Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O Brasil é um dos maiores consumidores per capita de açúcar e estudos têm mostrado um papel específico do consumo excessivo de açúcar no ganho de peso. Com o aumento do ganho de peso observado em vários países, e também no Brasil, é importante testar quais mensagens, estratégias e propostas de intervenção seriam eficazes na prevenção dessa epidemia. Os dados reportados são referentes a um ensaio randomizado por conglomerado, controlado, conduzido em 20 escolas municipais na cidade metropolitana de Niterói no Estado de Rio de Janeiro, de março a dezembro de 2007, que testou a eficácia de orientações para merendeiras objetivando reduzir a disponibilidade de açúcar e de alimentos fontes de açúcar na alimentação escolar e no consumo delas. A intervenção consistiu em um programa de educação nutricional nas escolas usando mensagens, atividades e material educativo que encorajassem a redução da adição de açúcar na alimentação escolar pelas merendeiras e no consumo delas. A redução da disponibilidade per capita de açúcar pelas escolas foi analisada através de planilhas com dados da utilização dos itens do estoque. O consumo individual das merendeiras foi avaliado através de questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar. As medidas antropométricas e bioquímicas foram realizadas de acordo com técnicas padronizadas. As escolas de intervenção apresentaram maior redução da disponibilidade per capita de açúcar quando comparadas às escolas controle (-6,0 kg vs. 3,4 kg), mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Houve redução no consumo de doces e bebidas açucaradas nas merendeiras dos dois grupos, mas o consumo de açúcar não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre eles. Houve redução do consumo de energia total nos dois grupos, mas sem diferença entre eles, e sem modificação dos percentuais de adequação dos macronutrientes em relação ao consumo de energia. Ao final do estudo somente as merendeiras do grupo de intervenção conseguiram manter a perda de peso, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante. A estratégia de redução da disponibilidade e do consumo de açúcar por merendeiras de escolas públicas não atingiu o principal objetivo de redução de adição de açúcar. Uma análise secundária dos dados avaliou a associação entre a auto-percepção da saúde e da qualidade da alimentação com o excesso de peso e concentração elevada de colesterol sérico das merendeiras na linha de base. As perguntas de auto-percepção foram coletadas por entrevista. Dentre as que consideraram a sua alimentação como saudável, 40% apresentavam colesterol elevado e 61% apresentavam excesso de peso vs. 68% e 74%, respectivamente, para as que consideraram a sua alimentação como não-saudável. Dentre as que consideraram a sua saúde como boa, 41% apresentavam colesterol elevado e 59% apresentavam excesso de peso vs. 71% e 81%, respectivamente, para as que consideraram a sua saúde como ruim. A maioria das mulheres que relatou ter alimentação saudável apresentou maior frequência de consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes, feijão, leite e derivados e menor freqüência de consumo de refrigerante. Conclui-se que perguntas únicas e simples como as utilizadas para a auto-avaliação da saúde podem também ter importância na avaliação da alimentação. / Brazil is one of the largest per capita consumers of sugar and several studies have shown a specific role of excessive consumption of sugar on weight gain. With the increased weight gain observed in several countries, including Brazil, it is important to test which messages, strategies and proposals for intervention would be effective in preventing this epidemic. The data reported are for an intervention study that tested the efficacy of guidelines for school lunch cooks aiming to reduce the added sugar in schools meals and their sugar intake. A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in twenty public schools in the metropolitan city of Niterói in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March to December 2007, to assess the change in the availability and consumption of sugar. The intervention consisted of a nutrition educational program in schools using messages, activities and printed educational materials that encouraged the reduction of added sugar in the schools meals by the school lunch cooks and in their consumption. The reduction in per capita sugar availability by the schools was examined through spreadsheets with data from the use of inventory items. Individual food intake of the school lunch cooks was evaluated by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed according to standard techniques and the variation in weight change was measured throughout the study. Per capita sugar availability reduced most markedly in the intervention schools compared to the control schools (-6,0 kg vs. 3,4 kg), however this difference was not statistically significant. Both groups of school lunch cooks showed a reduction in the consumption of sweets and sweetened beverages, but the difference in sugar intake was not statistically significant. A reduction in total energy consumption was observed in both groups, but there was no difference between them. Also, there was no difference in the percentage of adequacy of nutrients in relation to energy consumption. Sweetened beverages presented the most important consumption reduction. At the end of the study, only school lunch cooks in the intervention group were able to maintain weight loss, but not statistically significant. The strategy of reducing the availability and consumption of sugar by the school lunch cooks from public schools did not achieve the main goal of reducing added sugar. A secondary analysis examined the association between self-perceived health status and diet quality with overweight and high serum cholesterol concentration of the school lunch cooks at baseline. The self-perception questions were collected by interview. Among women who reported healthy diet, 40% presented high serum cholesterol and 61% were overweight. Among women who reported unhealthy diet, 68% presented high serum cholesterol and 74% presented overweight. Most women who reported healthy diet showed a higher frequency of consumption of sweets, fruits, vegetables, beans, dairy products and lower frequency of consumption of soft drink. In conclusion, single and simple questions, such as those used for self-perceived health status may also be important in assessing the diet.

Introdução: É bem documentado na literatura que trabalhadores em turnos apresentam alterações no padrão de sono, em especial a redução do tempo de dormir, o que os predispõem a alterações no padrão alimentar. Objetivos: Estudar a associação entre o consumo alimentar, turnos de trabalho e tempo de sono em trabalhadores em turnos fixos de uma agroindústria de processamento avícola. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 1.215 indivíduos que atuavam em quatro escalas fixas de trabalho: 461 matutinos, 233 diurnos, 146 vespertinos e 375 noturnos. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a aferição de pressão arterial, peso, altura e circunferência da cintura e, posteriormente, foi calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). A duração de sono autorelatada nos dias de trabalho e de folga foram calculadas. O tempo de sono foi categorizado em < 6: curta duração e > 6 horas: adequado. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA) semiquantitativo validado para a população brasileira adulta. Foi calculada a frequência diária de consumo e a prevalência de inadequação dos oito grupos alimentares propostos pela Pirâmide Alimentar adaptada para a População Brasileira. Avaliou-se ainda a qualidade da dieta estimando-se o Índice de Alimentação Saudável Adaptado (IASad) para a população brasileira. Efetuou-se a regressão logística binária ajustada para as variáveis potencialmente confundidoras: sexo, idade e escolaridade, para verificar a associação entre os turnos de trabalho e a inadequação do consumo alimentar. Além disso, realizou-se a análise regressão de Poisson com variância robusta ajustada para as variáveis potencialmente confundidoras a fim de se verificar a associação entre duração de sono e má qualidade da dieta. Resultados: Os dados coletados deram origem a dois artigos científicos. No primeiro artigo foi encontrada uma associação entre os turnos matutino e noturno e inadequação do consumo do grupo alimentar leite e derivados (Odds Ratio Ajustado [ORaj]: 2.49; 95%IC=1,29-4,81; p < 0,01), carnes e ovos (ORaj: 1,61- 95% IC=1,07-2,42;p < 0,05), cereais e massas (ORaj: 1,44; 95% IC=1,01-2,05;p < 0,05) e frutas e sucos de frutas natural (ORaj: 2,04; 95%IC=1,06-3,93; p < 0,05). O turno noturno apresentou maior chance de inadequação para leites e derivados (ORaj: 2,25; 95%IC=1,19-4,25; p < 0,05), carnes e ovos (ORaj: 1.62; 95% IC=1,07-2,45; p < 0,05) e cereais e massas (ORaj: 1,56; 95% IC=1,09-2,24;p < 0,05) em relação ao turno diurno. No segundo artigo, a mediana de pontuação total do IASad foi 67,0 (IQ=56,6-79,9) e 59,3% (n=720) dos trabalhadores apresentaram má qualidade da dieta. Curta duração de sono (média de duração de sono <6 horas) nos dias de folga e trabalho associaram-se com má qualidade da dieta [Razão de Prevalência ajustada (RPaj: 1,12; 95%IC=1,02-1,24; p=0,016; RPaj:1,14; 95%IC= 1,01-1,28; p=0,028 respectivamente). Conclusão: Trabalhadores em escalas atípicas de trabalho são mais propensos a apresentarem inadequação de consumo de vários grupos alimentares. Ademais, trabalhadores com curta duração de sono têm maior prevalência de consumo de dieta de má qualidade baseado no IASad. / Background: It is well documented in the literature that shift workers present alterations in the sleep patterns, especially the reduction of sleep time, which predisposes them to alterations in the food pattern. Objectives: To study the association between food intake, shift work and sleep time in fixed shift workers of a poultry processing agroindustry. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1.215 individuals working on four fixed work schedules: 461 morning, 233 day, 146 evening and 375 night. The subjects were submitted to the following measurements: blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference, and calculated the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The self-reported sleep duration on work and off days were calculated. Sleep time was categorized as <6: short duration and > 6 hours: adequate. Food intake was evaluated by the semiquantitative validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for the Brazilian adult population. The daily consumption frequency and the prevalence of inadequacy of the eight food groups proposed by the Food Pyramid Adapted for the Brazilian Population were calculated. The diet quality was also evaluated by estimating the Adapted Healthy Diet Index (IASad) for the Brazilian population. Adjusted binary logistic regression was performed for the potentially confounding variables: sex, age and schooling, to verify the association between work shifts and the inadequacy of food consumption. In addition, we performed the Poisson regression analysis with robust variance adjusted for the potentially confounding variables in order to verify the association between sleep duration and poor diet quality. Results: The data collected gave rise to two scientific papers. In the first article we found an association between the morning and night shifts and the inadequacy of the consumption of the milk and dairy products group (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 2.49, 95% CI = 1.29-4.81, p <0.01), meat and eggs (AOR: 1.6195% CI = 1.07-2.42, p <0.05), cereals and pasta (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI = 1.01-2, P <0.05) and fruits and natural fruit juices (AOR: 2.04, 95% CI = 1.06-3.93, p <0.05). The night shift had a greater chance of inadequacy for milks and derivatives (AOR: 2.25, 95% CI = 1.19-4.25, p <0.0, meat and eggs (AOR: 1.62, 95% CI = 1.07-2.45, p <0.05) and cereals and pasta (AOR: 1.56, 95% CI = 1.09-2.24, p <0.05) compared to day shift. In the second article, the median IASad total score was 67.0 (IQR = 56.6-79.9) and 59.3% (n = 720) of the workers presented poor diet quality. Short sleep duration (mean sleep duration <6 hours) on days off and work days were associated with poor diet quality [Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR: 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1, 24, p = 0.016, APR: 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01-1.28, p = 0.028 respectively). Conclusion: Workers at atypical work schedules are more likely to exhibit inadequate consumption of various food groups. In addition, workers with short sleep duration have a higher prevalence of poor diet consumption based on IASad. / Tese (Doutorado)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tese descreve a ingestão de nutrientes segundo variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas em adultos brasileiros, com base nos dados da primeira avaliação nacional do consumo alimentar individual, o Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA), realizado entre 2008 e 2009. Um total de 34.003 indivíduos com pelo menos 10 anos de idade participaram do estudo. O presente estudo incluiu 21.003 indivíduos adultos, de 20 a 59 anos de idade, com exceção das mulheres gestantes e lactantes (n=1.065). O consumo alimentar individual foi estimado utilizando dois dias de registros alimentares não consecutivos. O consumo usual de nutrientes foi estimado pelo método do National Cancer Institute que permitiu a correção da variabilidade intraindividual. As prevalências de ingestão inadequada de nutrientes foram estimadas segundo o sexo e faixas etárias utilizando o método da necessidade média estimada como ponte de corte. A inadequação de sódio foi avaliada pelo consumo acima do nível de ingestão máximo tolerável. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação segundo as cinco grandes regiões (Norte, Nordeste, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste) e a situação do domicílio (urbano e rural). Observaram-se prevalências de inadequação maiores ou iguais a 70% para cálcio entre os homens e magnésio, vitamina A, sódio em ambos os sexos. Prevalências maiores ou iguais a 90% foram encontradas para cálcio entre as mulheres e vitaminas D e E em ambos os sexos. No geral, os grupos com maior risco de inadequação de micronutrientes foram as mulheres e os que residem na área rural e na região Nordeste. No segundo artigo, estimaram-se as prevalências de inadequação do consumo segundo renda e escolaridade. A renda foi caracterizada pela renda mensal familiar per capita e a escolaridade definida pelo número de anos completos de estudo. Ambas variáveis foram categorizadas em quartis. Modelos de regressão linear simples e mutuamente ajustados foram estimados para verificar a associação independente entre o consumo de nutrientes e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Foram testadas as interações entre renda e escolaridade. Verificou-se que a inadequação da maioria dos nutrientes diminuiu com o aumento da renda e escolaridade; porém, o consumo excessivo de gordura saturada e o baixo consumo de fibra aumentaram com ambas variáveis. Grande parte dos nutrientes foi independentemente associada à renda e escolaridade, contudo, o consumo de ferro, vitamina B12 e sódio entre mulheres foi associado somente com a educação. Observou-se interação entre renda e escolaridade na associação com o consumo de sódio em homens, fósforo em mulheres e cálcio em ambos os sexos. Os achados indicam que melhorar a educação é um passo importante na melhoria do consumo de nutrientes no Brasil, além da necessidade de formulação de estratégias econômicas que permitam que indivíduos de baixa renda adotem uma dieta saudável. Nossos resultados mostram também um grande desafio das ações de saúde pública na área de nutrição, com importantes inadequações de consumo em toda população adulta brasileira e particularmente em grupos populacionais e regiões mais vulneráveis do país. / The thesis describes the nutrient intake according to demographic and socioeconomic variables in Brazilian adults, based on data from the first national survey of individual food intake. The National Dietary Survey (NDS) was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Total of 34,003 subjects aged 10 years or older participated in the study. The present study included 21,003 Brazilian adults, aged 2059 years, after exclusion of pregnant and lactating women (n= 1,065). Two non-consecutive days of food records were used to estimate individual food intake. National Cancer Institute method allows correcting the within-person variance to estimate the usual nutrient intake. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-off point method was used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake according to sex and age group. The sodium inadequacy was estimated by intake above the tolerable upper intake level. The results are presented in two papers. In the first paper, prevalence of inadequacy was estimate according to macro regions of the country (North, Northeast, Southeast, South and Midwest) and location of the households (urban or rural). Prevalence of inadequacy equal to or greater than 70% were observed for calcium among men and magnesium, vitamin A, and sodium among both sexes. Prevalence equal to or greater than 90% were found for calcium in women and vitamins D and E in both sexes. In general, the greatest risk groups of inadequate micronutrient intake were women and those living in rural areas and in the Northeast region. In the second paper, the prevalence of inadequacy was estimate according to income and education. Income was characterized by monthly household per capita income and education was defined by number of full years of study. Both variables were categorized into quartiles. Simple linear regression models and mutually adjusted were estimated to verify the independent association between nutrient intake and socioeconomic variables. The interactions between income and education were tested. Results indicated that most of nutrients inadequacy decreased with increasing income and education; however, the excessive intake of saturated fat and low fiber intake increased with both variables. Most of nutrients were independently associated with income and education, however, iron, vitamin B12 and sodium intake among women were only associated with education. The interaction between income and education were observed in the association with sodium intake in men, phosphorus in women and calcium in both sexes. The findings indicate that improvement of education is an important step in reaching an adequate nutrient intake in Brazil, besides the need to formulate economic strategies that would allow lower-income individuals to adopt a healthy diet. Our results also show a major challenge to public healthy actions in the nutrition area, with important inadequacies of intake in adult Brazilian population, particularly in the most vulnerable regions of the country.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T14:06:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Camille Vitoriano Rocadas Pereira.pdf: 1201761 bytes, checksum: 5550fb7d905e602948a71b58d92c218e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-16T14:06:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Camille Vitoriano Rocadas Pereira.pdf: 1201761 bytes, checksum: 5550fb7d905e602948a71b58d92c218e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T14:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Camille Vitoriano Rocadas Pereira.pdf: 1201761 bytes, checksum: 5550fb7d905e602948a71b58d92c218e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Instituto Nacional do Câncer / Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia / A mudança no perfil nutricional e de morbi-mortalidade da população, nas últimas décadas, se tornaram focos de prioridade na área de saúde no Brasil. Os padrões alimentares que consideram a qualidade global da dieta representam uma ferramenta na investigação de associações com desfechos de saúde, além de serem instrumentos de acompanhamento nutricional das populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta (IQD-R) em adultos do município de Niterói. Em 2003 foi realizado estudo transversal que teve como objetivo geral conhecer o estado nutricional e o nível de atividade física em uma amostra probabilística da população adulta ( 20 anos de idade) residente no município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de recordatório de 24h. A ingestão de energia e nutrientes foi estimada com base nas tabelas de composição nutricional da TACO (Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos) e USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). O estado nutricional foi avaliado através do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), considerando os critérios da OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde). Para avaliação da qualidade da dieta foi utilizado o IQD-R, desenvolvido para a população brasileira. Para determinação do valor de IQD-R foram atribuídas pontuações para os doze componentes que caracterizam diferentes aspectos de uma dieta cujo somatório máximo é de 100 pontos o que indicaria uma dieta de alta qualidade. Após determinar a pontuação final do IQD-R individual fez-se a expansão da amostra utilizando-se os pesos amostrais para representar os adultos de Niterói. Calculou-se o valor mediano de cada componente de adequação e moderação, assim como a proporção de indivíduos que atingiam o valor máximo de cada componente. O valor médio de IQD-R na população foi de 68,3 pontos. Mulheres apresentaram pontuação significativamente maior (69,1/68,33-69,79) do que homens (67,3/66,29-68,26). Os escores médios de IQD-R foram superiores nas mulheres mais velhas (71,6/69,92-73,29), nas que apresentavam maior renda (72,7/71,27-74,11) e para as que realizavam mais refeições ao dia (72,0/70,70-73,27). Para os homens, somente os que realizavam mais refeições ao dia apresentaram maior IQD-R (69,7/67,85-71,58). Não houve relação entre a pontuação final do índice e o IMC tanto para homens como para mulheres. Os componentes do IQD-R com menores medianas foram frutas totais, frutas inteiras, cereais integrais, leite/derivados e sódio. Maior proporção de indivíduos com alcance do escore máximo para a maioria dos componentes foi encontrado naqueles com IMC de 18,5 ˫25 kg.m-2, nos mais jovens, nas mulheres, naqueles com de 9 a 11 anos cursados e nos que realizavam de 3-4 refeições diárias. Mulheres no maior quarto de IQD-R apresentaram menor ingestão de açúcar e de gordura saturada, assim como, a maior ingestão associou-se a menores valores de IQD-R. Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que as mulheres de maior renda, maior idade e que realizavam mais refeições ao dia apresentaram melhor qualidade da dieta, sendo que apenas uma pequena proporção de pessoas na população adulta de Niterói conseguiu atingir o escore máximo por componentes do IQD-R, apontando com isso, para a necessidade de intervenção nutricional nesta população / The change in the nutritional profile and morbimortality of the population in recent decades, have become priority hotbeds in the health area in Brazil. The dietary patterns that constitute the overall quality of the diet are a tool in the investigation of associations with health outcomes, besides being a nutritional monitoring instruments for populations. The aim of this study was to apply the Revised Diet Quality Index (DQI-R) in adults in the city of Niterói. In 2003 a cross-sectional study was conducted whose general objective was to know the nutritional status and physical activity levels in a random sample of the adult population ( 20 years old) who were residents in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. The dietary intake was evaluated by 24-hour survey. The consumption of energy and nutrients was estimated based on the tables of nutritional composition of TACO and USDA. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI), considering the criterias of the World Health Organization. To evaluate the quality of the diet consumed by the adults the Revised Diet Quality Index (DQI-R) was used, designed to the Brazilian population. The DQI-R is composed by points distributed in twelve components featuring different aspects of a diet whose sum is 100 points which indicate a high quality diet. After determining the final score of the individual DQI-R an expansion of the sample was made using the sampling weights to represent adults in Niterói. The average value of each adequacy and moderation component was calculated, as well as the proportion of subjects who achieved the maximum value of each component. The average value of the DQI-R in the population was 68.3 points. Women had significantly higher scores (69.1/68.33-69.79) than men (67.3/66.29-68.26). The average scores of DQI-R were higher in older women (71.6/69.92-73.29), in those with higher income (72.7/71.27-74.11) and for those had more meals a day (72.0/70.70-73.27). For men, only those who had more meals a day had higher DQI-R (69.7/67.85-71.58). There was no relation between the index final score and the BMI for both men and women. The components of DQI-R with lower medians were total fruits, whole fruits, whole grains, milk/dairy and sodium. Higher proportion of patients with a range of the maximum score for most components was found in those with BMI of 18,5 ˫25 kg.m-2, in younger people, in women, those with 9 to11 years at school and in those who had 3-4 daily meals. Women in the highest DQI-R quart showed a lower intake of sugar and saturated fat, as well as the higher intake was associated with lower DQI-R values. In conclusion, this study showed that women with higher income, higher age and who performed more meals a day had better diet quality and only a small proportion of people in the adult population of Niterói achieved the maximum score per components of the DQI-R, thereby demonstrating, the need for nutritional intervention in this population

Introdução: Baixo nível de atividade física (AF) associado ao alto consumo energético contribuíram para transição nutricional no Brasil. Estilo de vida saudável reverte em benefícios cardiometabólicos. Considerando que estado inflamatório subclínico media os danos ao sistema cardiovascular, é possível que hábitos de vida saudáveis melhorem os fatores de risco, via atenuação da inflamação. Instrumentos padronizados para medir qualidade da dieta e AF estão disponíveis, mas não estudos locais avaliando a relação destes fatores entre si com base nestes instrumentos, ou examinando suas associações com estado inflamatório e perfil lipídico. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre a versão brasileira do Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) e nível de AF e destes com marcadores inflamatórios, índice de resistência à insulina e variáveis lipídicas em indivíduos com alto risco cardiometabólico. Métodos: Nesta análise transversal foram incluídos 204 participantes (64,7 por cento mulheres; média de idade de 54,1 anos) de Estudo de Prevenção de Diabetes do CSEscola da FSP-USP, com pré-diabetes ou de síndrome metabólica sem diabetes. Foram realizados questionários e coletas de sangue. Foram utilizados três recordatórios alimentares de 24h para obtenção do B-HEI. O nível de AF foi medido pela versão longa do IPAQ, sendo determinada a AF no lazer, na locomoção, AF total e tempo de TV. Coeficiente de Spearman foi empregado para testar correlações. Para avaliar a relação entre o B-HEI e AF e dos tercis destas variáveis com marcadores inflamatórios e HOMA-IR foi usada ANOVA. Para avaliar associações independentes do B-HEI, tendo como variáveis dependentes parâmetros lipídicos, inflamatórios ou HOMA-IR, usou-se regressão linear múltipla e, para associações independentes da AF como as mesmas variáveis, usou-se regressão logística, sendo obtidos odds ratios (OR) e p de tendência. Resultados: Nos tercis do B-HEI, o nível de AF não diferiu; à medida que melhorava a qualidade da dieta houve tendência à redução do tempo de TV (21,4±11,6; 20,5±11,5; 16,8±10,4 h/sem; p=0,09). Na regressão linear, a circunferência abdominal associou-se inversamente aos escores de B-HEI, mantendo-se marginalmente significante após ajuste para idade e sexo. No mesmo modelo, proteína C reativa associou-se negativamente ao índice (p=0.02). Concentrações de adiponectina apresentaram significância marginal na análise sem ajustes (p=0.06). Estratificando-se indivíduos segundo a duração de AF na locomoção, lazer e total, indivíduos mais ativos (150 min/ sem) apresentaram menores medidas antropométricas, mas apenas para AF no lazer a tendência de redução foi significante. O perfil lipídico melhorou à medida que aumentou o nível de AF. Concentrações de interleucina-6 diminuíram com o aumento das durações de AF no lazer e total (p de tendência = 0,02 e 0,03, respectivamente), enquanto as de adiponectina tenderam a aumentar nos estratos mais ativos apenas para AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,03). A tendência de hipercolesterolemia aumentou significantemente à medida que reduziu a duração de AF no lazer. Valores elevados da razão Apo B/Apo A foram inversamente associados com AF na locomoção, lazer e total. Foi observado aumento significante da OR de resistência à insulina entre categorias de AF no lazer (p de tendência = 0,04). Não foram observadas associações de qualquer domínio de AF com proteína C-reativa. Conclusões: Nossos dados não apoiam a hipótese de que boa qualidade da dieta e prática de AF estejam associadas. Reforçou-se a esperada associação de perfil cardiometabólico mais favorável com a prática de AF, mas não a da dieta de melhor qualidade medida pelo B-HEI / Background: Low physical activity (PA) level and high energy intake contributed to nutrition transition in Brazil. A healthy lifestyle reverts in cardiometabolic benefits. Considering that subclinical inflammatory status mediates damages to the cardiovascular system, healthy life habits may improve risk factors via attenuation of inflammation. Standardized tools to measure quality of diet and PA are available but not local studies assessing the relationship of these factors based on those tools, or examining their associations with inflammatory status and lipid profile. Objectives: This study evaluated the association between the Brazilian version of the Healthy Eating Index (B-HEI) and total, leisure and transportation PA level, and between those with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance index and lipids in individuals at high cardiometabolic risk. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 204 participants (64.7 per cent women; mean age of 54.1 years) of the Study on Prevention of Diabetes from the FSP-USP School Health Center, with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome without diabetes were included. They were submitted to questionnaires and blood sample collections. 24-h food recalls were used to assess the B-HEI and PA was measured by the long version of the IPAQ. Spearman coefficient was employed to test correlations and ANOVA to analyze the association between the B-HEI and PA, and between the tertiles of these variables with inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR. Multiple linear regression was used to test independent associations of B-HEI, taking lipids, inflammatory markers and HOMA-IR as dependent variables. Logistic regression was used to test independent associations of PA with the same variables, and odds ratios (OR) and p for trend were obtained. Results: Across the B-HEI tertiles PA did not differ. However, as the quality of diet improves TV time decreases (21.4±11.6, 20.5±11.5, 16.8±10.4 h/week p=0.09). In linear regression analysis, abdominal circumference was inversely associated with BHEI, maintaining borderline significance after adjustment for age and sex. Creactive protein was shown to be inversely associated with the index (p=0.02). Adiponectin concentrations had borderline significance with B-HEI in crude analysis but not after adjustments (p=0.06). Stratifying according to the duration of transportation, leisure-time and total PA, the most active subset (150 min/week) showed lower anthropometric measurements, but only for leisure PA the tendency to decreasing values was significant. Lipid profile improved as PA levels increased. Interleukin-6 concentrations decreased as total and leisure PA increased (p for trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), while adiponectin tended to increase in more active subsets only for PA at leisure time (p for trend = 0.03). Tendency for hypercholesterolemia increased significantly as leisure PA duration decreased. High Apo B/Apo A ratio was inversely associated with transportation, leisure and total PA. Significant increase in adjusted OR for insulin resistance from the category of highest to the lowest leisure PA was found (p for trend = 0.04) but statistical significance disappeared when adjusted for BMI. For increased C-reactive protein concentration, no significant association with any PA domain was observed. Conclusion: Our data do not support the hypothesis that good diet quality and PA practice were associated. The expected association of more favorable cardiometabolic profile with PA practice but not with better quality of diet was reinforced

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T22:19:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francine Villela Maciel.pdf: 1475778 bytes, checksum: 08a25f42732e1cf2286753ba879b2c11 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T23:49:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francine Villela Maciel.pdf: 1475778 bytes, checksum: 08a25f42732e1cf2286753ba879b2c11 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T23:50:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francine Villela Maciel.pdf: 1475778 bytes, checksum: 08a25f42732e1cf2286753ba879b2c11 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-20T23:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francine Villela Maciel.pdf: 1475778 bytes, checksum: 08a25f42732e1cf2286753ba879b2c11 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Sem bolsa / Mudanças no comportamento adotado durante a adolescência têm sido observadas nos últimos anos. Tais mudanças favoreceram o desenvolvimento de práticas alimentares inadequadas e geraram alterações no estado nutricional, caracterizadas pelo aumento excessivo de peso. Com isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade da dieta e fatores relacionados ao estilo de vida de adolescentes de uma escola particular de Pelotas, RS. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo, com 525 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade de 14 a 19 anos. Dados sobre características antropométricas, comportamentais e consumo alimentar foram coletados. O consumo alimentar foi mensurado através de um recordatório de 24 horas e a qualidade da dieta avaliada através do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta - Revisado (IQD-R) e Índice de alimentação saudável modificado (IAS). Informações sobre comportamentos foram obtidas a partir de um questionário auto-preenchido pelo adolescente. Foi utilizado ANOVA para comparação de médias. A média do IQD-R foi 66,4 pontos, enquanto que do IAS modificado foi 65,5 pontos. Os adolescentes apresentaram baixas pontuações para os componentes leites e derivados, frutas e vegetais, indicando um consumo inadequado destes componentes na dieta. Adolescentes que não consumiam fast food e despendiam menos tempo ao dia em atividades sedentárias, como: assistir TV, jogar videogame e utilizar computador, apresentaram maiores escores, tanto para o IQD-R quanto para o IAS modificado (p< 0,05). A qualidade da dieta mostrou-se associada a outros comportamentos saudáveis. Com isso, ressalta-se a importância de uma abordagem mais ampla, a fim de modificar os padrões alimentares dos adolescentes, promovendo assim, melhor qualidade de vida e saúde nessa população. / Changes in behavior adopted during adolescence have been observed in recent years. These changes favored the development of feeding practices and generated changes in nutritional status, characterized by excessive weight gain. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diet quality and related factors to lifestyle of adolescents in a private school in Pelotas. Was realized a Cross-sectional study with 525 adolescents of both sexes aged 14-19 years. Data on anthropometric and behavioral characteristics and dietary intake were collected. Food consumption was measured with the 24-hour dietary recall and diet quality was assessed by the Diet Quality Index - Revised (DQI-R) and modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Information on behaviors were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed by the adolescent. F test or ANOVA was used to compare means. The average DQI-R was 66.4 points, while the modified HEI was 65.5 points. The adolescents had lower scores for milk and dairy products, fruits and vegetables components, indicating an inadequate intake of these diet components. Adolescents who did not eat fast food and who spent less time per day in sedentary activities, such as watching TV, playing video games and using computers, had higher scores for both DQI-R and modified HEI (p <0.05).The diet quality was associated with other healthy behaviors. It emphasizes the importance of encouraging these behaviors in order to change the eating patterns of adolescents, thus promoting better quality of life and health in this population.

Bakgrund Attention-deficit hyperaktivitet disorder (ADHD) är en neurobeteendesjukdom som kännetecknas av tecken och symtom på ouppmärksamhet, hyperaktivitet och impulsivitet som vanligtvis börjar i barndomen. ADHD kan kvarstå i vuxen ålder och orsakar försämringar i yrkesprestation och kamrat- och familjerelationer.  För att få en djupare insikt i patienternas upplevelser och erfarenheter vid någon form av hälsofrämjande åtgärder, kommer författarna att göra en litteraturöversikt utifrån patientperspektivet. Syfte Syftet var att studera upplevelser och erfarenheter av hälsofrämjande åtgärder hos personer med ADHD Metod  En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt prioriterades som forskningsmetod med kvalitativ och kvantitativ design. Artiklarna letades efter i PsycInfo och PubMed, med sökord som är adekvata för det aktuella syftet. En granskning utfördes av artiklarnas kvalitet för att vidare kunna kombineras i fyra huvudkategorier: nutrition, fysisk aktivitet, sömn och sjuksköterskeledda interventioner. Resultat Från fyra huvudkategorier skapades nio subkategorier, där ADHD-patientens upplevelser och erfarenheter framställs. Upplevda erfarenheter och upplevelser av interventioner kring fysisk aktivitet, nutrition, sömn och sjuksköterskeledda åtgärder skapar delaktighet och leder till minskning av ADHD-symtom. Patienterna upplevde att ett empatiskt förhållningssätt hos sjuksköterskor leder till förbättrad kommunikation och främjar relationer mellan patienter och vårdpersonalen som i sin tur leder till höjd effekt av de hälsofrämjande interventionerna och minskar följaktligen ADHD-symtomen. Slutsats Resultatet pekar på att hälsofrämjande interventioner har en allt igenom positiv effekt på personer med ADHD problematiken och deras upplevelser visar på att en utav viktigaste faktorerna är gruppgemenskapen och former av sjuksköterskeledda livsstilsförändringar, över lag alla former av handledning verkar vara gynnsamma för personer med ADHD och ett sätt med hjälp av de känner mindre av sina symtom. Handledning möjliggör att de lättare kan känna igen sina symtom och ändra på perspektivet så att de behåller fokus, vilket i sin tur möjliggör att de kan planera och slutföra sina vardagliga uppgifter trotts sina symtom. / Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurological behavioral disorder characterized by signs and symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that usually begin in childhood. ADHD can persist into adulthood and cause deterioration in professional performance and peer and family relationships. To gain a deeper insight into patients' experiences and experiences with some form of health-promoting measures, the authors will make a literature review from the patient perspective.   Aim The purpose was to study perspectives and experiences of health-promoting measures in people with ADHD. Method A non-systematic literature review was prioritized as a research method with qualitative and quantitative design. The articles included in this literature review were searched in PsycInfo and PubMed, with keywords that are appropriate for the current purpose. A review of the quality of the articles was performed to be further combined into four main categories: nutrition, physical activity, sleep and nurse-led interventions.   Results From four main categories, nine subcategories were created, where the patient with ADHD experiences and experiences are presented. The perceived experiences and experiences of interventions around physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and nurse-led measures create participation and lead to reduction of ADHD symptoms, patients experienced that an empathic approach in nurses leads to improved communication and promotes relationships between patients and caregivers as in their luck leads to an increase in the efficiency of health-promoting interventions that consequently reduces ADHD symptoms. Conclusions The results indicate that health-promoting interventions have a thoroughly positive effect on people with ADHD problems and their experiences show that one of the most important factors is the group community and forms of nurse-led lifestyle changes, in general all forms of guidance seem to be beneficial for people with ADHD and a way of helping of them feel less of their symptoms. Supervision enables them to recognize their symptoms and change their perspective so that they stay focused, which in turn enables them to plan and complete their daily tasks despite their symptoms more easily.

Problématique. La prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) est plus de trois fois plus élevée chez les Premières Nations que chez la population générale au Canada. La qualité de l'alimentation des Premières Nations vivant sur-réserve est sous-optimale, dans un contexte où de multiples politiques coloniales ont forcé une transition alimentaire et rendu les aliments sains plus difficiles d'accès. Une alimentation de faible qualité s'accompagne généralement d'un risque accru de DT2. Objectifs. 1) Comparer la qualité de l’alimentation selon le statut diabétique autodéclaré chez les Premières Nations vivant sur-réserve au Canada. 2) Évaluer les associations entre la qualité de l’alimentation et le DT2 chez cette population. Méthodologie. Les données transversales ont été collectées entre 2009–2016 lors de l’« Étude sur l’alimentation, la nutrition et l’environnement chez les Premières Nations ». Des données de rappels de 24h ont été examinées pour 5 823 adultes (âgés de 19+ ans) membres de 84 communautés dans sept régions situées au sud du 60e parallèle au Canada. Les apports absolus en nutriments, la contribution énergétique des aliments traditionnels, l’indice canadien de saine alimentation (C-HEI) et la contribution énergétique des aliments ultra-transformés selon la classification NOVA ont été calculés pour chaque participant. Des statistiques descriptives et des modèles de régression logistique multiple ont permis d'évaluer les relations entre les mesures de la qualité de l'alimentation et le statut diabétique. Résultats. La prévalence du DT2 s’élevait à 17,9% chez les adultes des Premières Nations. Les individus diabétiques avaient une alimentation de qualité sous-optimale, mais tout de même légèrement supérieure à celle des non-diabétiques selon les apports en plusieurs nutriments clés et les trois indices globaux. Les personnes diabétiques consommaient également moins de boissons sucrées et de sucreries. Par rapport à ceux du tertile le plus bas, les adultes du tertile le plus élevé de l'indice C-HEI avaient un risque 53% plus élevé de présenter un DT2 (RC = 1,53, IC à 95 % : 1,09–2,15), après ajustement pour une gamme de variables. Conclusion. Chez les adultes des Premières Nations atteints du DT2, nos résultats suggèrent une amélioration des habitudes alimentaires après le diagnostic qui reflète les recommandations nutritionnelles pour les personnes atteintes de diabète. Cette étude est utile pour le co-développement de programmes d'intervention communautaires ciblant la prévention et la gestion du diabète d'une manière culturellement appropriée. / Background. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is more than three times higher among First Nations than in the general population in Canada. The diet quality of First Nations living on-reserve is nutritionally poor, in a context where multiple colonial policies have forced a dietary transition and made healthy foods more difficult to access. Low quality diets are generally associated with an increased risk of T2D. Objectives. 1) To compare diet quality among First Nations living on-reserve in Canada with and without T2D. 2) To measure associations between diet quality and T2D prevalence in this population. Methods. Cross-sectional data were collected between 2009–2016 during the "First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study". Twenty-four-hour recall data were examined for 5,823 adults (aged 19+ years) from 84 communities in seven regions south of the 60th parallel in Canada. Absolute nutrient intakes, proportion of energy from traditional foods, the Canadian Healthy Eating Index (C-HEI) and proportion of energy from ultra-processed foods according to the NOVA classification were calculated for each participant. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models assessed the relationships between diet quality measures and self-reported diabetes status. Results. The prevalence of T2D was 17.9% among First Nations adults. Participants with T2D had poor diet quality, but still slightly better than those without T2D based on intakes of several key nutrients and the three overall diet quality indices. Individuals with T2D also consumed fewer sugar-sweetened beverages and sweets. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, adults in the highest tertile of the C-HEI had 53% higher odds of T2D (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.09-2.15), adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. Conclusion. Among First Nations with T2D, our results suggest an improvement in dietary habits after diagnosis that reflects dietary guidelines for people with diabetes. This is useful for the co-development of community-based intervention programs targeting the prevention and management of diabetes in a culturally appropriate way.

No description available.

Le risque cardiométabolique (RCM) représente l’ensemble de tous les facteurs de risque pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète de type 2, incluant les facteurs de risque traditionnels et ceux émergents. Les évidences indiquent que la résistance à l’insuline, l’inflammation et le stress oxydant jouent un rôle clé dans le RCM, bien que l’acteur initiateur des altérations métaboliques caractéristiques du RCM reste encore à définir. Les femmes post-ménopausées constituent un sous-groupe important de la population puisque le risque de complications cardiométaboliques augmente après la ménopause. Les facteurs de RCM peuvent être modulés par l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la perte de poids. Alors que l’étude de nutriments / aliments spécifiques a permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’alimentation dans le RCM, celle de la qualité de l’alimentation est prometteuse. L’activité physique a des effets bénéfiques sur le RCM bien démontrés chez des personnes actives. Cependant, la relation entre la dépense énergétique et le RCM chez des individus sédentaires a été moins investiguée. De même, peu ou pas de données existent quant à une interaction synergique possible entre l’alimentation et l’activité physique sur le RCM. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’investiguer les relations entre l’alimentation, l’activité physique, le stress oxydant et le RCM chez des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses, sédentaires et sans autres complications métaboliques. Les résultats montrent que d’une part, chez ces femmes sédentaires, une dépense énergétique active (DÉAP) élevée est associée à un meilleur profil inflammatoire, indépendamment de l’adiposité. D’autre part, il existe une relation synergique entre la qualité alimentaire et la DÉAP associée à un meilleur RCM. Une qualité alimentaire élevée combinée à une DÉAP élevée est associée à un meilleur profil lipidique et lipoprotéique et à une inflammation sub-clinique moindre, indépendamment de l’adiposité. Par ailleurs, dans une étude pilote, seuls des effets indépendants des changements de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP sur les changements dans les facteurs de RCM ont été observés suite à cette diète hypocalorique de 6 mois, indépendamment du changement de l’adiposité encouru. En effet, au-delà de la réduction de l’adiposité et de l’amélioration du profil lipoprotéique induites par l’intervention, l’amélioration de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP est associée, indépendamment l’une de l’autre, à une meilleure pression artérielle et un meilleur profil lipidique. Par ailleurs, une modification du système glutathion, un des systèmes antioxydants les plus communs de l’organisme, est associée à un RCM élevé. Une activité élevée de la glutathion peroxydase est associée à une résistance à l’insuline et à une épaisseur plus importante de l’intima-media de la carotide. Ces relations pourraient être médiées par un stress réducteur. En conclusion, l’adoption d’une saine alimentation et la pratique d’activités physiques doivent être encouragées dans les interventions visant à contrer l’obésité et ses complications, même en absence d’un changement d’adiposité. D’autre part, l’activité de la glutathion peroxydase pourrait être un paramètre impliqué dans le développement de désordres cardiométaboliques sub-cliniques et asymptomatiques chez des femmes obèses. D’autres investigations sont requises pour confirmer ces observations et élucider les mécanismes d’action impliqués. / The cardiometabolic risk represents all risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, including the traditional and the emerging risk factors. Accumulating evidences indicate that insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress are key players in the cardiometabolic risk, although the main cause initiating the metabolic alterations associated with the cardiometabolic risk has to be identified. Postmenopausal women are an important sub-group of the general population because the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications increases after menopause. The cardiometabolic risk factors can be modulated by dietary intake, physical activity and weight loss. Despite the fact that the study of specific nutrients or foods provided a better understanding of the implication of nutrition in the cardiometabolic risk, the relationship between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk has been less studied. Beneficial effects of physical activity on the cardiometabolic risk have been demonstrated in physically active individuals. However, the relationship between energy expenditure and the cardiometabolic risk in sedentary individuals has been less investigated. Similarly, it is unknown whether dietary intake interacts with physical activity in order to have greater beneficial effects on the cardiometabolic risk. The objective of this thesis is to determine the relationships between diet quality, physical activity and oxidative stress on the cardiometabolic risk in sedentary postmenopausal overweight and obese women without cardiometabolic complications. The results showed that, in these sedentary women, physical activity energy expenditure is associated with reduced inflammation, independently of adiposity. Moreover, there is a synergistic relationship between quality and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) which is associated with a reduced cardiometabolic risk compared to their separate effects. Indeed, high diet quality combined to high PAEE levels is associated with a better lipid and lipoprotein profile and a lower inflammatory status, independently of adiposity. However, in a pilot study, only independent effects of changes in diet quality and PAEE on the changes in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed following a 6-month hypocaloric diet. Indeed, beyond the reduction of adiposity and improvement of the lipoprotein profile induced by this diet, improved diet quality and increased PAEE are associated with beneficial changes in blood pressure and lipid profile. On the other hand, modification in the glutathione system, which is one of the most common antioxidant systems in the body, is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk. Greater glutathione peroxidase activity is associated with insulin resistance and greater intima-media thickness of blood vessels. These relationships may be mediated through a reductive stress. In conclusion, a healthy diet and physical activity should be emphasized in interventions aimed to reduce obesity and its related complications, even in absence of change in adiposity. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase activity may be a parameter contributing to the development of sub-clinical but clinically relevant asymptomatic cardiometabolic abnormalities in obese women. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.