Introdução. As carnes são boas fontes nutricionais para o homem, porém devem ser consumidas com moderação, pois seu consumo excessivo tem sido relacionado ao aumento do risco de doenças crônicas. Além de agravos à saúde, a carne promove grande impacto no meio ambiente a partir da sua produção. No Brasil, a disponibilidade de carnes vem aumentando na alimentação domiciliar, entretanto, dados de consumo alimentar individual de carnes são escassos no país. Objetivo. Descrever a tendência de consumo individual de carne em São Paulo na última década, e avaliar a relação entre o consumo excessivo de carne, qualidade da dieta e impacto ambiental. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados de 2361 indivíduos coletados em 2003 e 1662 indivíduos coletados em 2008 de ambos os sexos, com idade de 12 anos ou mais, incluídos no estudo transversal de base populacional: Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA-Capital). A amostragem se deu probabilisticamente em dois estágios, setor censitário e domicílio. O consumo alimentar foi verificado em cada ano com o uso dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. A estimativa de ingestão habitual das carnes foi feita pelo Multiple Source Method. A qualidade da dieta foi analisada pelo Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado e o impacto ambiental pela estimativa de equivalentes de gás carbônico (CO2) a partir do consumo de carne. Resultados. O consumo de carnes em São Paulo aumentou em cerca de 20 por cento na população estudada. O consumo excessivo de carne foi observado em quase 75 por cento das pessoas e o tipo de carne mais consumido nos dois períodos foi a bovina, seguida de aves, porco e peixe. Verificou-se que o consumo de carne processada vem crescendo, principalmente entre os adolescentes. A qualidade da dieta foi inversamente relacionada com o consumo excessivo de carne de vermelha e processada em homens. O impacto ambiental do consumo de carne em São Paulo foi estimado em 18 milhões de toneladas de equivalentes de CO2, representando cerca de 5 por cento do total de CO2 emitido pela agropecuária brasileira em 2003. Conclusão. O consumo excessivo de carne foi verificado em grande parte da população, com aumento significativo ao longo dos anos, relacionado com pior qualidade da dieta em homens e considerável impacto ambiental. Assim, é fundamental o estabelecimento de políticas públicas para redução do consumo de carne, dentro dos limites recomendados, como parte de uma alimentação saudável e ambientalmente sustentável / Meat is an important food item in human nutrition, and its excessive consumption has been linked to chronic diseases, so meat should be consumed with moderation. Besides the impact on health, meat also causes major impacts on the environment because of its production. In Brazil, household meat availability has been increasing, however, there are few data on individual food consumption in Brazil. Objective. To present trends in individual meat consumption of the last decade, in the city of São Paulo, and to investigate the relationship between excessive meat consumption, diet quality and environmental impact. Methods. A cross-sectional population based survey conducted in 2003 and 2008 - Health Survey for Sao Paulo (ISA Capital) - used data from 2631 subjects in 2003, and 1662 subjects in 2008. Subjects were males and females, adolescents, adults and elderly people. A two-stage cluster sampling was used: census tracts and household. Diet was assessed by two 24 hour recalls. Usual meat consumption was estimated by Multiple Source Method. Diet quality was analyzed by Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised. The environmental impact was analyzed according to estimates of CO2 equivalents emitted from meat production. Results. Meat consumption showed a 20 per cent increase in all age groups, both males and females. Excessive meat consumption was observed in almost 75 per cent of the subjects and beef still represents the largest proportion of meat consumed, followed by poultry, then pork and fish. Processed meat consumption showed an increase, especially among adolescents. Diet quality was inversely associated with excessive meat consumption in men. The environmental impact of meat consumption was estimated at 18 million tons of CO2 equivalents, thus representing about 5 per cent of total CO2 emitted by Brazilian agriculture in 2003. Conclusion. In most part of the population, meat consumption was excessive and was associated with poorer diet quality in men and great environmental impact. So, it is important to implement policies to advise reducing red and processed meat consumption to the recommended amounts, as part of a healthy and environmentally sustainable diet

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Matsumura de Araujo.pdf: 426334 bytes, checksum: a84834be65347b173ce793529a3d04cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13 / This study aimed to evaluate the food consumed by female players of team sports in high school, to assess the diet quality index and the nutrition knowledge of these players. The dietary intake was assessed through food records from 4 days, the Diet Quality Index and nutrition knowledge through a validated questionnaire. The group had a mean age of 16.8 years (± 1.5). The inadequacies of the diet found were: Low average energy consumption (1621,9Kcal); Inadequacie of carbohydrate (90.9%), proteins (81.8%) and lipids (50%). There were also found inadequacies for vitamins A (63.6%) and C (59.1%). The inadequacie minerals were: calcium (59.1%), phosphate (95.5%), zinc (77.3%) and electrolytes as sodium (100%) and potassium (100%). In addition, inadequate intake of fiber was found in 100% of the sample. As for the Diet Quality Index, 72.7% require modification of their diets and nutrition knowledge was moderate (72.5%). The analysis of food intake showed that players consume an inadequate diet for their health and physical performance and the Diet Quality Index, together with the assessment of nutrition knowledge show that athletes have moderate knowledge about nutrition but need changes in their diets, suggesting the need for nutritional intervention in this group. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a alimentação consumida por jogadoras que praticam esportes coletivos em escola de ensino médio, bem como avaliar o índice de qualidade da dietae mensurar o conhecimento nutricional.. Avaliou-se a ingestão dietética por meio de registro alimentar de 4 dias, o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta e conhecimento nutricional utilizando-se questionário validado. As atletas apresentaram idade média de 16,8 anos (±1,5). As inadequações encontradas na dieta foram: baixo consumo médio de energia (1621,9Kcal), inadequação do consumo de carboidratos (90,9%), proteínas (81,8%) e de lipídeos (50%), também foram encontradas inadequações de ingestão das vitaminas A (63,6%) e C (59,1%), dos minerais cálcio (59,1%), fósforo (95,5%), zinco (77,3%) e dos eletrólitos sódio (100%) e potássio (100%). Tamém se verificou inadequação do consumo de fibras em 100% da amostra. Quanto ao Índice de Qualidade da Dieta, 72,7% necessitam de modificações da dieta e o conhecimento nutricional foi moderado (72,5%). A análise da ingestão alimentar mostrou que as jogadoras consomem uma alimentação inadequada para o seu desempenho físico e saúde e o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta, juntamente com a avaliação do conhecimento nutricional demonstram que as mesmas possuem conhecimento moderado sobre nutrição mas que necessitam de alterações nas suas dietas, sugerindo a necessidade de intervenção nutricional para esse grupo.

L’objectif principal de la thèse était d’étudier les effets de l’alimentation et de l’obésité sur l’asthme et son évolution, en prenant en compte des facteurs de médiations spécifiques.La première partie de la thèse visait à étudier le rôle de l’alimentation dans l'asthme, en prenant en compte l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) comme un médiateur potentiel, et en évaluant l’effet modificateur du tabac dans ces associations. Ce travail a d’abord porté sur le rôle de la consommation de charcuterie, récemment classée cancérogène. Parmi 971 adultes de l’étude des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux de l’asthme (EGEA), nous avons montré qu’une consommation élevée de charcuterie (au moins 4 fois par semaine) était associée de façon directe à l’aggravation des symptômes de l’asthme, et que seulement 14% de l’association entre la consommation de charcuterie et l’asthme était expliqué par l’IMC (effet indirect). Ce travail a ensuite porté sur le rôle de la qualité globale de l’alimentation, évaluée par le score alimentaire Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010. Parmi 969 participants d’EGEA, nous avons montré qu’une alimentation de qualité était associée de façon directe à une amélioration des symptômes de l’asthme chez les non-fumeurs. L’effet indirect lié à l’IMC n’était pas significatif. La deuxième partie de la thèse visait à mieux comprendre l'association entre l'obésité et l'activité de l’asthme, en prenant en compte la leptine, une adipokine pro-inflammatoire, comme un médiateur potentiel. Parmi 331 adultes d’EGEA avec un asthme actif à l’inclusion, les analyses ont montré que différentes mesures élevées de la composition corporelle étaient associées à une activité persistante de l’asthme, avec un effet indirect très fort de la leptine dans ces associations. / The general aim of the thesis was to study the role of diet and obesity in asthma, while accounting for potential mediators in these analyses.The first part of the thesis aimed to investigate the role of dietary factors in asthma at a “macro-level”, considering body mass index (BMI) as a potential mediator, and to evaluate effect modification by smoking. We first focused on processed meat intake, a recent carcinogen. Among 971 participants from the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy (EGEA), analysis showed that high processed meat intake (at least 4 servings/week) was associated with worsening asthma symptoms over time, through a direct effect and to a lesser extent an effect mediated by BMI. We then focused on the overall diet quality assessed by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010. Among 969 participants from the EGEA study, the analyses showed that a greater adherence to a better diet quality was associated with improved asthma symptoms over time in never smokers only and was not mediated through BMI. The second part of the thesis aimed to better understand the association between obesity and asthma at a “micro-level”, considering leptin, an inflammatory biological marker related to obesity, as a mediator. Including 331 participants from the EGEA study with current asthma at baseline, analysis showed that high body adiposity estimated by different measures was associated with persistent asthma activity, likely mediated by leptin.

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Overweight and obesity are risk factors for various chronic diseases. Sleep has been associated with overweight and obesity. One potential mechanism by which sleep may lead to overweight and obesity is through positive energy balance (i.e. energy intake exceeding expenditure). There are few studies examining the impact of sleep timing (onset and wake time) on diet and exercise. In a cross sectional study, we examined associations between sleep timing and diet quality, and in separate models, between sleep timing and meeting the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans among the participants of the UMass Vitamin D Status Study. A total of 140 young women (aged 18 to 30 years) were grouped into four sleep timing categories based on the median of participants’ sleep onset and wake time (Early sleep-Early wake, Early sleep-Late wake, Late sleep-Early wake, Late sleep-Late wake). Multivariable linear regression and multivariable logistic regression were used to model the associations between the sleep timing categories and diet quality, and sleep timing and meeting the National Physical Activity Guidelines, respectively. Participants in the Early sleep-Early wake group had the highest diet quality scores and were more likely to meet the National Physical Activity Guidelines compared to the other sleep timing categories. To our knowledge, this was the first study in the U.S. examining sleep timing and diet quality and physical activity among young women. In conclusion, the old adage early to bed, early to rise appears to be related to higher diet quality and meeting physical activity guidelines.

<p dir="ltr">Low-income individuals face challenges of food insecurity which may negatively impact dietary and mental health outcomes. This thesis explores the mediation of social isolation in the relationship of food security to depression, resource use, and the links between situations of limited access to healthy food, dietary quality and nutrient exposure among low income households, covered in three chapters. Following an introduction in Chapter 1 to overview this work, Chapter 2 investigates the mediation of social isolation in the relationship of food insecurity, depression, and resource use among a cross-sectional sample of rural veterans. The findings showed that social isolation completely mediates the relationship between food insecurity and depression. Chapter 3 explores the association between limited resources for food and the quality of dietary intake among adult (18) low income women with children from Indiana. This was done by evaluating the relationship of individual questions of the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module (U.S. HFSSM) to an indicator of dietary quality using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). The results of the study identified two food security (U.S. HFSSM) questions that were related to lower diet quality and specific dietary components. Chapter 4 is a similar investigation as in Chapter 2 except a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used and an indicator of nutrient exposure was also evaluated in relationship to the U.S. HFSSM questions along with the HEI. The study's findings showed that one U.S. HFSSM question was associated with lower diet quality among both households with and without children and lower nutrient exposure among households without children only. Two other questions were associated with lower diet quality and lower nutrient exposure among households without children only. The findings presented in this thesis may inform the design of intervention and policies that incorporate social isolation in alleviating food insecurity and improve mental health outcomes and in consideration of the design of nutrition security measures and indicators among vulnerable population.</p>

High ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated with weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and type 2 diabetes. "Food agency" refers to an individual's food preparation attitudes and capabilities within a given social and physical food environment. Although there is an association between the ability to prepare certain dishes and higher cooking frequency with lower UPF intake, it is still unclear if cooking and food agency influences UPF consumption due to the lack of research in this area. To date, studies of food agency have not included detailed dietary analyses. This cross-sectional study included 40 adults (73% female, aged 39±15 years, body mass index [BMI] 25.8±4.9 kg/m2) and aimed to determine the relationship between food agency and UPF intake. Food agency scores were calculated using the validated Cooking and Food Provisioning Action Scale (CAFPAS). Cooking behaviors and frequency were also collected. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls with each item categorized by degree of processing using the NOVA classification system. Analyses included one-way ANOVAs between CAFPAS score quartiles [Q] and Pearson correlations between CAFPAS, cooking behaviors, and dietary intake. UPF intake was calculated in percent total calories and percent total grams to account for artificial sweeteners and other low calorie products that may be classified as UPFs. Low food agency was associated with a 14% higher UPF intake (% total calories) compared to high food agency (P=0.03). There were no differences between CAFPAS quartiles and UPF intake in % total grams. When age was divided into three categories, UPF intake was significantly lower in older adults (60+ years) compared to adults aged 19-39 years and 40-59 years by 26.4% and 29.1% respectively (P=0.02). When analyzed using bivariate analysis, lunch (r=-0.482, P=0.002) and dinner (r=-0.385, P=0.014) cooking frequency, frequency of cooking a meal from scratch or fresh ingredients (r=-0.320, P=0.044), and CAFPAS self-efficacy (r= -0.369; P= .019) were negatively correlated with UPF intake (% total kcal). These findings provide support for the possibility of reducing UPF intake through cooking interventions aimed at improving components of food agency such as problem solving, skills to create a meal from what is available, and cooking confidence. Future studies should include a larger, heterogeneous population to provide more insight into dietary differences between levels of food agency and expand the diversity of research in this area. / Master of Science / High ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is linked to weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and type 2 diabetes. "Food agency" refers to an individual's food preparation attitudes and capabilities within a given social and physical food environment. Although there is a link between the ability to prepare certain dishes and higher cooking frequency with lower UPF intake, it is still unclear if cooking and food agency influences UPF consumption due to the lack of research in this area. To date, studies of food agency have not included detailed dietary analyses. This study aimed to determine the relationship between food agency and UPF intake. Food agency scores were calculated using the validated Cooking and Food Provisioning Action Scale (CAFPAS). Cooking frequency and behaviors were also collected. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls with each item categorized by degree of processing using the NOVA classification system. Participants with low food agency had higher UPF intake in percent total calories compared to those with high food agency. There were no differences between food agency and UPF intake in percent total grams. Adults aged 60 and over consumed less UPF compared to adults below the age of 60. Participants with higher food agency were more likely to make a meal from scratch or fresh ingredients. As frequency of cooking a meal from scratch or fresh ingredients, cooking dinner or lunch increased, and CAFPAS self-efficacy scores increased percent total calories from UPFs decreased. These findings provide support for the possibility of reducing UPF intake through cooking interventions aimed at improving components of food agency such as problem solving, skills to create a meal from what is available, and cooking confidence. Future studies should include a larger, heterogeneous population to provide more insight into dietary differences between levels of food agency and expand the diversity of research in this area.

Diet quality during early childhood is a strong predictor of mental and physical outcomes, as well as future diet quality. Although many factors determine diet quality during childhood, food insecurity is a significant predictor of lower diet quality. On the other hand, participation in nutrition assistant programs, such as the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is a significant predictor of higher diet quality. In addition, specific feeding practices, including timing of complementary food and beverage (CFB) introduction, types of CFB introduced early, and diversity of dietary exposures (DD), in the first year may predict future diet quality, and all of these feeding practices may be affected by both food insecurity and WIC participation. A limited number of studies have explored associations between food insecurity, WIC participation, and early-life feeding practices with a focus on initiation of the complementary feeding and diversity of dietary exposures in the first year of life. The present study is a secondary analysis of the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study 2 (WIC ITFPS 2) aimed at exploring associations between food insecurity, WIC participation, timing of CFB introduction, types of CFB introduced early, DD by 13 months, and diet quality at 2 years. The WIC ITFPS is a longitudinal, nationally representative study of mothers and children under 6 years old which examined feeding practices, associations between WIC services and feeding practices, and the health status of children participating in WIC. Data was collected via phone interviews and questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess whether the presence of food insecurity predicted timing of CFB introduction and types of CFB introduced early. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess whether the diversity of dietary exposures (DD) score at age 13 months and diet quality at 2 years was predicted by the combination of food insecurity, timing of CFB introduction, and WIC participation. The results showed that food insecurity was not significantly associated with timing of CFB introduction or types of CFB introduced before 4 months of age. Food insecurity was not a significant predictor of DD score at 13 months, but significant interactions between food insecurity and WIC participation were noted. Among families participating in WIC, infants in families with low or very low food security had significantly higher DD scores compared to families with high or marginal food security. Food insecurity was not associated with diet quality at 24 months, but higher diet quality scores were predicted by the combination of later introduction of CFB (after 4 months), higher DD scores at 13 months, and WIC participation at 24 months. The findings of this study point to the benefits of supporting parents in participating in WIC, introducing CFB on-time, and maximizing diversity of dietary exposures during infancy. Future research should aim to verify causality, include longitudinal studies, focus on exploring WIC recruitment and retention, and continue to add the limited research on the preceding relationships between the above mentioned factors, specifically during the first two years of life.

Background: Breakfast is important in maintaining optimal diet quality and decreasing preventable diet-related disease later in life. Breakfast skipping is highly prevalent in the college population, potentially decreasing self-regulation and diet quality and increasing habits of overeating. However, specific eating styles and diet quality have yet to be studied in breakfast skippers. Objective: To explore and compare the characteristics of eating style, self-regulation, and diet quality among college students between a day when breakfast is skipped and a day when breakfast is consumed. Methodology: Undergraduate students (n=103) participating in this observational crossover study completed demographics, the Self-regulation of Eating Behavior Questionnaire (SREBQ), the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and the Short Healthy Eating Index (sHEI) in session A (breakfast skipped) and repeated the measures in session B (breakfast consumed, n=61). Participants were predominantly female (65%), white (54%), health professions majors (31%), and the average age was 21 years old. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, multiple linear regressions, and paired t-tests were analyzed using SPSS V29.0. Results: Self-regulation scores were negatively associated with emotional eating and external eating in both sessions. External eating was shown to be positively correlated with total added sugars. Self-regulation levels significantly predicted diet quality and emotional and uncontrolled eating. Frequency of breakfast consumption positively predicted total diet quality in session B. From A to B, emotional eating significantly decreased, external eating marginally decreased, and restrained eating increased; seafood and plant, whole fruits, and total fruits diet quality increased; consumption of added sugars and saturated fat decreased while sodium increased. Conclusion: Our results add specific data within the irregular breakfast-skipping population between days when breakfast was consumed vs. skipped. Future studies should include irregular breakfast skippers as a distinct category. Universities should increase healthy food accessibility on campus to mitigate the risks of student malnutrition.

The purpose of this research was to develop, validate, and test an instrument to evaluate motivations to eat in low-income women during the early postpartum period. The instrument was also used in a sample of young college women to further validate the measure and explore determinants of eating in this population. In study 1, the Eating Stimulus Index was validated in 179 low-income women in early postpartum. Validity and reliability were determined via principal components analysis, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability using a subgroup of 31 low-income new mothers. The factor analysis produced an eight factor structure with reliability coefficients ranging from 0.54-0.89. Convenience eating (r=-0.25, P<0.01), emotional eating (r=-0.17, P<0.05), and dietary restraint (r=-0.21, P<0.01) were significantly related to weight status. In study 2, the relationship between eating motivations and diet quality, determined via the Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index, was established in 115 low-income women in early postpartum. High diet quality was related to fruit and vegetable availability (r=0.25, P<0.01), convenience eating resistance (r=-0.36, P<0.001), and vegetable taste preference (r=0.23, P<0.05). Motivations to eat differed between overweight and obese women with the primary motivation being convenience eating and taste, respectively. In study 3, determinants of weight loss were examined in 58 low-income women in early postpartum participating in an 8-week weight loss intervention. Participants were evaluated at pre- and post-study for all measures. Factors related to weight loss included increases in dietary restraint, weight management skills, and weight loss self-efficacy and decreases in fruit juice servings, total energy, and discretionary energy intakes. After hierarchical regression analysis, improvement in weight loss self-efficacy was the most significant determinant (β=0.263, P<0.05) followed by decreases in discretionary energy intake (β=-0.241, P<0.05). In study 4, determinants of diet quality were assessed in a sample of 88 young college women using the Eating Stimulus Index. Low diet quality was associated with poor fruit and vegetable availability, convenience eating resistance, vegetable taste preference, and weight management self-efficacy, while high diet quality was related to increased frequency of meals prepared at home and decreased frequency of meals consumed at fast food restaurants. / text