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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
851

Development and characterization of perovskite based devices : field effect transistors and solar cells / Développement et caractérisation des dispositifs à base de perovskite : transistors à effet de champ et cellules solaires

Devesa Canicoba, Noelia 21 December 2018 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse était l’étude de dispositifs électroniques à base de pérovskites hybrides. Dans ce cadre nous avons développé et fabriqué des transistors à effet de champ (FET) ainsi que des cellules solaires à base de perovskite. Dans le cas des transistors, en utilisant des couches minces de pérovskites hybride hautement cristallisées nous avons réalisé des transistors ambipolaires fonctionnant à la température ambiante et présentant une hystérésis faible, une transconductance élevée (pour ce type de matériau), et un rapport Ion / Ioff> 104. Dans le cadre de cette thèse l’utilisation de plusieurs diélectriques nous a permis d’obtenir une forte modulation de la conductance du canal avec des tensions de grille relativement faibles (4-6V). Dans ce cadre l’oxyde d’Hafnium de permittivité relative er=23.5 a montré de très bonnes performances et une très bonne compatibilité pour la croissance de pérovskite hybride. Après plusieurs étapes de polarisation les dispositifs ont présenté un fonctionnement stabilisé et ont été mesurés au cours des cycles consécutifs pendant 14 heures avec peu de changement dans leurs performances. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’augmentation du champ électrique a permis la formation d’un canal de trous à l’interface. La polarisation consécutive des dispositifs à base de HfO2/pérovskite a amené à la création d’un second courant d’électrons et a mis en évidence un fonctionnement ambipolaire final. L’ensemble des dispositifs ont présenté une hystérésis dont l’amplitude était parfois non négligeable. Cela a démontré la présence de charges mobiles ioniques aux interfaces qui influence les courants de sorties du dispositif. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse nous nous sommes intéressés à la croissance de pérovskite hybride pour la production de cellules solaires. Nous avons étudié les deux conditions de croissance suivantes : conditions sous air normal (humidité relative> 60%) et en atmosphère d’azote en boites à gants (humidité relative <0.1 ppm). Par ces deux voies nous avons obtenu respectivement des rendements de conversion photovoltaïque respectivement de 5% et 8%. / The objective of this thesis was the study of electronic devices based on hybrid perovskites. In this context we have developed and produce field effect transistors (FETs) and solar cells based on hybrid perovskite material. In the case of transistors, using thin layers of highly crystallized hybrid perovskites we have made ambipolar transistors operating at room temperature and having low hysteresis, high transconductance (for this type of material) and a ratio of Ion / Ioff > 104. In the context of this thesis, the use of several dielectrics allowed us to obtain a high modulation of the channel conductance with relatively low gate voltages (4-6V). Hafnium oxide with relative permittivity er = 23.5 showed very good performances and a very good compatibility for the hybrid perovskite growth. After several polarization steps the devices exhibited stabilized operation and were measured in consecutive cycles for 14 hours with small change in their performance. We have shown that the increase of the electric field allowed the formation of a hole channel at the interface. The successive polarization of HfO2 / perovskite-based devices led to the creation of a second electron current and demonstrated a final ambipolar device. All the devices presented a hysteresis with amplitude sometimes not negligible. This demonstrated the presence of mobile ion charges at the interfaces that influence the output currents of the device. In the last part of the thesis we focused our work in hybrid perovskite growth for the production of solar cells. We have studied two growth conditions: conditions under normal air (relative humidity> 60%) and nitrogen atmosphere in glove boxes (relative humidity <0.1 ppm). By these two paths we obtained photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of 5% and 8% respectively.
852

Caracterização elétrica de filmes finos de telureto com nanopartículas de ouro depositados pela técnica sputtering. / Electrical characterization of tellurite thin films containing gold nanoparticles deposited by sputtering technique.

Leonardo Bontempo 15 February 2012 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo a produção e caracterização elétrica de filmes finos de telureto com nanopartículas de ouro para aplicações em microeletrônica. Filmes finos foram produzidos por magnetron sputtering a partir de alvos de telureto cerâmico e de ouro metálico. Foi desenvolvida metodologia adequada para a nucleação das nanopartículas de ouro por meio de tratamento térmico. Foram nucleadas nanopartículas de ouro a fim de que fossem observadas as influências nas propriedades elétricas. Os filmes foram depositados sobre substrato de silício e, para as medidas elétricas, ilhas de alumínio foram depositadas sobre o filme, utilizando-se os processos convencionais de microeletrônica: limpeza química, deposição por sputtering e evaporação. Com a finalidade de verificar a nucleação das nanopartículas metálicas, foram realizadas análises por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão que indicaram a presença de nanopartículas metálicas, cristalinas, aproximadamente esféricas e com tamanho médio aproximado entre 1,5 e 5 nm. Outras técnicas de caracterização usadas foram microscopia de força atômica, perfilometria e extração de curvas da capacitância e condutância em função da tensão. Foram produzidos filmes com diversas espessuras com e sem nanopartículas de ouro. Por meio das medidas de capacitância em função da tensão foi possível determinar a influência das nanopartículas metálicas na constante dielétrica (k). Os resultados obtidos mostram aumento do valor de k de aproximadamente 70%, na presença de nanopartículas de ouro. Cabe ressaltar o resultado obtido para os filmes com espessura de 32,8 nm, para os quais o valor da constante dielétrica varia de 9,4 para 12,2, para tratamentos de 10 e 20 h, respectivamente. O material estudado tem possíveis aplicações em microeletrônica como dielétrico em capacitores e transistores MOS, e como camada de passivação em dispositivos de potência. / This work has the objective of production and electrical characterization f tellurite thin films containing gold nanoparticles for microelectronic applications. Thin films have been produced by magnetron sputtering from ceramic tellurite and metallic gold targets. It was developed an appropriate methodology for the gold nanoparticles nucleation by means of heat treatment. Gold nanoparticles were nucleated in order to be observed the influence on the electrical properties. The films were deposited on silicon substrate and, to the electrical measurements, aluminium islands were deposited on the film, using the conventional processes of microelectronics: chemical cleaning, deposition by sputtering and evaporation. With purpose to check the metallic nanoparticles nucleation, transmission electron microscopy measurements were performed and indicated the presence of crystalline metallic nanoparticles, with spherical shape and with average size between 1.5 and 5 nm. Other characterization techniques were used as atomic force microscopy, profilometry and electrical measurements to obtain the capacitance and conductance curves. Films have been produced with different thicknesses with and without gold nanoparticles. From capacitance measurement, it was possible to determine the metallic nanoparticles influence on the dielectric constant (k). The results obtained showed the increase of k of about 70% with the presence of gold nanoparticles. We have to remark the results obtained for thin films with 32.8 nm thickness with k varying from 9.4 to 12.2, for heat treatments during 10 and 20 h, respectively. The material studied has possible applications in microelectronics as high-k dielectrics for capacitors and transistors MOS, and as passivation layer for power devices.
853

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SENSOR DE UMIDADE DO SOLO PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DA FRENTE DE MOLHAMENTO

Cruz, João Alexandre Batista da 05 September 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Alexandre Cruz.pdf: 7505097 bytes, checksum: 227ae1f1c6b1c1dd753fb648adc79f93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-05 / The knowledge and control of soil properties in gricultural cultivation, obtained from sensors at automated system, extend the possibilities of increasing the results of a culture. This work aims to develop an electrical measure sensor at low cost to determinethe soil moisture, test and evaluate the correlation between the readings and gravimetric soil moisture, considered standard to calibratethe other methods. To achieve the proposed objective, in the first place we sought to study the main aspects of the interaction process water-soil-plant and the existing methods of determination. Subsequently, we performed the fabrication of prototype sensors in different shapes and geometry. We have also developed a measurement and record systemthat enables us to collect the data and to store them in a memory card. Having the operation of the sensors as a beginning, the concept of capacitance is obtained by the effect of the electric field, the charge of two plates insulated by a dielectric material, which, therefore, in this study is the soil moisture. Thus, when there is a variation in the dielectric constant, depending on the amount of water present in it, the capacitance of the system will also vary. Finally, tests were performed to evaluate the sensors and circuitry construction. The results were satisfactory, with a correlation coefficient of 99.14% for a non conventional coplanar plates sensor. / O conhecimento e controle das propriedades do solono cultivo agrícola, obtidos a partir de sensores em sistema automatizado, ampliam as possibilidades de incremento dos resultados de uma cultura. Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um sensor de medidas elétricas e de baixo custo, para determinação da umidade do solo; testar e avaliar a correlação entre as leituras e a umidade gravimétrica do solo, considerada padrão para a calibração de outros métodos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, buscou-se, em primeiro lugar, o estudo dos principais aspectos relacionados ao processo de interação água-solo-planta e os métodos de determinação existentes. Posteriormente, efetuou-se a confecção de protótipos de sensores em diferentes formatos e geometria. Foi também desenvolvido um sistema de medida e registro que permite a coleta dos dados e armazenamento num cartão de memória. Tendo como princípio o funcionamento dos sensores, o conceito de capacitância, que é obtido pelo efeito do campo elétrico, da carga de duas placas isoladas por um material dielétrico, que neste estudo é o solo com umidade. Assim, quando há variação na constante dielétrica, em função da quantidade de água presente nele, a capacitância do sistema também irá variar.Por fim, realizaram-se os ensaios para avaliar os sensores e circuitos construídos. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, apresentando coeficiente de determinação de 99,14% para um sensor de placas coplanares não-convencional. létrico, capacitância, umidade do solo, sensor, arduino.
854

Produção e caracterização de filmes finos de TiO2 / Production and Characterization of TiO2 Thin Films

Mendonça, Bianca Jardim 23 March 2018 (has links)
Nesse trabalho foram fabricados filmes finos de TiO2 por RF magnetron sputtering reativo sobre substrato de silício (1 0 0). A pressão parcial do oxigênio na câmara foi variada de 5 a 100% em relação ao argônio. Após a deposição os filmes foram submetidos a tratamento térmico em atmosfera de oxigênio. A estequiometria dos filmes e o perfil de profundidade foram obtidos por RBS. A estrutura cristalina foi obtida por XRD. As propriedades ópticas foram obtidas por interferometria e reflectância e as elétricas por meio das curvas C-V. Os valores de espessura dos filmes sem tratamento térmico aumentaram aproximadamente 41% com o aumento do oxigênio na câmara de deposição. Essa variação está ligada ao aumento da eficiência do sputtering do alvo. Os índices de refração dos filmes sem tratamento térmico se mantiveram dentro de um intervalo de aproximadamente 2,3 a 2,4. A diminuição do band gap com o tratamento térmico é consequência da mudança de fase cristalográfica de anatase para rutila. A estequiometria TiOx dos filmes antes do tratamento térmico apresentaram valores de x entre 2,0 e 2,4. A espessura em TFU dos filmes aumentou com o percentual de oxigênio na câmara. As amostras que receberam tratamento térmico apresentaram difusão de titânio na interface do substrato e incorporação de oxigênio no filme. Os valores da constante dielétrica aumentaram com o percentual de oxigênio na câmara, em contraposição com o efeito do tratamento térmico que diminuiu o valor. Todos os resultados observados são coerentes do ponto de vista da mudança de fase anatase rutila e aumento do percentual de oxigênio na câmara. / In this work thin films of TiO2 were produced by reactive RF magnetron sputtering on silicon substrate (1 0 0). The oxygen partial pressure in the chamber was varied from 5 to 100% in relation to argon. After deposition the films were submitted to thermal treatment under an oxygen atmosphere. The stoichiometry of the films and the depth profile were obtained by RBS. The crystal structure was obtained by XRD. Its optical properties were obtained by interferometry and reflectance and the electrical were obtained by means of the C-V curves. The thickness values of films without heat treatment increased approximately 41% with the increase of oxygen in the deposition chamber. This variation is linked to the increased sputtering efficiency of the target. The refractive indexes of films without heat treatment remained within a range of about 2.3 to 2.4. The decrease of the band gap with the heat treatment is a consequence of the change of crystallographic phase from anatase to rutile. The TiOx stoichiometry of the films before the heat treatment showed values of x between 2.0 and 2.4. The TFU thickness of the films increased with the percentage of oxygen in the chamber. The samples that received heat treatment shows diffusion of titanium at the interface of the substrate and incorporation of oxygen in the film. The values of the dielectric constant increased with the percentage of oxygen in the chamber, as opposed to the effect of the thermal treatment that decreased the value. All the results observed are consistent from the point of view of the anatase - rutile phase transition and the increase in the oxygen percentage in the chamber.
855

Impacto do processo térmico assistido por micro-ondas sobre a funcionalidade do leite humano. / Impact of the microwave-assisted heating on the functionality of human milk.

Leite, Juliana Aparecida dos Santos 06 March 2018 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foram determinadas as propriedades dielétricas e a condutividade elétrica de quatro tipos leite (leite humano e 3 tipos de leite vaca - cru, integral e semi-desnatado) e de três fórmulas infantis (FIs) empregando a técnica de cabo coaxial de ponta aberta. As medições das propriedades dielétricas foram realizadas na faixa de frequência de (500 a 3000) MHz e em temperaturas de (5 a 90) ºC. O comportamento dielétrico de todos os tipos de leite e das FIs foi caracterizado por dois mecanismos principais (condução iônica e rotação dipolar), que se mostraram dependentes da frequência e da temperatura. Também foi estudada a inativação da enzima fosfatase alcalina (ALP), presente em leite de vaca e humano, utilizando um reator de micro-ondas focalizadas em processo térmico descontínuo. Durante o processamento, por meio de um sensor de fibra óptica, em contato direto com o leite, foram obtidos os históricos de temperatura dos quais os parâmetros cinéticos D e z foram calculados no intervalo de temperatura de (50 a 80) ºC e tempos de (15, 30, 45, 60, 180 e 300) s. A inativação térmica da ALP obedeceu a cinética de primeira ordem e os parâmetros cinéticos determinados foram: z = 4,4 ºC e D70ºC = 1,1 s para o leite humano e z = 7,4 ºC e D70ºC = 44,3 s para o leite de vaca tipo B. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que o tratamento térmico assistido por micro-ondas, na condição ótima de 60 ºC por 30 s, foi eficiente na inativação de micro-organismos patogênicos (Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella) e na preservação do perfil de ácidos graxos em leite humano. Além disso, o tratamento térmico assistido por microondas resultou em menores perdas de proteínas, como as imunoglobulinas e lactoferrina, quando comparado ao processamento térmico convencional (Holder), utilizado nos Bancos de Leite Humano (BLH), demonstrando que pode ser considerado uma tecnologia alternativa para o processamento de alimentos líquidos. / In this work, the dielectric properties and electrical conductivity of four types of milk (human milk and 3 types of cow milk - raw, whole and low-fat) and three infant formulae (IFs) were measured using the open-ended coaxial method. The measurements of the dielectric properties were performed at frequency range from (500 to 3000) MHz and temperatures from (5 to 90) ºC. The dielectric behavior of all types of milk and IFs was characterized by two main mechanisms (ion conduction and dipole rotation), which showed dependency in relation to frequency and temperature. The inactivation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), present in cow and human milk, was also studied using a microwave reactor focused on a batch process. During the processing, by means of a fiber optic sensor, the temperature histories were obtained from which the kinetic parameters D and z were calculated at temperature range from (50 to 80) °C and times from (15, 30, 45, 60, 180 and 300) s. The thermal inactivation of the ALP followed the first-order kinetics and the kinetic parameters determined were: z = 4.4 °C and D70°C = 1.1 s for human milk and z = 7.4 °C and D70 °C = 44.3 s for the type B cow\'s milk. The results of this study showed that microwave-assisted heating, under optimum condition (60 ºC for 30 s), was efficient for inactivation pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella) and preservation of fatty acids profile in human milk. In addition, microwave-assisted heating resulted in lower losses of important proteins, such as immunoglobulins and lactoferrin, compared to conventional thermal processing (Holder), used in Human Milk Banks (BLH), demonstrating that it can be considered an alternative technology for the processing of liquid foods.
856

Condutividade e movimento de carga espacial em amostras desordenadas / Conductivity and charge displacement in disordered samples

Costa, Sandra Cristina 15 September 2000 (has links)
Na condução por saltos dispersiva, os portadores de carga são caracterizados por tempos de residência não exponenciais. Como uma conseqüência, efeitos hereditários aparecem e o problema deve ser conduzido no espaçõ de Laplace. Distribuições dielétricas conhecidas e algumas outras foram usadas como possíveis funções capazes de descrever o meio desordenado. Um estudo cuidadoso de seus espectros de freqüência foi realizado. O método de inversão de Widder truncado foi desenvolvido para possibilitar a volta do espaço de Laplace para o do tempo real. Dois tipos de problemas práticos foram abordados: condução dispersiva na qual o campo elétrico das cargas móveis pode ser desprezado e o caso de carga espacial para o qual essa aproximação não pode ser feita. Duas configurações de interesse foram escolhidas: decaimento do potencial de superfície de amostras carregadas por descarga corona e a subida do potencial no carregamento por corrente constante. / Dispersive conductive process are characterized by non-exponential residence times of the hopping carrier. As a consequence, hereditary effects appear and the problem must be conducted in the Laplace space. A bunch of known dielectric distributions functions and others were used as possible functions describing the disordered medium. A careful study of their frequency spectrum was carried out. The truncate Widder inversion was developed in order to allow returning from the Lapace to the real time space. Two kind of practical problems were studied: dispersive conduction in which the electric field of the mobile charge may be neglected and the space charge ones when that approximation cannot be made. Two configurations of interest were selected: the corona discharge potential decay and the constant current potentinal build-up.
857

Micro- and nanogap based biosensors

Hammond, Jules L. January 2017 (has links)
Biosensors are used for the detection of a range of analytes for applications in healthcare, food production, environmental monitoring and biodefence. However, many biosensing platforms are large, expensive, require skilled operators or necessitate the analyte to be labelled. Direct electrochemical detection methods present a particularly attractive platform due to the simplified instrumentation when compared to other techniques such as fluorescence-based biosensors. With modern integrated circuit capabilities electrochemical biosensors offer greater suitability for monolithic integration with any necessary signal processing circuitry. This thesis explores micro- and nanogap devices for both redox cycling and dielectric spectroscopy sensing mechanisms. By using two electrodes with interelectrode separation down to distances in the micro- and nanometre scale, several benefits can be realised. Firstly the close proximity of the two electrodes significantly reduces the interdiffusion time. This allows an electroactive species to be rapidly shuttled across the gap and switched between reduced and oxidised states. The result is feedback amplification of the amperometric response, increasing the signal. The second benefit is that the screening effect caused by electric double layers at the electrode–electrolyte interface is reduced due to the electric double layers occupying a larger fraction of the sensing volume. This significantly improves the sensor suitability for dielectric spectroscopy by increasing the potential drop across the biolayer. These two sensing mechanisms are demonstrated using a large area dual-plate microgap device for the detection of two different analytes. Utilising the first mode, detection of cysteine–cystine, an important redox couple involved in the signalling mechanism for the regulation of protein function, interaction and localisation is shown. The microgap device is then used for dielectric spectroscopy sensing of a mannose-specific uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain whilst also demonstrating the effect of ionic concentration on the capacitive response. The response of these devices is highly dependent on the interelectrode separation as well as the surface area of the electrodes. However, fabrication of large-area nanogap devices presents a significant challenge. This meant that careful optimisation and the development of novel techniques was necessary. This work reports the design, fabrication and characterisation of both a vertical and a horizontal coplanar large area nanogap device. The vertical nanogap device is fabricated using an inductively-coupled plasma reactive ion etching process to create a channel in a silicon substrate. A lower electrode is then optically patterned in the channel before anodically bonding a second identical electrode patterned on glass directly above. The horizontal nanogap device uses a different approach, utilising a state-of-the-art electron-beam lithography system to create a long serpentine nanogap with passivation to reduce fringing effects. The design allows the electron-beam lithography step to be substituted with nanoimprint lithography to reduce cost and improve throughput. Both of these devices have integrated microfluidic channels and provide a capacity for relatively high-throughput production.
858

ANÁLISE FRACTAL DA RUPTURA MECÂNICA DE PORCELANAS / ANÁLISE FRACTAL DA RUPTURA MECÂNICA DE PORCELANAS

Mvumbi, Charles Betuel Mansende 29 January 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Charles Betuel Mansende Mvumbi.pdf: 3357827 bytes, checksum: 822a91a949448c4769ce680ef684f74d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / The ceramic porcelains are produced from natural raw materials (silica, feldspar and kaolin). In some applications other materials are added to increase the mechanical and dielectric strength. They are used in the manufacture of several products. Therefore, they are very studied and have been developed for long time. In this work, porcelains with different compositions were characterized and submitted to fragmentation by mechanical disruption in a ballistic impact testing. Generally the mechanical disruption in the materials produces a power dissipation forming cracks and fracture surfaces having an irregular geometry. The main objective of this work was to characterize the microstructure and the fractal fracture surface in porcelains. For comparison, the impact tests were also performed on commercial glass and acrylic. The evaluation of the fracture surface and the fractal dimension of rupture was performed by analyzing the fraction of the fragments as a function of the probability of fracture. The samples were prepared in the form of cylindrical disks with a thickness and fixed diameters. Mechanical impact test was made on the center of the disks for different materials, maintaining the same test conditions. The results of the size and mass of the fragments were obtained as a function of the impact energy, thickness, diameter and kind of material. Thus, it was possible to obtain a correlation between the test conditions and the composition of the material with the fractal pattern breakage. It has been found that the compositions used in porcelain, has a fracture toughness which is between the glass and acrylic. A correlation between strength properties to the patterns of formed crack was made. It was noticed that the number, the shape of cracks and the branches form a pattern that is associated with the impact energy and material type. / As porcelanas são cerâmicas produzidas a partir de matérias primas naturais (sílica, feldspato e caulim). Em algumas aplicações são adicionadas outras matérias primas para o aumento da resistência mecânica e dielétrica. Elas são usadas na fabricação de variados produtos. Portanto, elas são muito estudadas e vêm sendo desenvolvidas há muito tempo. Neste trabalho, porcelanas com diferentes composições foram caracterizadas e submetidas à fragmentação por ruptura mecânica em um ensaio de impacto balístico. A ruptura mecânica nos materiais em geral produz uma dissipação de energia formando trincas e superfícies de fratura que tem uma geometria irregular. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização da microestrutura e a caracterização fractal da superfície de fratura de porcelanas. Para comparação, os ensaios de impacto também foram feitos em vidro e acrílico comercial. A avaliação da superfície de fratura e da dimensão fractal de ruptura foi feita pela análise da fração de fragmentos em função da probabilidade de fratura. Os corpos de prova foram preparados na forma de discos cilíndricos, com espessura e diâmetros fixos. O ensaio de impacto mecânico foi feito sobre o centro dos discos, para os diferentes materiais, mantendo-se as mesmas condições de ensaios. Os resultados, do tamanho e massa dos fragmentos, foram obtidos em função da energia, espessura, diâmetro e do tipo de material. Desta forma, foi possível obter uma correlação entre as condições de ensaio e a composição do material com o padrão de ruptura fractal. Verificou-se que a porcelana nas composições usadas possui uma tenacidade à fratura que se situa entre a do vidro a do acrílico. Finalmente foi feita uma correlação entre as propriedades de resistência mecânica com os padrões de trinca formado. Percebeu-se que o número, a forma das trincas e as ramificações formam um padrão que está relacionado com a energia de impacto e o tipo de material.
859

Investigation of the efficiency of a novel three electrode configuration for the dielectric barrier discharge / Investigação da eficiência de uma nova configuração de eletrodos para a descarga de barreira dielétrica

El Droubi, Ashraf 17 August 2018 (has links)
Having gained popularity in the last decade, the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has been studied in numerous ways as a device for air acceleration. A major interest of all these works has been concentrated on achieving higher efficiency and producing higher jet velocities. These studies considered alternative geometries, different voltage waveforms etc., yet none of these studies tackle the inherently inefficient process of force creation and actuation in a DBD. Air acceleration has been attributed to the electric force that switches direction on each voltage half cycle (that is due to the nature of the discharge mechanism) yet has a forward resulting force. The present thesis considers the phenomenon of memory charge accumulation on the dielectric surface and reasons that the backward force in the second half cycle can be reversed by further migration of the memory charges to an added exposed anode. Hence a novel 3-electrode configuration is presented. Flow velocity investigations showed a 27% improvement in efficiency in comparison with the traditional 2-electrode actuator. This meant a 0.4m/s gain along the velocity profile. During the investigation process, a new discharge mechanism was encountered. This was characterized by the double discharge lines along the exposed electrode edges while in the presence of a \"floating\" encapsulated electrode. / Tendo ganho popularidade na última década, a descarga de barreira dielétrica (DBD) foi estudada de várias maneiras como um dispositivo para aceleração do ar e controle aerodinâmico. Um grande interesse de todos esses trabalhos foi concentrado em alcançar maior eficiência e produzir maiores velocidades de jato. Alguns desses estudos consideraram geometrias alternativas, diferentes formas de onda de tensão, etc., mas nenhum desses estudos aborda o processo inerentemente ineficiente de criação e atuação da força em um DBD. A Aceleração do ar tem sido atribuída à força elétrica que muda de direção em cada meio ciclo (que é devido à natureza do mecanismo de descarga), mas que tem uma força resultante para a frente. A presente tese considera o fenômeno de acumulação de carga de memória na superfície dielétrica e raciocina que a força contraria no segundo meio ciclo da descarga pode ser revertida por migração dessas cargas de memória para um ânodo adicional exposto. Assim, uma nova configuração de 3 eletrodos é apresentada. Investigações de velocidade do fluxo mostraram uma melhoria de 27% na eficiência em comparação com o tradicional atuador de 2 eletrodos. Isso significou um ganho de 0,3 m/s ao longo do perfil de velocidade. Durante o processo de investigação, foi encontrado um novo mecanismo de descarga. Isso foi caracterizado por uma dupla descarga ao longo das bordas do eletrodos expostos, enquanto na presença de um eletrodo encapsulado \"pendurado\".
860

Etude ab-initio de la réponse diélectrique de pérovskites à haute permitivité diélectrique pour le stockage de l'énergie / Ab-initio study of the dielectric response of high-permittivity perovskites for energy storage

Do Amaral De Andrade Sophia, Gustavo 31 January 2014 (has links)
Des facteurs fondamentaux pour la performance de matériaux à haute permittivité basés sur des pérovskites sont étudiés par des techniques ab-initio. L’anomalie diélectrique géante à 0K des pérovskites est investiguée aux niveaux Hartree-Fock, Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité et méthodes hybrides, en termes de la stabilité thermodynamique des phases, des contributions structurales et vibrationnelles et des charges effectives de Born. Le mode mou actif en infra-rouge est responsable par l’anomalie et des méthodes hybrides sont nécessaires pour reproduire les données expérimentales. L’évolution de l’instabilité ferroélectrique dans les pérovskites ABO3 avec la substitution de l’ion A est reliée de façon systématique aux rayons ioniques ainsi qu’aux degrés d’hybridation dans les liaisons pour des tantalates, niobates et titanates. / Ab-initio techniques are used to investigate key factors influencing the dielectric performance of high permittivity materials based on perovskites. The pressure-induced giant dielectric anomaly at 0K of ABO3 perovskites is investigated at the Hartree-Fock, density-functional theory and hybrid levels. Its mechanism is analyzed in terms of thermodynamic phase stability, structural and phonon contributions and Born effective charges. It is shown that the IR-active soft phonon is responsible for the anomaly and the use of hybrid functionals is required for agreement with experimental data. The evolution of the ferroelectric instability in ABO3 perovskites with substitution of the ion in the A site is systematically investigated for tantalates, niobates and titanates and correlated with the ionic radii as well as the degree of hybridization in the bonds.

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