Introduction: Plusieurs indices de qualité alimentaire globale ont été élaborés en misant sur la consommation de certains nutriments ou aliments, ou des groupes d’aliments. Les indices de la qualité alimentaire globale sont en mesure d’évaluer de manière intégrée les aspects recherchés d’une bonne alimentation. C’est dans ce cadre que le Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) a été développé pour évaluer le degré auquel les apports alimentaires des individus rencontrent les consignes du guide alimentaire canadien et les Recommandations nutritionnelles canadiennes. Objectif: Evaluer les liens entre l’indice de la qualité alimentaire globale C-HEI calculé à partir de la moyenne de trois rappels alimentaires de 24 heures et des paramètres nutritionnels, anthropométriques et des indicateurs de santé au recrutement (T1) dans l’étude longitudinale québécoise sur la nutrition et le vieillissement réussi (NuAge). Méthodologie: Des analyses bivariées (coefficients de corrélation, tableaux croisés et la statistique khi deux) ont été réalisées afin de déterminer les associations entre le score total C-HEI et certaines variables nutritionnelles, anthropométriques et le nombre de maladies chroniques. Résultats et discussion: Les participants ont rencontré ou dépassé la plupart de leurs apports nutritionnels de référence. Le C-HEI n’a pas été fortement corrélé aux nutriments individuels (rs= 0,14-0,52, p<0,01). Le C-HEI total était significativement associé aux recommandations canadiennes pour l’apport en fibres (rs= 0,51), le % d’énergie provenant des lipides (rs=-0,60) et des acides gras saturés (rs= -0,59), p<0,01. De plus, la suffisance en protéines et en énergie est augmentée lorsqu’on passait du Q1 (plus faible) à Q4 (plus élevé) du C-HEI (p<0,05). De même, les proportions des sujets ayant des mesures anthropométriques associées aux risques accrus pour la santé sont diminuées en passant du Q1 au Q4 (p<0,05), témoignant ainsi des liens entre une alimentation de bonne qualité et la protection des risques de santé associés à l’embonpoint et à l’obésité. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette recherche ont fourni des preuves additionnelles sur le lien entre le score C-HEI et certains paramètres nutritionnels et anthropométriques d’intérêt, et ce, provenant des données alimentaires quantitatives colligées au sein d’une population âgée vivant dans la communauté. / Introduction: Several diet quality indicators have been developed based on nutrient intakes, foods or food groupings, or a combination of nutrient and foods. Measures of overall diet quality consider numerous aspects of dietary intake. It is within this framework that the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) was adapted to Canadian dietary and nutritional guidance using Canada’s Food Guide and Nutrition recommendations for Canadians. Objectives: To determine the links between the C-HEI using the mean of three 24-hour diet recalls, and certain health outcomes at entry into the study (T1). The analyses were carried out using data collected from participants in the Quebec Longitudinal Study on Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge). Methodology: Bivariate analyses (Spearman correlation, cross-tabulation and chi-square) were carried out to assess relationships between nutritional and anthropometric variables, the number of chronic disease and the C-HEI. Results and Discussion: Participants met or exceeded most Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). The C-HEI did not show consistent relationships with individual nutrients (rs= 0.14-0.52, p<0.01). However, selected sub-scores of the C-HEI reflect attainment of Canada’s Food Guide recommendations, showing a strong association with dietary fiber intakes (rs= 0.51) and nutrition recommendations addressing percent energy as fat (rs=-0.60) and as saturated fat (rs= -0.59), p<0.01. Energy and protein adequacy increased from Q1 to Q 4 of C-HEI (p<0.05). In addition, proportions of subjects with anthropometric measures associated with a health risk decreased from quartiles Q1 to Q4 (p<0.05), attesting to links between good diet quality and lower health risks associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The C-HEI discriminates overall diet quality based on dietary data collected from 24HR, providing further evidence on the links between the C-HEI and selected nutritional and anthropometric parameters as applied to quantitative dietary data obtained from community-dwelling older adults.

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Mary Meck Higgins / Because of the ever-changing nature of the economy and the food environment, research as recent as 2010 may not be relevant to today’s discussion on food insecurity, food deserts, obesity rates, and nutritional quality in the U.S. population’s diet. Today, people of low socioeconomic status in the U.S. are at risk for overweight, obesity, and chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. In this report, I investigate published research about low-income populations in the U.S. relative to the food environment and describe implications for healthcare professionals implementing interventions with these populations, discussed in the following categories: Dietary Intake Quality and Socioeconomic Status; Food Insecurity; Barriers to Quality Food Access in the U.S. Food Environment; Communities Alleviating Food Insecurity; Food-Related Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviors; Homelessness and Food-Related Behaviors; Why Do People Buy What They Buy?; Nutrition Assistance Programs and Policies; Current U.S. Food Costs; and Comparing the Nutritional Value Versus Price of Foods. Although the literature on the subject of low-income diet quality is thorough, much of it needs to be updated with current data on food prices, food environments, and U.S. diet quality. For this purpose, I compiled the most recent data from the National Bureau of Labor & Statistics on food prices to discuss the elevated food prices of healthful foods as opposed to less healthful foods. I also created a one-month menu based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Thrifty Food Plan budget allowance in order to follow a healthful diet in this harsh economic climate utilizing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and the Affordable Nutrients Index.

Introdução: O excesso de peso (EP, inclui sobrepeso e obesidade) configura um grande problema de saúde pública no país. A compreensão do estado nutricional ao longo do tempo e de fatores associados, como a dieta, além de suas possíveis consequências, como fatores de risco cardiometabólico, é essencial para o desenvolvimento de ações em saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população da cidade de São Paulo, assim como modificações na dieta da população entre os anos de 2003 e 2015 e sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA - Capital dos anos de 2003, 2008 e 2015, referentes à amostra probabilística de residentes do município de São Paulo com 12 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, totalizando 8.682 indivíduos. Dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de estilo de vida e recordatório alimentar de 24 horas foram coletadas em visitas domiciliares e inquérito telefônico. Os indivíduos foram classificados segundo IMC em duas categorias: com e sem EP. Os fatores de risco cardiometabólico avaliados foram: circunferência de cintura aumentada, pressão arterial sistólica ou diastólica elevada, dislipidemia, glicemia de jejum ou hemoglobina glicada elevadas e resistência à insulina. Foram avaliados a frequência de consumo e o tamanho das porções de 30 grupos de alimentos e a qualidade da dieta, utilizando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado para a população brasileira (IQD-R) e o Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI) americano. Variáveis categóricas foram descritas e comparadas por teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística e logística ordinal para avaliar a associação das variáveis investigadas com EP e com fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Resultados: No período avaliado, a prevalência de obesidade na população dobrou: de 10% (8,0; 12,5) em 2003 para 19,2% (17,8; 20,6) em 2015, sendo o maior aumento entre adolescentes e adultos do sexo feminino. Adultos, pessoas com maior renda e ex-fumantes apresentaram maior chance de ter EP, o qual aumentou 31% entre 2003 e 2008 e 126% entre 2003 e 2015, quando metade da população passou a ter EP. Se esse padrão se mantiver, espera-se que 77% da população tenha EP em 2030. Neste período, houve uma variação no tamanho das porções consumidas, com aumento em alguns grupos de alimentos (carne branca, salgados, café/chá, ovos) e redução em outros (arroz, carne vermelha, doces, massas, sanduiches, frios). Além disso, a frequência de consumo de seis grupos aumentou no período (arroz, carne branca, doces, frutas, sucos industrializados, torradas/biscoitos). Nesta população, o EP se associou positivamente com maiores porções de frios, petiscos fritos, sucos naturais e industrializados, pizza, carne vermelha, arroz, salgados, refrigerantes, sopas e açúcar. Em relação à qualidade da dieta, adolescentes com EP apresentaram pior qualidade da dieta para os componentes grãos integrais (IQD-R) e bebidas açucaradas (AHEI) em relação aos adolescentes sem EP. O IQD-R foi inversamente associado ao EP (OR=0.87; 0.80, 0.95) e ao número de fatores de risco cardiovascular (OR=0.89; 0.80, 0.98) nesta população. Conclusões: O EP aumentou substancialmente em um curto período na cidade de São Paulo, especificamente em alguns subgrupos e se associou positivamente com maior tamanho da porção de 11 grupos de alimentos na população geral e com menor qualidade da dieta entre os adolescentes. Adolescentes com menor qualidade da dieta também apresentaram maior chance de ter mais fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Esses achados podem subsidiar intervenções e políticas para redução da tendência de aumento do excesso de peso e melhora no consumo alimentar na população. / Introduction: Excess body weight (EBW, including overweight and obesity) is a major public health problem in the country. Understanding nutritional status over time and associated factors, such as diet, besides its consequences, such as cardiometabolic risk factors, is essential for the development of interventions in health. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of the city of São Paulo, as well as changes in diet between 2003 and 2015, and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: We used data from the cross-sectional population based study ISA-Capital 2003, 2008, and 2015, with probabilistic sampling of residents of the city of São Paulo aged 12 years and more, of both sexes, totaling 8,682 individuals. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, and lifestyle data and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in the households and by telephone. The individuals were categorized according to BMI in two categories: with and without EBW. The evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors were: central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high fasting glycaemia or glycated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance. We evaluated the frequency of intake and the portion sizes of 30 food groups, besides the diet quality, using the Revised Diet Quality Index for Brazilian population (BHEI-R) and the American Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI). Categorical variables were described and compared by Pearson\'s chi-square test and 95% confidence interval. Ordinal logistic and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association of the investigated variables with EBW and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The prevalence of obesity in the population doubled in the evaluated period, from 10% (8.0; 12.5) in 2003 to 19.2% (17.8; 20.6) in 2015, with the highest increase among female adolescents and adults. Adults, those with higher income, and former smokers were more likely to have EBW, which increased 31% between 2003 and 2008, and 126% between 2003 and 2015, when half of the population had EBW. If this pattern continues, it is expected that 77% of the population will have EBW by 2030. During this period, there was a variation in the portion sizes of food groups consumed, with increase in some groups (white meat, salted snacks, coffee/tea, eggs) and decrease in others (rice, red meat, sweets, pasta, sandwiches, cold cuts). In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of consumption of six groups (rice, white meat, sweets, fruits, commercial juices, toasts/biscuits). In this population, EBW was positively associated with larger portions of cold cuts, fried snacks, fruit and commercial juices, pizza, red meat, rice, salted snacks, soft drinks, soups and sugar. Regarding diet quality, adolescents with EBW had lower diet quality for the components whole grains (BHEI-R) and sugar sweetened beverages (AHEI) compared with adolescents without EBW. BHEI-R was inversely associated with EBW (OR = 0.87, 0.80, 0.95) and cardiovascular risk factors count (OR = 0.89, 0.80, 0.98) in this population. Conclusions: EBW increased substantially over a short period in the city of São Paulo, especially in some subgroups and it was positively associated with larger portion size of 11 food groups in the population, and with lower diet quality among adolescents. Also, adolescents with lower diet quality were more likely to have higher number of cardiovascular risk factors. These findings can subsidize interventions and policies to reduce the tendency of increase in EBW and to improve food intake in the population.

Introdução: Baixo nível de atividade física (AF) associado ao alto consumo energético contribuíram para transição nutricional no Brasil. Estilo de vida saudável reverte em benefícios cardiometabólicos. Considerando que estado inflamatório subclínico media os danos ao sistema cardiovascular, é possível que hábitos de vida saudáveis melhorem os fatores de risco, via atenuação da inflamação. Instrumentos padronizados para medir qualidade da dieta e AF estão disponíveis, mas não estudos locais avaliando a relação destes fatores entre si com base nestes instrumentos, ou examinando suas associações com estado inflamatório e perfil lipídico. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre a versão brasileira do Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) e nível de AF e destes com marcadores inflamatórios, índice de resistência à insulina e variáveis lipídicas em indivíduos com alto risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Nesta análise transversal foram incluídos 204 participantes (64,7 por cento mulheres; média de idade de 54,1 anos) de Estudo de Prevenção de Diabetes do CSEscola da FSP-USP, com pré-diabetes ou de síndrome metabólica sem diabetes. Foram realizados questionários e coletas de sangue. Foram utilizados três recordatórios alimentares de 24h para obtenção do B-HEI. O nível de AF foi medido pela versão longa do IPAQ, sendo determinada a AF no lazer, na locomoção, AF total e tempo de TV. Coeficiente de Spearman foi empregado para testar correlações. Para avaliar a relação entre o B-HEI e AF e dos tercis destas variáveis com marcadores inflamatórios e HOMA-IR foi usada ANOVA. Para avaliar associações independentes do B-HEI, tendo como variáveis dependentes parâmetros lipídicos, inflamatórios ou HOMA-IR, usou-se regressão linear múltipla e, para associações independentes da AF como as mesmas variáveis, usou-se regressão logística, sendo obtidos odds ratios (OR) e p de tendência. Resultados: Nos tercis do B-HEI, o nível de AF não diferiu; à medida que melhorava a qualidade da dieta houve tendência à redução do tempo de TV (21,4±11,6; 20,5±11,5; 16,8±10,4 h/sem; p=0,09). Na regressão linear, a circunferência abdominal associou-se inversamente aos escores de B-HEI, mantendo-se marginalmente significante após ajuste para idade e sexo. No mesmo modelo, proteína C reativa associou-se negativamente ao índice (p=0.02). Concentrações de adiponectina apresentaram significância marginal na análise sem ajustes (p=0.06). Estratificando-se indivíduos segundo a duração de AF na locomoção, lazer e total, indivíduos mais ativos (150 min/ sem) apresentaram menores medidas antropométricas, mas apenas para AF no lazer a tendência de redução foi significante. O perfil lipídico melhorou à medida que aumentou o nível de AF. Concentrações de interleucina-6 diminuíram com o aumento das durações de AF no lazer e total (p de tendência = 0,02 e 0,03, respectivamente), enquanto as de adiponectina tenderam a aumentar nos estratos mais ativos apenas para AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,03). A tendência de hipercolesterolemia aumentou significantemente à medida que reduziu a duração de AF no lazer. Valores elevados da razão Apo B/Apo A foram inversamente associados com AF na locomoção, lazer e total. Foi observado aumento significante da OR de resistência à insulina entre categorias de AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,04). Não foram observadas associações de qualquer domínio de AF com proteína C-reativa. Conclusões: Nossos dados não apoiam a hipótese de que boa qualidade da dieta e prática de AF estejam associadas. Reforçou-se a esperada associação de perfil cardiometabólico mais favorável com a prática de AF, mas não a da dieta de melhor qualidade medida pelo B-HEI / Background: Low physical activity (PA) level and high energy intake contributed to nutrition transition in Brazil. A healthy lifestyle reverts in cardiometabolic benefits. Considering that subclinical inflammatory status mediates damages to the cardiovascular system, healthy life habits may improve risk factors via attenuation of inflammation. Standardized tools to measure quality of diet and PA are available but not local studies assessing the relationship of these factors based on those tools, or examining their associations with inflammatory status and lipid profile. Objectives: This study evaluated the association between the Brazilian version of the Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) and total, leisure and transportation PA level, and between those with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance index and lipids in individuals at high cardiometabolic risk. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 204 participants (64.7 per cent women; mean age of 54.1 years) of the Study on Prevention of Diabetes from the FSP-USP School Health Center, with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome without diabetes were included. They were submitted to questionnaires and blood sample collections. 24-h food recalls were used to assess the B-HEI and PA was measured by the long version of the IPAQ. Spearman coefficient was employed to test correlations and ANOVA to analyze the association between the B-HEI and PA, and between the tertiles of these variables with inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR. Multiple linear regression was used to test independent associations of B-HEI, taking lipids, inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR as dependent variables. Logistic regression was used to test independent associations of PA with the same variables, and odds ratios (OR) and p for trend were obtained. Results: Across the B-HEI tertiles PA did not differ. However, as the quality of diet improves TV time decreases (21.4±11.6, 20.5±11.5, 16.8±10.4 h/week p=0.09). In linear regression analysis, abdominal circumference was inversely associated with BHEI, maintaining borderline significance after adjustment for age and sex. Creactive protein was shown to be inversely associated with the index (p=0.02). Adiponectin concentrations had borderline significance with B-HEI in crude analysis but not after adjustments (p=0.06). Stratifying according to the duration of transportation, leisure-time and total PA, the most active subset (150 min/week) showed lower anthropometric measurements, but only for leisure PA the tendency to decreasing values was significant. Lipid profile improved as PA levels increased. Interleukin-6 concentrations decreased as total and leisure PA increased (p for trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), while adiponectin tended to increase in more active subsets only for PA at leisure time (p for trend = 0.03). Tendency for hypercholesterolemia increased significantly as leisure PA duration decreased. High Apo B/Apo A ratio was inversely associated with transportation, leisure and total PA. Significant increase in adjusted OR for insulin resistance from the category of highest to the lowest leisure PA was found (p for trend = 0.04) but statistical significance disappeared when adjusted for BMI. For increased C-reactive protein concentration, no significant association with any PA domain was observed. Conclusion: Our data do not support the hypothesis that good diet quality and PA practice were associated. The expected association of more favorable cardiometabolic profile with PA practice but not with better quality of diet was reinforced

Introdução: O excesso de peso (EP, inclui sobrepeso e obesidade) configura um grande problema de saúde pública no país. A compreensão do estado nutricional ao longo do tempo e de fatores associados, como a dieta, além de suas possíveis consequências, como fatores de risco cardiometabólico, é essencial para o desenvolvimento de ações em saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população da cidade de São Paulo, assim como modificações na dieta da população entre os anos de 2003 e 2015 e sua associação com fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA - Capital dos anos de 2003, 2008 e 2015, referentes à amostra probabilística de residentes do município de São Paulo com 12 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos, totalizando 8.682 indivíduos. Dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de estilo de vida e recordatório alimentar de 24 horas foram coletadas em visitas domiciliares e inquérito telefônico. Os indivíduos foram classificados segundo IMC em duas categorias: com e sem EP. Os fatores de risco cardiometabólico avaliados foram: circunferência de cintura aumentada, pressão arterial sistólica ou diastólica elevada, dislipidemia, glicemia de jejum ou hemoglobina glicada elevadas e resistência à insulina. Foram avaliados a frequência de consumo e o tamanho das porções de 30 grupos de alimentos e a qualidade da dieta, utilizando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado para a população brasileira (IQD-R) e o Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI) americano. Variáveis categóricas foram descritas e comparadas por teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística e logística ordinal para avaliar a associação das variáveis investigadas com EP e com fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Resultados: No período avaliado, a prevalência de obesidade na população dobrou: de 10% (8,0; 12,5) em 2003 para 19,2% (17,8; 20,6) em 2015, sendo o maior aumento entre adolescentes e adultos do sexo feminino. Adultos, pessoas com maior renda e ex-fumantes apresentaram maior chance de ter EP, o qual aumentou 31% entre 2003 e 2008 e 126% entre 2003 e 2015, quando metade da população passou a ter EP. Se esse padrão se mantiver, espera-se que 77% da população tenha EP em 2030. Neste período, houve uma variação no tamanho das porções consumidas, com aumento em alguns grupos de alimentos (carne branca, salgados, café/chá, ovos) e redução em outros (arroz, carne vermelha, doces, massas, sanduiches, frios). Além disso, a frequência de consumo de seis grupos aumentou no período (arroz, carne branca, doces, frutas, sucos industrializados, torradas/biscoitos). Nesta população, o EP se associou positivamente com maiores porções de frios, petiscos fritos, sucos naturais e industrializados, pizza, carne vermelha, arroz, salgados, refrigerantes, sopas e açúcar. Em relação à qualidade da dieta, adolescentes com EP apresentaram pior qualidade da dieta para os componentes grãos integrais (IQD-R) e bebidas açucaradas (AHEI) em relação aos adolescentes sem EP. O IQD-R foi inversamente associado ao EP (OR=0.87; 0.80, 0.95) e ao número de fatores de risco cardiovascular (OR=0.89; 0.80, 0.98) nesta população. Conclusões: O EP aumentou substancialmente em um curto período na cidade de São Paulo, especificamente em alguns subgrupos e se associou positivamente com maior tamanho da porção de 11 grupos de alimentos na população geral e com menor qualidade da dieta entre os adolescentes. Adolescentes com menor qualidade da dieta também apresentaram maior chance de ter mais fatores de risco cardiometabólico. Esses achados podem subsidiar intervenções e políticas para redução da tendência de aumento do excesso de peso e melhora no consumo alimentar na população. / Introduction: Excess body weight (EBW, including overweight and obesity) is a major public health problem in the country. Understanding nutritional status over time and associated factors, such as diet, besides its consequences, such as cardiometabolic risk factors, is essential for the development of interventions in health. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population of the city of São Paulo, as well as changes in diet between 2003 and 2015, and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: We used data from the cross-sectional population based study ISA-Capital 2003, 2008, and 2015, with probabilistic sampling of residents of the city of São Paulo aged 12 years and more, of both sexes, totaling 8,682 individuals. Socioeconomic, anthropometric, and lifestyle data and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in the households and by telephone. The individuals were categorized according to BMI in two categories: with and without EBW. The evaluated cardiometabolic risk factors were: central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, high fasting glycaemia or glycated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance. We evaluated the frequency of intake and the portion sizes of 30 food groups, besides the diet quality, using the Revised Diet Quality Index for Brazilian population (BHEI-R) and the American Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI). Categorical variables were described and compared by Pearson\'s chi-square test and 95% confidence interval. Ordinal logistic and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association of the investigated variables with EBW and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The prevalence of obesity in the population doubled in the evaluated period, from 10% (8.0; 12.5) in 2003 to 19.2% (17.8; 20.6) in 2015, with the highest increase among female adolescents and adults. Adults, those with higher income, and former smokers were more likely to have EBW, which increased 31% between 2003 and 2008, and 126% between 2003 and 2015, when half of the population had EBW. If this pattern continues, it is expected that 77% of the population will have EBW by 2030. During this period, there was a variation in the portion sizes of food groups consumed, with increase in some groups (white meat, salted snacks, coffee/tea, eggs) and decrease in others (rice, red meat, sweets, pasta, sandwiches, cold cuts). In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of consumption of six groups (rice, white meat, sweets, fruits, commercial juices, toasts/biscuits). In this population, EBW was positively associated with larger portions of cold cuts, fried snacks, fruit and commercial juices, pizza, red meat, rice, salted snacks, soft drinks, soups and sugar. Regarding diet quality, adolescents with EBW had lower diet quality for the components whole grains (BHEI-R) and sugar sweetened beverages (AHEI) compared with adolescents without EBW. BHEI-R was inversely associated with EBW (OR = 0.87, 0.80, 0.95) and cardiovascular risk factors count (OR = 0.89, 0.80, 0.98) in this population. Conclusions: EBW increased substantially over a short period in the city of São Paulo, especially in some subgroups and it was positively associated with larger portion size of 11 food groups in the population, and with lower diet quality among adolescents. Also, adolescents with lower diet quality were more likely to have higher number of cardiovascular risk factors. These findings can subsidize interventions and policies to reduce the tendency of increase in EBW and to improve food intake in the population.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Brasil é um dos maiores consumidores per capita de açúcar e estudos têm mostrado um papel específico do consumo excessivo de açúcar no ganho de peso. Com o aumento do ganho de peso observado em vários países, e também no Brasil, é importante testar quais mensagens, estratégias e propostas de intervenção seriam eficazes na prevenção dessa epidemia. Os dados reportados são referentes a um ensaio randomizado por conglomerado, controlado, conduzido em 20 escolas municipais na cidade metropolitana de Niterói no Estado de Rio de Janeiro, de março a dezembro de 2007, que testou a eficácia de orientações para merendeiras objetivando reduzir a disponibilidade de açúcar e de alimentos fontes de açúcar na alimentação escolar e no consumo delas. A intervenção consistiu em um programa de educação nutricional nas escolas usando mensagens, atividades e material educativo que encorajassem a redução da adição de açúcar na alimentação escolar pelas merendeiras e no consumo delas. A redução da disponibilidade per capita de açúcar pelas escolas foi analisada através de planilhas com dados da utilização dos itens do estoque. O consumo individual das merendeiras foi avaliado através de questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar. As medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas foram realizadas de acordo com técnicas padronizadas. As escolas de intervenção apresentaram maior redução da disponibilidade per capita de açúcar quando comparadas às escolas controle (-6,0 kg vs. 3,4 kg), mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Houve redução no consumo de doces e bebidas açucaradas nas merendeiras dos dois grupos, mas o consumo de açúcar não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre eles. Houve redução do consumo de energia total nos dois grupos, mas sem diferença entre eles, e sem modificação dos percentuais de adequação dos macronutrientes em relação ao consumo de energia. Ao final do estudo somente as merendeiras do grupo de intervenção conseguiram manter a perda de peso, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. A estratégia de redução da disponibilidade e do consumo de açúcar por merendeiras de escolas públicas não atingiu o principal objetivo de redução de adição de açúcar. Uma análise secundária dos dados avaliou a associação entre a auto-percepção da saúde e da qualidade da alimentação com o excesso de peso e concentração elevada de colesterol sérico das merendeiras na linha de base. As perguntas de auto-percepção foram coletadas por entrevista. Dentre as que consideraram a sua alimentação como saudável, 40% apresentavam colesterol elevado e 61% apresentavam excesso de peso vs. 68% e 74%, respectivamente, para as que consideraram a sua alimentação como não-saudável. Dentre as que consideraram a sua saúde como boa, 41% apresentavam colesterol elevado e 59% apresentavam excesso de peso vs. 71% e 81%, respectivamente, para as que consideraram a sua saúde como ruim. A maioria das mulheres que relatou ter alimentação saudável apresentou maior frequência de consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes, feijão, leite e derivados e menor freqüência de consumo de refrigerante. Conclui-se que perguntas únicas e simples como as utilizadas para a auto-avaliação da saúde podem também ter importância na avaliação da alimentação. / Brazil is one of the largest per capita consumers of sugar and several studies have shown a specific role of excessive consumption of sugar on weight gain. With the increased weight gain observed in several countries, including Brazil, it is important to test which messages, strategies and proposals for intervention would be effective in preventing this epidemic. The data reported are for an intervention study that tested the efficacy of guidelines for school lunch cooks aiming to reduce the added sugar in schools meals and their sugar intake. A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in twenty public schools in the metropolitan city of Niterói in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March to December 2007, to assess the change in the availability and consumption of sugar. The intervention consisted of a nutrition educational program in schools using messages, activities and printed educational materials that encouraged the reduction of added sugar in the schools meals by the school lunch cooks and in their consumption. The reduction in per capita sugar availability by the schools was examined through spreadsheets with data from the use of inventory items. Individual food intake of the school lunch cooks was evaluated by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed according to standard techniques and the variation in weight change was measured throughout the study. Per capita sugar availability reduced most markedly in the intervention schools compared to the control schools (-6,0 kg vs. 3,4 kg), however this difference was not statistically significant. Both groups of school lunch cooks showed a reduction in the consumption of sweets and sweetened beverages, but the difference in sugar intake was not statistically significant. A reduction in total energy consumption was observed in both groups, but there was no difference between them. Also, there was no difference in the percentage of adequacy of nutrients in relation to energy consumption. Sweetened beverages presented the most important consumption reduction. At the end of the study, only school lunch cooks in the intervention group were able to maintain weight loss, but not statistically significant. The strategy of reducing the availability and consumption of sugar by the school lunch cooks from public schools did not achieve the main goal of reducing added sugar. A secondary analysis examined the association between self-perceived health status and diet quality with overweight and high serum cholesterol concentration of the school lunch cooks at baseline. The self-perception questions were collected by interview. Among women who reported healthy diet, 40% presented high serum cholesterol and 61% were overweight. Among women who reported unhealthy diet, 68% presented high serum cholesterol and 74% presented overweight. Most women who reported healthy diet showed a higher frequency of consumption of sweets, fruits, vegetables, beans, dairy products and lower frequency of consumption of soft drink. In conclusion, single and simple questions, such as those used for self-perceived health status may also be important in assessing the diet.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tese descreve a ingestão de nutrientes segundo variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em adultos brasileiros, com base nos dados da primeira avaliação nacional do consumo alimentar individual, o Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA), realizado entre 2008 e 2009. Um total de 34.003 indivíduos com pelo menos 10 anos de idade participaram do estudo. O presente estudo incluiu 21.003 indivíduos adultos, de 20 a 59 anos de idade, com exceção das mulheres gestantes e lactantes (n=1.065). O consumo alimentar individual foi estimado utilizando dois dias de registros alimentares não consecutivos. O consumo usual de nutrientes foi estimado pelo método do National Cancer Institute que permitiu a correção da variabilidade intraindividual. As prevalências de ingestão inadequada de nutrientes foram estimadas segundo o sexo e faixas etárias utilizando o método da necessidade média estimada como ponte de corte. A inadequação de sódio foi avaliada pelo consumo acima do nível de ingestão máximo tolerável. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação segundo as cinco grandes regiões (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste) e a situação do domicílio (urbano e rural). Observaram-se prevalências de inadequação maiores ou iguais a 70% para cálcio entre os homens e magnésio, vitamina A, sódio em ambos os sexos. Prevalências maiores ou iguais a 90% foram encontradas para cálcio entre as mulheres e vitaminas D e E em ambos os sexos. No geral, os grupos com maior risco de inadequação de micronutrientes foram as mulheres e os que residem na área rural e na região Nordeste. No segundo artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação do consumo segundo renda e escolaridade. A renda foi caracterizada pela renda mensal familiar per capita e a escolaridade definida pelo número de anos completos de estudo. Ambas variáveis foram categorizadas em quartis. Modelos de regressão linear simples e mutuamente ajustados foram estimados para verificar a associação independente entre o consumo de nutrientes e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Foram testadas as interações entre renda e escolaridade. Verificou-se que a inadequação da maioria dos nutrientes diminuiu com o aumento da renda e escolaridade; porém, o consumo excessivo de gordura saturada e o baixo consumo de fibra aumentaram com ambas variáveis. Grande parte dos nutrientes foi independentemente associada à renda e escolaridade, contudo, o consumo de ferro, vitamina B12 e sódio entre mulheres foi associado somente com a educação. Observou-se interação entre renda e escolaridade na associação com o consumo de sódio em homens, fósforo em mulheres e cálcio em ambos os sexos. Os achados indicam que melhorar a educação é um passo importante na melhoria do consumo de nutrientes no Brasil, além da necessidade de formulação de estratégias econômicas que permitam que indivíduos de baixa renda adotem uma dieta saudável. Nossos resultados mostram também um grande desafio das ações de saúde pública na área de nutrição, com importantes inadequações de consumo em toda população adulta brasileira e particularmente em grupos populacionais e regiões mais vulneráveis do país. / The thesis describes the nutrient intake according to demographic and socioeconomic variables in Brazilian adults, based on data from the first national survey of individual food intake. The National Dietary Survey (NDS) was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Total of 34,003 subjects aged 10 years or older participated in the study. The present study included 21,003 Brazilian adults, aged 2059 years, after exclusion of pregnant and lactating women (n= 1,065). Two non-consecutive days of food records were used to estimate individual food intake. National Cancer Institute method allows correcting the within-person variance to estimate the usual nutrient intake. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-off point method was used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to sex and age group. The sodium inadequacy was estimated by intake above the tolerable upper intake level. The results are presented in two papers. In the first paper, prevalence of inadequacy was estimate according to macro regions of the country (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest) and location of the households (urban or rural). Prevalence of inadequacy equal to or greater than 70% were observed for calcium among men and magnesium, vitamin A, and sodium among both sexes. Prevalence equal to or greater than 90% were found for calcium in women and vitamins D and E in both sexes. In general, the greatest risk groups of inadequate micronutrient intake were women and those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region. In the second paper, the prevalence of inadequacy was estimate according to income and education. Income was characterized by monthly household per capita income and education was defined by number of full years of study. Both variables were categorized into quartiles. Simple linear regression models and mutually adjusted were estimated to verify the independent association between nutrient intake and socioeconomic variables. The interactions between income and education were tested. Results indicated that most of nutrients inadequacy decreased with increasing income and education; however, the excessive intake of saturated fat and low fiber intake increased with both variables. Most of nutrients were independently associated with income and education, however, iron, vitamin B12 and sodium intake among women were only associated with education. The interaction between income and education were observed in the association with sodium intake in men, phosphorus in women and calcium in both sexes. The findings indicate that improvement of education is an important step in reaching an adequate nutrient intake in Brazil, besides the need to formulate economic strategies that would allow lower-income individuals to adopt a healthy diet. Our results also show a major challenge to public healthy actions in the nutrition area, with important inadequacies of intake in adult Brazilian population, particularly in the most vulnerable regions of the country.

Physical inactivity and unhealthful diet are major risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, and strategies worldwide now focus on improving diet and encouraging physical activity (PA). Participation in PA lowers the risk for numerous chronic diseases, while a healthful diet also offers resistance to disease. However, practicing both behaviors offers greater protection than practicing either behavior alone. Research evaluating the relationship of diet and PA has focused primarily on nutrients or food groups. Little research exists on PA and overall diet quality, and no research has used the Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI-2005) to assess diet quality in healthy young adults, the objective of the current study. To this end, a convenience sample of 70 healthy, young adults was recruited from a university community in 2005-2006. Dietary intake was measured with 7-d weighed food records and HEI-2005 scores were computed to assess diet quality. PA was obtained from 7-d activity records accounting for all minutes of each day. Linear regression models were used to assess the association of HEI-2005 scores to participation in moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA. In this sample, HEI-2005 scores increased as weekly minutes of PA increased (p=0.006, B=0.007). When PA was examined categorically, only the VeryHighPA (≥841 min/week) group had diet quality scores significantly higher than the LowPA (≤420 min/week) group, independent of age, BMI, and gender (p=0.033, B=7.987). Further studies are warranted to clarify the relationship of these health behaviors, an especially important topic as prevalence of obesity and chronic disease continues to rise. / Graduation date: 2013

Résumé Objectifs : Le syndrome métabolique (MetS) est un ensemble de composantes (obésité, résistance à l'insuline, intolérance au glucose, dyslipidémie, hypertension) qui sont associées à une augmentation du risque de diabète de type 2 et de maladies cardiovasculaires. Aux États-Unis, la fréquence du MetS atteint des proportions épidémiques avec une prévalence de 25% de la population. Les études nutritionnelles traditionnelles se sont concentrées sur l’effet d’un nutriment alors que les études plus récentes ont déterminé l’effet global de la qualité alimentaire sur les facteurs de risque. Cependant, peu d'études ont examiné la relation entre la qualité alimentaire et le MetS. Objectif: Déterminer l'association entre la qualité alimentaire et le MetS et ses composantes. Méthodes: La présence du MetS a été déterminée chez 88 femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses, selon la définition du National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment Panel III alors que la qualité alimentaire a été évaluée selon le Healthy Eating Index (HEI). La sensibilité à l’insuline, la composition corporelle et le métabolisme énergétique ont été mesurés. Résultats: Le HEI corrélait négativement avec la plupart des mesures de masse grasse et du poids mais pas avec la sensibilité à l'insuline, l’hypertension et la plupart des marqueurs lipidiques. Cependant, l’HEI corrélait positivement avec LDL-C/ApoB et négativement avec le métabolisme énergétique. Conclusion: Les résultats démontrent que l’HEI est associé avec les mesures de gras corporel et la grosseur des LDL. Mots clés: Obésité, qualité alimentaire, métabolisme lipidique, syndrome métabolique. / Abstract Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of different metabolic components including central obesity, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose homeostasis, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure which identify individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. In the US, the prevalence of MetS has reached epidemic proportion and up to 25% of the population is affected. Traditional nutritional studies have focused on a single nutrient. Recently, measures of overall diet quality have been proposed as an alternative to assess diet-related diseases. However, few studies have addressed the relationship between diet quality and the MetS. Objective: To investigate the association of diet quality with the MetS and its components. Methods: The presence of the MetS was determined in 88 postmenopausal overweight or obese women using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment Panel III definition while diet quality was assessed with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). We also measured insulin sensitivity, body composition and energy metabolism. Results: The HEI correlated negatively with most measures of body fat and body weight but not with insulin sensitivity, blood pressure and most markers of lipid metabolism. However, HEI correlated positively with LDL-C/ApoB and negatively with energy metabolism. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that HEI is associated with fat distribution and LDL size. Key words: Obesity, diet quality, lipid metabolism, metabolic syndrome.

No description available.