La thèse se situe dans le domaine de l'histoire de l'éducation, inspiré par les hypothèses de l'histoire culturelle. Son objectif principal de développer une sorte de «archéologie» de la dictée à l'école primaire pour discuter sa présence séculaire et sa persistance, aujourd'hui, comme une pratique scolaire. L'enquête est de réduire la période de 1939 à 1971. Le point de départ est due à l'introduction et l'adoption plus expressive de la nouvelle école au Rio Grande do Sul, par le décret n. 8020 du 29 Novembre 1939, qui a approuvé le «programme minimum à adopter dans les écoles primaires de l'Etat." Le cadre final est basé sur la date effective de la loi des directives et des bases de 1971 (loi n °. 5692/71) qui a aboli l'enseignement primaire. Sont adopté trois analyse porte, qui se coupent: les conceptions; les orientations; et les pratiques scolaires de la dictée. La stratégie d'analyse de la recherche est de fournir des auteurs qui ont étudié le sujet, à savoir: André Chervel, Danièle Manesse, Anne-Marie Chartier, Pierre Caspard, Antoine Prost et Patrick Cabanel; ainsi que des auteurs qui se sont consacrés à la réflexion sur la culture de l'école, notamment, Dominique Julia, Antonio Viñao Frago et Justino Magalhães, qui contribuent à la compréhension des concepts de la dictée. La recherche a rassemblé un corpus empirique de différents documents, afin d'identifier: 1) des conseils sur l'adoption et la mise en oeuvre de la dictée dans la salle de classe contenue dans les programmes éducatifs, dont certains sont développés et approuvés par décrets officiels, manuels scolaires pour la formation des enseignants et des articles produits par des enseignants et publiés dans le “Revista do Ensino/RS” [Journal of enseignement/RS]; 2) les pratiques d'écriture scolaire qui incluent la dictée comme un exercice écrit d’enseignement et/ou d'évaluation, identifiés dans des cahiers scolaires du primaire (empirique principale de la thèse); rapports dans lequel la dictée apparaît comme aspect explicitement évalué; et les souvenirs de l'école où la dictée est évoqué comme une memoire de la période de la scolarité initiale. L'étude conçoit que la dictée se compose d'une pratique si présent et insidieuse, et l'efficacité pédagogique et le contrôle de telle sorte que, dans la culture scolaire, prend un caractère de dispositif. Constate que la dictée, en effet, reste une pratique scolaire, mais cela ne signifie pas qu'il y a une continuité des pratiques. La dictée, comme l'école, a une historicité et si elle persiste comme une pratique scolaire est parce qu'elle était/est capable de se réinventer. / A tese se inscreve no campo da História da Educação, inspirada nos pressupostos da História Cultural. Tem como objetivo principal elaborar uma espécie de “arqueologia” do ditado na escola primária a fim de problematizar sua presença secular e sua persistência, na atualidade, como prática escolar. A investigação tem como recorte temporal o período de 1939 a 1971. O marco inicial deve-se à introdução e adoção mais expressiva do ideário da Escola Nova no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio do Decreto n. 8020 de 29 de novembro de 1939, que aprovou o “Programa mínimo a ser adotado nas escolas primárias do Estado”. O marco final se assenta no início da vigência da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1971 (Lei n. 5692/71) que extinguiu o ensino primário. São adotados três focos de análise, que se encontram em intersecção: as concepções; as orientações; e as práticas do ditado escolar. A estratégia analítica da investigação tem como aporte autores que se debruçaram sobre a temática, a saber: André Chervel, Danièle Manesse, Anne-Marie Chartier, Pierre Caspard, Antoine Prost e Patrick Cabanel; além de autores que se dedicaram à reflexão sobre a cultura escolar, em especial, Dominique Julia, António Viñao Frago e Justino Magalhães, que contribuem para a compreensão das concepções sobre o ditado. A investigação reuniu um corpus empírico composto por diferentes documentos, com a finalidade de identificar: 1) orientações sobre a adoção e a aplicação do ditado em sala de aula contidas em programas de ensino, sendo alguns deles elaborados e aprovados por decretos oficiais, manuais de ensino destinados à formação de professores e artigos produzidos por professores e publicados na Revista do Ensino/RS; 2) práticas de escrita escolar que contemplam o ditado como exercício escrito de ensino e/ou avaliação, identificadas em cadernos escolares do ensino primário (empiria principal da tese); boletins de notas em que o ditado comparece como aspecto explicitamente avaliado; e memórias escolares nas quais o ditado é evocado como recordação do período de escolarização inicial. O estudo concebe que o ditado consiste em uma prática tão presente e insidiosa, e com uma eficácia pedagógica e de controle tal que, na cultura escolar, assume o caráter de dispositivo. Constata que o ditado, efetivamente, persiste como prática escolar, mas isso não significa que haja uma continuidade das práticas. O ditado, assim como a escola, tem uma historicidade e se persiste como prática escolar é porque foi/é capaz de se reinventar. / The thesis writes in the field of History of Education, inspired by the assumptions of Cultural History. Its main objective is to develop a kind of "archeology" of dictation in primary school to discuss their secular presence and persistence, today, as a school practice. The investigation is to cut the time period from 1939 to 1971. The starting point is due to the introduction and more expressive adoption of the New School thinking in Rio Grande do Sul, through the Decree n. 8020 of November 29, 1939, which approved the "minimum program to be adopted in state primary schools." The final point is based on the effective date of the Law of Directives and Bases 1971 (Law no. 5692/71) which abolished the primary education. Three analysis focuses were adopted, which are intersecting: the conceptions; the guidelines; and practices of the dictation in school. The analytical strategy of research is to supply authors who have studied the subject, namely: André Chervel, Danièle Manesse, Anne-Marie Chartier, Pierre Caspard, Antoine Prost and Patrick Cabanel; as well as authors who have dedicated to reflection on school culture, in particular, Dominique Julia, Antonio Viñao Frago and Justino Magalhães, which contribute to the understanding of the concepts of the saying. The research gathered empirical corpus of different documents, in order to identify: 1) guidance on the adoption and implementation of saying in the classroom contained in educational programs, some of which are developed and approved by official decrees, textbooks for the teacher qualification and articles produced by teachers and published in the “Revista do Ensino/RS” [Journal of teaching/RS]; 2) school writing practices that include the dictation as written exercise teaching and/or evaluation, identified in notebooks from primary school (main empiric of the thesis); report cards in the dictation appears as aspect explicitly evaluated; and school memories in which the dictation is evoked as a memory of the initial schooling period. The study conceives that the dictation consists of a practice so present and insidious, and pedagogical effectiveness and control such that, in the school culture, assumes the character device. Notes that the dictation, in effect, remains a school practice, but that does not mean that there is a continuity of practices. The dictation, as the school, has a historicity and if persists as school practice is because it was/is able to reinvent itself.

La grammaire - longtemps considérée comme routinière, ennuyeuse et formaliste - est un objet de réflexions au centre de nouvelles préoccupations en matière d'enseignement. En témoignent les programmes mettant en avant l'importa,ce de notions relatives à l'énonciation, à la cohésion textuelle, à côté des études relatives à la grammaire de phrase. Ce travail vise à contribuer aux réflexions sur l'acquisition de cette discipline. Il se matérialise autour de la phrase et de la ponctuation. Qu'est-ce que la phrase ? La ponctuation ? Une connaissance spontanée ? Un savoir appris à l'école ? Comment donner du sens à cet enseignement ? Comment le penser ? L'organiser ? C'est autour de ces questions que s'organise ce travail : une première partie regroupe les principaux courants grammaticaux "classiques" et "contemporains" qui ont eu un impact durable sur l'enseignement de la phrase et de la ponctuation ; une deuxième porte sur une synthèse des fondements de l'enseignement et de l'apprentissage de la grammaire, mis en lumière par les recherches récentes dans les domaines de la psychologie cognitive et de la didactique ; une troisième s'attache à analyser les manuels d'enseignement et autres documents didactiques utilisés dans les salles de classe ; une quatrième enfin livre les conclusions auxquelles nous sommes parvenus au terme de plusieurs expériences menées dans des classes de CP et de CE1 : l'une sur l'approche de la phrase en contexte, l'autre sur l'approche du système de ponctuation. De ce travail, nous retenons que nos propositions didactiques peuvent réconcilier les élèves avec la grammaire, et plus particulièrement avec la ponctuation, bête noire de la production écrite. / Grammar - regarded a long time as routine, tedious and formal - is an object of reflexions in the center of new concerns as regards teaching. In the programs testify proposing the importance to concepts relating to the stating, with textual cohesion, beside the relative studies with the grammar of sentence. This work aims at contributing to the reflexions on the acquisition of this discipline. It materializes around the sentence and of the punctuation. What the sentence ? The punctuation ? A spontaneous knowledge ? A knowledge learned at school ? How to give direction to this teaching ? How to think it ? To organize ? It is around these questions that this work is organized : a first part gathers the principal grammatical currents "traditional" and "contemporaries" who had a durable impact on the teaching of the sentence and the punctuation ; a second door on a synthesis of the bases of teaching and training of the grammar, clarified by recent research in the fields of cognitive psychology and the didactic one ; a third attempts to analyse handbook of teaching and other didactic documents used in classrooms ; a fourth finally delivers the conclusions to which we arrived at the end of several experiments undertaken in classes of CP and CE1 : one on the approach of the sentence in context, the other on the approach of the system of punctuation. Of this work, we retain that our didactic proposals can reconcile pupils with grammar, and more particularly with the punctuation, pet peeve of the written production.

This is a study of quantitative and qualitative methods that aims to gain increased knowledge about primary school students and what it means to write. The study examines if dictation provides a digital opportunity in a learning environment for everyone. The study is a case study. The study has a mixed-methods design with an explanatory Sequential Design. The study is based on empirical methods that consists of two quantitative and two qualitative methods. The quantitative methods are measurement of LIX value of student texts and the students' grades. The qualitative methods are a questionnaire to seven students in eighth grade and a semi-structured interview with a teacher. The study's theoretical framework rests on a socio-cultural perspective, with Vygotsky's theories about language and communication and Säljö´s thoughts about artefacts and dictation as a writing tool. The study uses a hermeneutic perspective to describe the qualitative parts of the study. This perspective is used to describe an interaction between theory and method analysis that provides an opportunity for a deeper understanding. The results of the study show that students think that dictation is a functional writing tool. The results from the questionnaire show that students think it is important to plan their writing before dictation. Furthermore, students discover that they must adapt their voice to the dictation program. By learning the software, the students´ develop their writing ability. Finally, students note that the processing is different and requires different strategies for correcting than traditional writing does. Perhaps the biggest obstacle in itself is that the transcriber needs to have access to a quiet place. The knowledge contribution that is added to the problem area and previous research is a deeper understanding of the factors that affect students' writing through dictation. The study is important and relevant to the teaching profession and contributes to the fact that dictation can be a way of writing for students. The experiences from this study can be a support for teachers in developing their schools´ learning environment. Coupled with teachers' broad repertoire in writing and writing development, this will give more students the opportunity to reach approved knowledge requirements in Swedish compulsory school as Nilholm assert. / <p>Digital presentation</p>

Lately, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has improved in both performance and popularity and today the technology can be found in many different products, often in the form of a Voice User Interface (VUI). There are numerous factors to consider when developing a system using this technology. It is essential to comprehend both the user’s experience of using the product and the performance of the ASR. In terms of the user experience, only the user can tell you what is important, which is why user testing is a necessary part of further development. In this study, a test was designed to perform a comprehensive remote user test of the dictation feature Notebook Voice Control in the product BIOVIA Notebook. The aim of the user test was to understand what factors affect the performance of the feature, and when a user is satisfied. To carry out the tests a web-application was designed, created, and deployed. The web-application was integrated with the API of the product being tested and guided the participants through the tests as well as captured the test data. From the test results, it was clear that accurate recognition was highly important in terms of user satisfaction. In order to produce an accurate dictation, dictating in your native language seemed to be a success factor as well as having dictation experience. If you lack dictation experience, training appears to help. The errors that were the most remarkable in the tests and would need immediate attention were errors in the categories of numbers, abbreviations, units, and field-specific words. The issue of the time spent correcting errors was raised, and for some, this was what made them argue that the tool was currently not useful. The majority were positive towards the tool but wanted it to be a bit better, or perhaps they just have to practice using it a bit more. / På senaste tiden har taligenkänning ökat i både träffsäkerhet samt popularitet. Idag är tekniken implementerad i en rad olika produkter, ofta i form av ett röstanvändargränssnitt. Under utvecklingen av ett system som använder denna sorts teknik finns det ett antal faktorer att tänka på. Det är väsentligt att förstå både användarens upplevelse samt hur bra taligenkänningen är. Beträffande användarupplevelsen är det endast användaren som kan berätta vad som är viktigt, vilket är varför användartester är en nödvändig del av vidareutvecklingen. I denna studie designades ett användartest för att utföra en fullständigt utvärdering av dikteringsverktyget Notebook Voice Control som nyligen implementerats i produkten BIOVIA Notebook. Målet med testerna var att förstå vilka faktorer som påverkar träffsäkerheten av taligenkänningen samt när användaren är nöjd med verktyget. För att genomföra testerna skapades en webb-baserad applikation där testerna utfördes. Applikationen var integrerad i den testade produkten via dess API och applikationens uppgift vara att leda deltagarna genom testerna samt fånga testdata. Från resultatet av testerna var det påtagligt att en träffsäker taligenkänning var mycket betydelsefull för att användarna skulle vara nöjda. För att få en så korrekt transkribering av dikteringen som möjligt fanns det två tydliga faktorer som påverkade mest: att vara en erfaren dikterare samt att diktera på sitt modersmål. Om du inte är en erfaren dikterare verkar övning hjälpa med att förbättra dina dikteringsresultat. Av de felaktigheter som uppstod under dikteringarna, var de väsentliga numeriska värden, förkortningar, enheter samt ämnesspecifika ord enligt deltagarna. Dessa felaktigheter var sådana som deltagarna tyckte var tvungna att rättas till på en gång. Tiden som läggs på att rätta fel togs också upp som ett problem, på grund av detta tyckte ett antal deltagare att dikteringsverktyget inte var användbart i nuläget. Majoriteten var dock positiva till verktyget men ville att det skulle vara lite bättre för att använda det, eller så behövde de kanske öva lite mer.

Translation dictation (TD) is a translation technique that was widely used before professional translators’ workstations witnessed the massive influx of typewriters and personal computers. In the current era of globalization and of information and communication technologies (ICT), and in response to the growing demand for translation, certain translators and translator trainers throughout the world are seeking to (re)integrate dictation into the translation practice. Contrary to a few decades ago, when the transcription of translated texts was typically carried out by professional typists, the translation industry is currently turning to voice recognition (VR) technologies—that is, computer tools that serve to transcribe dictations automatically. Although off-the-shelf VR systems are not specifically conceived for professional translation purposes, they already seem to provide a more ergonomic and efficient approach, for those translators who are already using them, than does the conventional method, i.e., typing on a computer keyboard. This thesis introduces the notion of Interactive Translation Dictation (ITD), a translation technique that involves interaction with a VR system. The literature review conducted for this research indicated that integrating VR technologies into the practice of translation is not new; however, it showed that past efforts have proved unsuccessful. Moreover, an analysis of the needs of translators who use VR systems shed light on why translators have turned to VR software and what their opinions of these tools are. This analysis also allowed us to identify the challenges that VR technology currently presents for professional translation. This thesis is intended as a first step towards developing translation tools that are both ergonomic, i.e., that take into account the human factor, and efficient, allowing translators to meet the needs of the current translation market. The thesis also advocates a renewal of translator training programs. Integrating ITD into translation training and practice means (re)integrating spoken translation techniques that were used in the past and VR technologies that are now emerging. For such integration to be effective, significant technical, cognitive and pedagogical challenges will first need to be overcome. / La traduction dictée (TD) est une technique de traduction amplement utilisée avant l’arrivée massive des machines à écrire et des ordinateurs personnels sur les postes de travail des traducteurs professionnels. À l’heure actuelle, devant la demande croissante de traduction à l’ère de la mondialisation et des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC), certains traducteurs en exercice et des formateurs en traduction du monde entier considèrent la (ré)intégration de la TD à la pratique traductive. Contrairement à la méthode d’il y a quelques décennies, où la transcription des traductions était normalement produite par un copiste professionnel, on considère l’utilisation des technologies de reconnaissance vocale (RV) : des outils informatiques pouvant prendre en charge la transcription de dictées. Bien que les systèmes de RV sur le marché ne soient pas adaptés à la pratique de la traduction spécifiquement, ils semblent apporter, à ceux qui les utilisent déjà, une approche plus ergonomique et plus efficace que la méthode conventionnelle, c’est-à-dire la saisie au clavier d’ordinateur. La présente thèse introduit la notion de traduction dictée interactive (TDI) comme technique de traduction en interaction avec un système de RV. Lors de la revue de la littérature pour le présent projet, nous avons constaté que l’intérêt à intégrer la RV à la traduction professionnelle n’est pas nouveau, mais que les efforts précédents n’ont pas connu de succès définitif. Également, une analyse des besoins de certains traducteurs utilisant des systèmes de RV nous a éclairé sur la nature des motivations de ces traducteurs à se tourner vers la RV, sur leurs opinions vis-à-vis de cette dernière et sur les difficultés que posent les systèmes de RV pour les tâches d’ordre traductif. Notre thèse se veut un premier pas vers la conception d’outils d’aide à la traduction à la fois ergonomiques, c’est-à-dire prenant en compte le facteur humain, et efficaces, permettant de combler les besoins actuels du marché de la traduction. Elle se veut également une proposition de renouvèlement des programmes de formation à la traduction. Intégrer la TDI à la formation et à la pratique traductives, c’est (ré)intégrer des techniques de traduction orale utilisées par le passé et des technologies émergentes de RV. Et pour que cette intégration soit optimale, des défis importants d’ordre technique, cognitif et pédagogique restent à être surmontés.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine how pitch and rhythm aspects of melodic memory are affected by aural distractions when melodic stimuli are presented both visually and aurally, as compared to aurally only. The rationale for this research is centered on the need for improved melodic memory skills of students taking melodic dictation, and the possibility that temporary visual imagery storage of target melodies might enhance those skills. The participants in this study were undergraduate and graduate music majors (n=41) at a large northeastern university. All participants had successfully completed the first two semesters of college-level music theory, and none had perfect pitch. Participants progressed through two self-contained experimental tests at the computer. Identical target melodies were presented: 1) aurally only on one test; and 2) aurally, with visual presentation of the matching notation, on the other test. After the target melody, a distraction melody sounded, during which time participants were to maintain the original target melody in memory. Participants then chose which of two aural options matched the original target, with a third choice of "neither." The incorrect answer choice in each item contained either a pitch or rhythm discrepancy. The 2x2 factorial design of this experiment was based on independent variables of test presentation format and answer discrepancy type. The dependent variable was experimental test scores. Each participant took both parts of both tests, yielding 164 total observations. Additional data were collected for exploratory analysis: the order in which each participant took the tests, the major instrument of each participant, and the educational status of each participant (undergraduate or graduate). Results of a 2x2 ANOVA revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on either test format or answer discrepancy type, and no interaction between the factors. The exploratory analyses revealed no significant differences in test scores, based on test order, major instrument, or student status. Results suggest that visual reinforcement of melodies does not affect aural memory for those melodies, in terms of either pitch or rhythm. Suggestions for further research include an aural-visual melodic memory test paired with a learning modalities survey, a longitudinal study of visual imagery applied to aural skills study, and a detailed survey of strategies used by successful and unsuccessful dictation students. / Music Education / Accompanied by two .wmv files: 1) Audio-OnlyTest.wmv. 2) Audio-VisualTest.wmv.

The problem of the study was to determine if executive level secretaries in the Dallas-Fort Worth area did use and need shorthand training. Also if training was offered, at what level of school should it begin, and how long a program was necessary. The findings indicated the majority of executive level secretaries in the Dallas-Fort Worth area use the skill of manual shorthand. The sources for' these findings were personal interviews conducted with the aid of an interview guideline. Also, the secretaries interviewed concluded that the boss was the determining factor in how correspondence was handled.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics

Basic information: Kučerová, Petra: FRIEDL DICKER-BRANDEIS - DIDACTIC LINKS (Diploma Work) Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Art Education Department Content: The theoretical part deals with the inheritance of Friedl Dicker-Brandeis in the context of particular life stages. Monitoring is the artistic development of Brandeis, the principles of the Bauhaus and Johannes Ittena didactics. On the basis of preserved relic and historical sources are specified and documented the nature of methodology applied in Terezin. Content are observed with regard to the current didactics of arts and methods can be ispiring. Teaching part is devoted to contemporary educational and social institutions in which teaching practice has been implemented and these pictures were made at the art part of the thesis. Key words: Friedl Dicker - Brandeis, Johannes Itten, a preparatory course, Terezin, memories, free art, study, dictation