buscou identificar as agências públicas onde estas são tomadas, caracterizando os atores que nelas influenciam, ao passo que procurou compreender o fluxo de decisões públicas desses processos decisórios. A primeira delas refere-se aos dois momentos em que a decisão de prorrogar a vigência da ZFM estivera em discussão no Congresso Nacional, quando os grupos de interesse foram capazes de agregar força política para garantir o status constitucional da ZFM. A segunda refere-se à avaliação dos pleitos de implantação, atualização, diversificação ou ampliação de projetos industriais na ZFM, sobre a qual a pesquisa proporcionou o entendimento de que uma vez apresentado o projeto técnico-econômico de forma coerente, de acordo com o Processo Produtivo Básico (PPB) estabelecido, com a legislação e acompanhado da documentação necessária, os projetos de qualquer que seja o setor não enfrentam dificuldades de aprovação no CAS. A necessidade da existência prévia de PPBs torna o processo de estabelecimento destes uma decisão fundamental na política da ZFM. Esse é o terceiro processo. O PPB é a ferramenta que tem permitido a governança da política de incentivos fiscais da ZFM, através da regulação de processos e procedimentos cumpridos pelas empresas que usufruem dos benefícios. Os PPBs são estabelecidos após negociação entre produtores, fornecedores e o Estado brasileiro, sendo este representado pelo MDIC, MCTI e SUFRAMA, sob a gestão do GT-PPB, cujo funcionamento é regulamentado pela Portaria Interministerial MDIC/MCT n°170/2010. O PPB vem sendo utilizado pelo Estado para estabelecer contrapartidas às empresas beneficiárias dos incentivos fiscais da ZFM e para permitir instalação de setores produtivos naquela zona. Notou-se que o efetivamente valorado é o risco de o PPB, ao ser publicado, causar deslocamento de plantas produtivas de outras regiões do Brasil para a ZFM, situação que leva ao indeferimento. Contudo, em situações nas quais não é claro o prejuízo para outras unidades da federação, cidades ou microrregiões, pode haver conflitos de caráter político, alçando a decisão para níveis de negociação e de poder acima do GT-PPB. Destaca-se o entendimento dos membros do GT-PPB de que a ZFM é uma política pública da União para a Amazônia Ocidental e de reconhecerem o poder que, em conjunto, têm suas funções, por meio das quais, cada um com sua especialidade, limites e objetivos, pode influenciar por dentro do Estado brasileiro na elaboração e implementação da política industrial, de ciência e tecnologia e de desenvolvimento regional. Foi possível perceber o esforço dos participantes para, com as regras atuais, promoverem melhorias nessas políticas e como se reflete nessas equipes a falta de um efetivo projeto de desenvolvimento produtivo nacional.